Punishment Conditions Research Articles

The impact of group membership on punishment versus partner rejection.

People often display ingroup bias in punishment, punishing outgroup members more harshly than ingroup members. However, the impact of group membership may be less pronounced when people are choosing whether to stop interacting with someone (i.e., partner rejection). In two studies (N = 1667), we investigate the impact of group membership on both response types. Participants were assigned to groups based on a "minimal" groups paradigm (Study 1) or their self-reported political positions (Study 2) and played an incentivized economic game with other players. In this game, participants (Responders) responded to other players (Deciders). In the Punishment condition, participants could decrease the Decider's bonus pay. In the Partner Rejection condition, participants could reject future interactions with the Decider. Participants played once with an ingroup member and once with an outgroup member. To control for the effects of intent and outcome, scenarios also differed based on the Decider's Intent (selfish versus fair) and the Outcome (equal versus unequal distribution of resources). Participants punished outgroup members more than ingroup members, however group membership did not influence decisions to reject partners. These results highlight partner rejection as a boundary condition for the impact of group on responses to transgressions.

Revisiting Conditional Punishment Jurisdiction in Child Abuse Cases (Study Decision Number X/Pid.Sus-Child/2021/PN.Pwt)

Revisiting Conditional Punishment Jurisdiction in Child Abuse Cases (Study Decision Number X/Pid.Sus-Child/2021/PN.Pwt)

Система та умови призначення кримінальних покарань для неповнолітніх

In the modern law enforcement process, special attention is paid to the criminal liability of minors. This is due to the need to ensure their rights and interests, as well as to promote their correction and social rehabilitation. This research article examines the system of criminal sentencing for minors. The author analyzes the legislation, practice and principles that determine the conditions of criminal punishment for this category of persons. The article covers in detail the responsibility of minors before the law, mechanisms for determining the age of criminal responsibility, as well as the peculiarities of sentences and punishments for minors in comparison with adults. Approaches to rehabilitation and social reintegration of minors aimed at preventing recidivism are also discussed. This article aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the juvenile criminal penalty system and the conditions for imposing it in order to improve the fairness and efficiency of the administration of justice. The imposition of criminal sanctions on juveniles is a complex and responsible process that reflects the specifics of juvenile justice in different countries. Most countries try to give preference to educational measures over criminal sanctions for juveniles. This may include alternative education programs, rehabilitation measures aimed at social reintegration, and other methods of diversion that focus on education. In some juvenile justice systems, there are No. rehabilitative punishments (e.g., prisons). Some of the main problems that may arise in the process of imposing criminal sanctions on juveniles include the lack of availability of alternative rehabilitation programs, unequal treatment of juveniles depending on their social and economic situation, and insufficient attention to the psychological and social needs of the child.

Reciprocal Leadership Among Workers in the Directorate of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports from Their Point of View

The role of Reciprocal leadership is considered essential for those working in the Directorate of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports from their point of view, as they are responsible for achieving work goals and encouraging interaction within the institutional environment. Transactive leadership is a leadership style that depends on mutual interaction between the leader and employees in the organization, where emphasis is placed on the actual results of performance and linking reward to achievement, while relying on the principle of reward and punishment. This is done by assigning work to subordinates and correcting errors before they occur or taking corrective steps in the event of a mistake. As for the problem of the research, identifying the reciprocal leadership among workers in the Directorate of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports from their point of view. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher prepared a reciprocal leadership questionnaire and included its paragraphs from (29) paragraphs distributed over three areas: the first area is conditional reward, the second area is conditional punishment, and the third area is management by exception, and it was distributed to them. The human area was composed of workers in the Directorate of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports, while the time area is between 1/23/2024 and 2024/4/23 As for the spatial field, the Directorate of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports, the descriptive approach was used, and the research community consisted of (36) workers. The main experiment was (30) workers in the Directorate of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports, from their point of view, and the exploratory experiment was (6) As for statistical processing, to analyze the data in this study, the statistical package was used SPSS. The researcher concluded that the attention and encouragement of workers in the Directorate of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports to reciprocal leadership because of its positive impact on the quality of the reciprocal relationship between the leader and subordinates and an important role in exercising effective leadership tasks. In light of the results, the study presented several recommendations, including developing a clear perception among workers in the Directorate. Ministry of Youth and Sports on the reciprocal leadership style based on exchanging rewards and punishment in exchange for work.

Motivational context and neurocomputation of stop expectation moderate early attention responses supporting proactive inhibitory control.

Alterations in attention to cues signaling the need for inhibitory control play a significant role in a wide range of psychopathology. However, the degree to which motivational and attentional factors shape the neurocomputations of proactive inhibitory control remains poorly understood. The present study investigated how variation in monetary incentive valence and stake modulate the neurocomputational signatures of proactive inhibitory control. Adults (N = 46) completed a Stop-Signal Task (SST) with concurrent EEG recording under four conditions associated with stop performance feedback: low and high punishment (following unsuccessful stops) and low and high reward (following successful stops). A Bayesian learning model was used to infer individual's probabilistic expectations of the need to stop on each trial: P(stop). Linear mixed effects models were used to examine whether interactions between motivational valence, stake, and P(stop) parameters predicted P1 and N1 attention-related event-related potentials (ERPs) time-locked to the go-onset stimulus. We found that P1 amplitudes increased at higher levels of P(stop) in punished but not rewarded conditions, although P1 amplitude differences between punished and rewarded blocks were maximal on trials when the need to inhibit was least expected. N1 amplitudes were positively related to P(stop) in the high punishment condition (low N1 amplitude), but negatively related to P(stop) in the high reward condition (high N1 amplitude). Critically, high P(stop)-related N1 amplitude to the go-stimulus predicted behavioral stop success during the high reward block, providing evidence for the role of motivationally relevant context and inhibitory control expectations in modulating the proactive allocation of attentional resources that affect inhibitory control. These findings provide novel insights into the neurocomputational mechanisms underlying proactive inhibitory control under valence-dependent motivational contexts, setting the stage for developing motivation-based interventions that boost inhibitory control.

DEPRIVATION OF CERTAIN RIGHTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Deprivation of a certain right is a measure of conditional punishment, the essence of which is not only the removal of the convicted person from performing certain duties, but also the deprivation of his right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities during the period established by the sentence. Article 45 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan establishes that the deprivation of a person of a certain right consists in prohibiting the perpetrator from holding a particular position at enterprises, institutions or organizations, or engaging in one or another activity during the period appointed by the court. Deprivation of a certain right has a preventive character, pronounced as a measure of punishment. The application of this punishment is mainly due to the need to prevent the re-commission of these crimes by persons who have committed crimes related to the abuse of available opportunities in connection with their position or activities. This article highlights the specifics of punishment for deprivation of a certain right in the criminal legislation of foreign countries.

Legal Review of the Role Supervisory Judges and Observer towards Convicts Who is Sentenced to Conditional Punishment

The research was conducted to determine the implementation of the functions and duties of supervisory and observing judges. To describe this, qualitative descriptive research was conducted. The research location was Tarutung District Court and Tarutung Correctional Center. Materials were obtained through field studies with interviews, then analysed qualitatively. From the results of the research, it shows that the Wasmat judge did not carry out supervision as it should be, where the Wasmat judge has not signed, checked the supervisor's register and observations based on the minutes of the execution of the sentence, and the check on the spot visit to the Correctional Institution was not carried out regularly as stipulated in the regulation, namely 3 times a month. The supervising judge has not observed the behavior of prisoners in the penitentiary and outside the penitentiary. Likewise, the judge has not made observations of the behavior of prisoners on the sentences imposed on him so that it has not brought sentencing policy for other judges.

Enhanced Punishment Responses in Patients With Schizophrenia: An Event-Related Potential Study.

It is well known that abnormal reward processing is a characteristic feature of various psychopathologies including schizophrenia. Reduced reward anticipation has been suggested as a core symptom of schizophrenia. The Monetary Incentive Delay Task (MID) is frequently used to detect reward anticipation. The present study aims to evaluate the amplitude and latency of event-related potential (ERP) P300 in patients with schizophrenia (SCH) compared to healthy controls during the MID task. Twenty patients with SCH and 21 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) were included in the study. ERP P300 amplitude and latency values were compared between groups using an MID task in which reward and loss cues were presented. Relations between P300 and clinical facets were investigated in the patient group. SCH group had enhanced mean P300 amplitudes and delayed peak latency in the punishment condition compared with HC. These higher responses were also associated with negative symptoms. SCH group showed altered reward processing as being more sensitive to loss of reward conditions as firstly evidenced by electrophysiological methods, possibly due to abnormality in various systems including social withdrawal, social defeat, and behavioral inhibition system.

The FAAH inhibitor URB597 reduces cocaine intake during conditioned punishment and mitigates cocaine seeking during withdrawal

The endocannabinoid system is prominently implicated in the control of cocaine reinforcement due to its relevant role in synaptic plasticity and neurotransmitter modulation in the mesocorticolimbic system. The inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and the resulting increase in anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines, represents a promising strategy for reducing drug seeking. In the present study, we aimed to assess the effects of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 (1 mg/kg) on crucial features of cocaine addictive-like behaviour in mice. Therefore, we tested the effects of URB597 on acquisition of cocaine (0.6 mg/kg/inf) self-administration, compulsive-like cocaine intake and cue-induced drug-seeking behaviour during withdrawal. URB597 reduced cocaine intake under conditioned punishment while having no impact on acquisition. This result was associated to increased cannabinoid receptor 1 gene expression in the ventral striatum and medium spiny neurons activation in the nucleus accumbens shell. Moreover, URB597 mitigated cue-induced drug-seeking behaviour during prolonged abstinence and prevented the withdrawal-induced increase in FAAH gene expression in the ventral striatum. In this case, URB597 decreased activation of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens core. Our findings evidence the prominent role of endocannabinoids in the development of cocaine addictive-like behaviours and support the potential of FAAH inhibition as a therapeutical target for the treatment of cocaine addiction.

Why do children comply with parental restrictions in the personal domain?

Numerous studies have shown that children judge some issues as personal and up to them to decide, yet they often comply with parental restrictions regarding these choices. The current study investigated children’s judgments and justifications in response to stories where hypothetical mothers prohibited children’s personal choices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 123 U.S. children (56 male) ranging from 5 to 9 years of age (M = 6.80 years). Responses were examined as a function of age, type of domain explanation, and whether punishment was specified or not. Across ages, and when presented initially without a prohibition, children judged personal activities as acceptable and wrong for the hypothetical mother to prohibit, based mainly on personal reasons. However, when mothers were described as giving prudential or social–conventional explanations for restricting children’s choices, most children reported that the actor should comply regardless of domain condition. Children rated prudential explanations as more acceptable than conventional explanations, provided mostly domain-consistent justifications for their judgments, and attributed more negative emotions to being unable to pursue personal choices in the conventional condition than in the prudential condition. In addition, justifications but not judgments varied by punishment condition in interaction with maternal explanation domain. Children also believed that they themselves should comply with maternal prohibitions more than the hypothetical story actor should. Thus, although prototypical issues were viewed as personal, children across middle childhood thought that children should and would comply when mothers provide explanations for maternal prohibitions and more so for prudential explanations than for conventional explanations.

Evolution of cooperation driven by sampling punishment

Punishment is a key incentive to maintain cooperation. But it is costly, hence its effectiveness is under permanent debate. To overcome this difficulty, we here introduce a sampling punishment method and explore its consequences on public goods game and collective-risk social dilemma. In our model, just a small portion of participants are sampled and defectors are punished only if their portion exceeds a certain threshold. We show that the cooperation level can be effectively improved under low punishment threshold and small sample size when the punishment intensity is considerable. To identify the optimal conditions of sampling punishment, we monitor the punishment probability and related cost. We find that the adoption of a low punishment threshold and a small sample size under a considerable punishment intensity is the best, which always leads to a high cooperation level with a low related cost. Our observations are both valid in these two games.

The evolution of public participation under dynamic government intervention in nuclear NIMBY events: a network evolutionary game method

The frequent occurrence of nuclear NIMBY events seriously affects social stability and the development of the nuclear power industry. Exploring the evolutionary development of nuclear NIMBY events and their control strategies is an important proposition. Different from recent studies on the influence of static government intervention into public participation in the collective action of NIMBY events, this paper aims to analyze how dynamic government interventions affect the decisions of the public from the perspective of complex networks. To better understand the dynamic rewards and punishments, the motivation of the public in nuclear NIMBY events is treated as a cost-benefit decision-making process. Then, a network evolutionary game model (NEGM) is built to analyze the strategy selection of all participants who are connected by an interaction network of the public. In addition, the drivers of the evolution of public participation in nuclear NIMBY events are analyzed with computational experiments. The results indicate the following: (a) Under dynamic punishment conditions, the probability of public participation in protests decreases with the increase in the upper bound of punishment. (b) Static reward measures can better control the development of nuclear NIMBY events. However, under dynamic reward conditions, there is no obvious effect with the increase in the reward ceiling. (c) The effect of the combination of government reward and punishment strategies is different in different network sizes. At the same time, with the continuous expansion of the scale of the network, the effect of government intervention worsens.

The effect of combining punishment and reward can transfer to opposite motor learning.

Recent laboratory findings have demonstrated that, when imposed separately, punishment and reward have different effects on motor learning. In real-world applications, however, they are usually used in combination to improve human behavior. For instance, a student may be punished when failing an examination and rewarded when getting a high score. It remains unclear precisely how people are motivated when punishment and reward are combined. Moreover, whether it is possible for the effects of punishment and reward to transfer to other learning situations remains unknown. In the present study, four groups of participants were trained on a motor adaptation task under conditions of either punishment, reward, both punishment and reward combination, or a neutral control condition (neither). We tested what the effect of combining punishment and reward is on motor learning and memory. Further, we examined whether the effect could transfer to later opposite-direction learning in the absence of motivational feedback. Specifically, during the initial learning when there is motivational feedback, combining punishment and reward can not only accelerate learning rate, but can also increase learning extent. More interestingly, the effect can even transfer to later opposite-direction learning. The findings suggest that the combination of punishment and reward has a distinct advantage over pure punishment or reward on motor learning and the effect can transfer to opposite motor learning.

Study of Factors Explaining Pro Corporal Punishment Attitudes in School Athletic Clubs

Affirmative opinions on tolerating corporal punishment are deep-rooted in athletic activities. This study investigated conditions of corporal punishment and inappropriate coaching in high school athletic club activities by examining factors explaining attitudes tolerating corporal punishment from the perspective of proactive or reactive aggression. We surveyed university students (n=180) and assessed their rate of experiencing some form of corporal punishment or inappropriate coaching. Next, we examined factors explaining attitudes toward tolerating corporal punishment through hierarchical multiple regression analysis using the Bootstrap method. The results indicated that the experience of corporal punishment had a positive effect on the degree of tolerating corporal punishment. Moreover, positive assessment of aggression, revengeful intentions, and anger continuity positively explained the degree of tolerating corporal punishment. These findings clarify specific psychological variables explaining pro corporal punishment attitudes and would contribute to the future elucidation of their detailed psychological mechanisms.

Reward advantage over punishment for incentivizing visual working memory.

The prospects of gaining reward and avoiding punishment widely influence human behavior. Despite of numerous attempts to investigate the influence of motivational signals on working memory (WM), whether the valence and the magnitude of motivational signals interactively influence WM performance remains unclear. To investigate this, the present study used a free-recall working memory task with EEG recording to compare the effect of incentive valence (reward or punishment), as well as the magnitude of incentives on visual WM. Behavioral results revealed that the presence of incentive signals improved WM precision when compared with no-incentive condition, and compared with punishing cues, rewarding cues led to greater facilitation in WM precision, as well as confidence ratings afterward. Moreover, event related potential (ERP) results suggested that compared with punishment, reward led to an earlier latency of late positive component (LPC), a larger amplitude of contingent negative variation (CNV) during the expectation period, and a larger P300 amplitude during the sample and delay periods. Furthermore, reward advantage over punishment in behavioral and neural results were correlated, such that individuals with larger CNV difference between reward and punishment conditions also report greater distinction in confidence ratings between the two conditions. In sum, our results demonstrate what and how rewarding cues cause more beneficial effects than punishing cues when incentivizing visual WM.

Moderating effect of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder tendency on the relationship between delay discounting and procrastination in young adulthood

Among adults with ADHD, one of the most common problems in daily life is procrastination. ADHD is characterized by attention as well as suboptimal decision-making deficits, indicating difficulty in making long-term reward choices. However, little is known about the relationship between suboptimal decision-making or temporal discounting (TD) and procrastination among adults with ADHD. This study aimed to investigate whether ADHD symptoms enhance the relationship between TD and procrastination. Fifty-eight university participants completed questionnaires about procrastination and an experimental task which measured TD rates in reward and punishment conditions. Only the reward condition showed that ADHD symptoms significantly strengthened the association between the TD rate and procrastination. This study revealed that even when ADHD symptoms were high, higher TD rates were associated with more procrastination, while lower TD rates were associated with less procrastination. The results suggest that procrastination interventions for adult ADHD-prone individuals need to pay attention to reward responses.

Analysis of Conditional Criminal Decision in Domestic Violence Crime Case

Domestic violence is a problem that often occurs in Indonesia. One law that regulates domestic violence is "Law Number 23, the Year 2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence (PKDRT Law). Based on Article 44 paragraph (1) of the PKDRT Law, a person who commits physical violence against another person will be subject to a maximum imprisonment of 5 (five) years and a maximum fine of Rp. 15,000,000.00 (fifteen million rupiahs); however, in verdict Number 90/Pid B/2016/PN Bir, the defendant was sentenced to a conditional criminal sentence in the form of imprisonment for one year and a fine of Rp. 2,000 but with a probationary period so that, at that time, the defendant was not imprisoned. This study aims to determine whether the conditional criminal sentence in decision number 90/Pid B/2016/PN Bir can provide justice for victims. This research uses normative research methods by analyzing the judge's decision associated with one of the objectives of the law, namely justice.It concludes that the conditional criminal decision in the case of domestic violence (verdict number 90/Pid B/2016/PN Bir) has not been able to realize legal justice for the victim. Because the convict has made a mistake, he should get an appropriate punishment as stipulated in the PKDRT Law. It will not realize justice for the victim since, in conditional punishment, the panel of judges did not set special conditions to guarantee the victim's recovery. In the end, the perpetrators of domestic violence do not get sanctions following their actions, and the victims also do not get justice for all the losses experienced as a result of domestic violence.

Intelligent Game Strategies in Target-Missile-Defender Engagement Using Curriculum-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning

Aiming at the attack and defense game problem in the target-missile-defender three-body confrontation scenario, intelligent game strategies based on deep reinforcement learning are proposed, including an attack strategy applicable to attacking missiles and active defense strategy applicable to a target/defender. First, based on the classical three-body adversarial research, the reinforcement learning algorithm is introduced to improve the purposefulness of the algorithm training. The action spaces the reward and punishment conditions of both attack and defense confrontation are considered in the reward function design. Through the analysis of the sign of the action space and design of the reward function in the adversarial form, the combat requirements can be satisfied in both the missile and target/defender training. Then, a curriculum-based deep reinforcement learning algorithm is applied to train the agents and a convergent game strategy is obtained. The simulation results show that the attack strategy of the missile can maneuver according to the battlefield situation and can successfully hit the target after avoiding the defender. The active defense strategy enables the less capable target/defender to achieve the effect similar to a network adversarial attack on the missile agent, shielding targets from attack against missiles with superior maneuverability on the battlefield.

Implementasi Penerapan Pidana Bersyarat dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP)

Conditional punishments regulated in the Criminal Code do not provide protection to perpetrators of criminal acts because they are not a type of crime but a way of carrying out a crime. Therefore, the Draft Criminal Code regulates criminal supervision as a new type of criminal sanction in the main crime. Supervision punishment is a substitute for conditional punishment and an alternative to imprisonment. This article examines the implementation of conditional criminal and criminal supervision arrangements in the Criminal Code Bill by looking at the implementation of criminal supervision in several countries, so that restorative justice can be realized. The criminal supervision arrangement in the Criminal Code Bill resembles the probation system in the UK, but emphasizes recovering losses incurred from criminal acts. As for the problems in writing this thesis, namely 1. How is the regulation of conditional criminal penalties in the Indonesian legislation, 2. How is the implementation of conditional crimes in Indonesia and How is the conditional criminal arrangement in the draft of the new Criminal Code. The research method can be interpreted as an important means to find, develop and test the truth of a knowledge. Therefore, before conducting research, the author first determines the method that will be used by the author. Methods or methodologies are elements that absolutely must exist in scientific research and development. Legal research is a process to find the rule of law, legal principles, and legal doctrines in order to answer the legal issues faced. If a conditional sentence has been imposed, the supervisory officers, especially the Prosecutor, should have frequent communication with the Supervisory Judge and the Observer Judge to monitor the condition and progress of the convict. In addition, the judge also saw the events behind the criminal act as a whole as well as the attitudes and actions of the defendant in his daily life in society. It is necessary to develop and explain the science of law in the community, in order to create a society that is aware of the law.

Degeneracy and stability in neural circuits of dopamine and serotonin neuromodulators: A theoretical consideration.

Degenerate neural circuits perform the same function despite being structurally different. However, it is unclear whether neural circuits with interacting neuromodulator sources can themselves degenerate while maintaining the same neuromodulatory function. Here, we address this by computationally modeling the neural circuits of neuromodulators serotonin and dopamine, local glutamatergic and GABAergic interneurons, and their possible interactions, under reward/punishment-based conditioning tasks. The neural modeling is constrained by relevant experimental studies of the VTA or DRN system using, e.g., electrophysiology, optogenetics, and voltammetry. We first show that a single parsimonious, sparsely connected neural circuit model can recapitulate several separate experimental findings that indicated diverse, heterogeneous, distributed, and mixed DRNVTA neuronal signaling in reward and punishment tasks. The inability of this model to recapitulate all observed neuronal signaling suggests potentially multiple circuits acting in parallel. Then using computational simulations and dynamical systems analysis, we demonstrate that several different stable circuit architectures can produce the same observed network activity profile, hence demonstrating degeneracy. Due to the extensive D2-mediated connections in the investigated circuits, we simulate the D2 receptor agonist by increasing the connection strengths emanating from the VTA DA neurons. We found that the simulated D2 agonist can distinguish among sub-groups of the degenerate neural circuits based on substantial deviations in specific neural populations' activities in reward and punishment conditions. This forms a testable model prediction using pharmacological means. Overall, this theoretical work suggests the plausibility of degeneracy within neuromodulator circuitry and has important implications for the stable and robust maintenance of neuromodulatory functions.