Pumping Tests Research Articles

The study of hydraulic machinery condition monitoring based on anomaly detection and fault diagnosis

The existing intelligent monitoring methods are hard to apply directly to hydraulic machinery due to fault data collection difficulties and the uncertainty of fault occurrence. To monitor the hydraulic machinery effectively, we design a novel feature extraction method called TFF_VMD and propose a comprehensive framework based on support vector data description (SVDD) and support vector machine (SVM), dividing the monitoring task into anomaly detection and fault identification. A pump test bench is built for data collection and method validation. Meanwhile, one online bearing dataset is used to pre-train SVM. The proposed method achieves satisfying results on three datasets, getting the accuracy of anomaly detection at 0.891, 0.999, and 0.995, respectively, getting mean and standard deviation of fault diagnosis accuracy at 0.954 ± 0.05, 0.96 ± 0.04, and 0.98 ± 0.03. Results show that TFF_VMD is valuable for SVDD and SVM, and the proposed framework can preliminarily achieve early warning and diagnosis of mechanical and hydraulic faults.

Zero-Dimensional Modeling of the Rate of Injection with a Diesel Common Rail System Using Single-Hole Nozzles with Neat Low-Carbon Fuels

This paper presents a fuel injection rate predictive model based on zero-dimensional correlations from experimental results. This model estimates the fuel injection rate behavior with varying parameters such as fuel injection pressure-injector energizing, the injection nozzle geometrical characteristics, and fuel viscosity. The model approach was carried out with diesel fuel. Then, the model was applied to the use of two alternative low-carbon fuels without diesel. An experimental methodology was used under controlled conditions, employing an injection rate indicator to measure the injection parameters in real time. The setup was carried out on a pump test bench using a common rail injection system. The results show that the model can be adapted to different injection conditions and fuels.

A Novel IoT-Based Performance Testing Method and System for Fire Pumps

Fire pumps are the key components of water supply in a firefighting system. At present, there is a lack of fire water pump testing methods that intelligently detect faulty states. Existing testing approaches require manual operation, which leads to low efficiency and accuracy. To solve the issue, this paper presents an automatic and smart testing approach that acquires measurements of the flow, pressure, shaft power and efficiency from smart sensors via an IoT network, so that performance curves are obtained in the testing processes. An IoT platform is developed for data conversion, transmission and storage. The Discrete Fréchet Distance is applied to evaluate the similarities between the acquired performance curves and metric performance curves, to determine the working condition of the fire pump. The weights of the measurement dimensions for distance computation are optimized by the Genetic Algorithm to improve the distinction between normal and faulty performance curves. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed method can completely detect faulty states and prove its high practicality for real firefighting systems.

Characteristics of hydrogeological aquifer in potential lime stone by analysis pumping test in Campurdarat District, Tulungagung Regency, Indonesia

Extraction of clean water from dug wells and drilled wells is a source of water that is obtained locally without buying, for example, clean water from the Drinking Water Company (PAM). Surface water and groundwater are generally used frequently, even though the utilization of groundwater is not optimal compared to surface water. One way to determine the potential of groundwater contained by aquifers or aquifer discharge is by pumping test wells. In this test, water is pumped to the surface through a test well dug into the designated aquifer. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of hydrogeological aquifer of limestone by the pumping test analysis approach using the Theis and Cooper - Jacob methods in Campurdarat District, Tulungagung Regency. Pumping tests have been carried out on two observation and production wells with the results of the Theis method showing a transmissivity (T) of 73,193 m2/day, storage capacity (S) of 1,080×10-3 and hydraulic conductivity (K) of 1,220 m/day while Jacob shows a transmissivity (T) value of 71,682 m2/day, storage capacity (S) of 0.4512 and hydraulic conductivity (K) of 4,667 m/day. The Theis method was chosen because it has a relative error smaller than Jacob method, namely 29.77%.

Technical note: Analytical solution for well water response to Earth tides in leaky aquifers with storage and compressibility in the aquitard

Abstract. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in utilizing the groundwater response to Earth tides as a means of estimating subsurface properties. However, existing analytical models have been insufficient in accurately capturing realistic physical conditions. This study presents a new analytical solution to calculate the groundwater response to Earth tide strains, including storage and compressibility of the aquitard, borehole storage, and skin effects. We investigate the effects of aquifer and aquitard parameters on the well water response to Earth tides at two dominant frequencies (O1 and M2) and compare our results with hydraulic parameters obtained from a pumping test. Inversion of the six hydro-geomechanical parameters from amplitude response and phase shift in both semi-diurnal and diurnal tides provides relevant information about aquifer transmissivity, storativity, well skin effect, aquitard hydraulic conductivity, and diffusivity. The new model is able to reproduce previously unexplained observations of the amplitude and frequency responses. We emphasize the usefulness in developing a relevant methodology to use the groundwater response to natural drivers in order to characterize hydrogeological systems.

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of suprapermafrost groundwater dynamic processes in the permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Suprapermafrost groundwater fulfils an important role in the hydrological cycle of the permafrost region. Under the influence of the soil freeze–thaw process in the active layer, the dynamic process of suprapermafrost groundwater is too complex to be fully quantified, which has limited our understanding of the features of groundwater dynamic processes in permafrost regions. To bridge this gap, the dynamic characteristics of the suprapermafrost groundwater level were systematically observed, and pumping tests were performed under different topographic conditions (e.g., altitude, slope orientation, and distance from the river). The results showed that the differences in the heat distribution and recharge source of groundwater at the different altitudes and slope orientations determined the phase and threshold of the variation in the suprapermafrost groundwater movement state. There was a significant Boltzmann function relationship between the groundwater level and soil temperature. The groundwater level in the downslope during melting increased earlier and that during freezing declined later than that in the upslope part during the initial thawing cycle and the initial freezing cycle, respectively. The groundwater level on the shady slope decreased twice as fast as that on the sunny slope at the initial freezing stage. There was a favourable exponential relationship between the hydraulic conductivity (K) and soil temperature in the study area. On the sunny slope, K was higher than that on the shady slope, and K was higher in the area near the river than in the area far from the river. When the melting depth of the active layer reached 2/3 of the maximum depth, K reached its maximum value. The study results also revealed that when the soil temperature was reduced to 1–0 °C, a strong linear relationship occurred between K and soil temperature.

Comparison of three recent discrete stochastic inversion methods and influence of the prior choice

Groundwater flow depends on subsurface heterogeneity, which often calls for categorical fields to represent different geological facies. The knowledge about subsurface is however limited and often provided indirectly by state variables, such as hydraulic heads of contaminant concentrations. In such cases, solving a categorical inverse problem is an important step in subsurface modeling. In this work, we present and compare three recent inverse frameworks: Posterior Population Expansion (PoPEx), Ensemble Smoother with Multiple Data Assimilation (ESMDA), and DREAM-ZS (a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler). PoPEx and ESDMA are used with Multiple-point statistics (MPS) as geostatistical engines, and DREAM-ZS is used with a Wasserstein generative adversarial network (WGAN). The three inversion methods are tested on a synthetic example of a pumping test in a fluvial channelized aquifer. Moreover, the inverse problem is solved three times with each method, each time using a different training image to check the performance of the methods with different geological priors. To assess the quality of the results, we propose a framework based on continuous ranked probability score (CRPS), which compares single true values with predictive distributions. All methods performed well when using the training image used to create the reference, but their performances were degraded with the alternative training images. PoPEx produced the least geological artifacts but presented a rather slow convergence. ESMDA showed initially a very fast convergence which reaches a plateau, contrary to the remaining methods. DREAM-ZS was overly confident in placing some incorrect geological features but outperformed the other methods in terms of convergence.

Geothermal Potential of Pumping–Injecting Doublet Wells

A characteristic of the Pannonian Basin is its strong geothermal flow. Geothermal water is present in aquifers in the Miocene and Pliocene sediments of the Lendava, Murska Sobota, and Mura formations, as well as in pre-Neogene sedimentary rocks, at a depth of several 1000 s to several 100 s of meters. The water from the deep Miocene and Pliocene aquifers is mainly pumped for use in the spas of the region, which is separated by national borders. Pumping water from the aquifers lowers the hydraulic head of the water in the aquifers. The consequence of the drop in hydraulic head is a reduction in the yield of the aquifers, which has a negative impact on the neighboring wells. In order to prevent the effects of this influence—especially in the case of transboundary influences, as in our case—the construction of an additional well was proposed, through which the cooled water would be pumped back into the deep aquifer. For the specific case of the Terme Korovci project, which is located directly on the national border, a 3D structural model of the aquifer was created. The hydrogeological and thermal properties of the aquifer were determined on the basis of the lithological profile of the wells in the region, along with well logs and pumping tests. As detailed data on the thicknesses of the layers have not been available until now, we have envisaged several scenarios for different layer thicknesses. As will be evident from our data, in the case of a 10 m-thick layer, the temperature falls to below 70 °C in fewer than 6000 days, and this period extends with increasing thickness such that with a 200 m-thick layer, the period extends to well over 100,000 days. The findings are important because the potential investor requires at least 20 years of operation of the pumping–reinjection pair of wells.

A numerical modelling approach to investigate the fate of brine reject of farm scale desalination plants on groundwater aquifers in arid environments

Farm-scale desalination units are gaining popularity for agricultural irrigation in arid countries, such as Kuwait to meet freshwater demands. However, less attention has been given to the management of environmentally hazardous brine reject water they produce. In this study we investigated the fate of brine water produced by the inland desalination units on the underlying aquifers using numerical modelling and field investigations. The methodology involved developing groundwater flow and solute transport models using Flex VMF-SEAWAT to simulate the movement of reject brine. The field investigations included collecting 150 water samples and conducting pumping tests on newly drilled wells. This numerical simulation considered advection, dispersion, and adsorption processes with variable groundwater density following rigorous validation and calibration of the developed numerical models. The results show that the RO reject brine will significantly increase groundwater salinity, exceeding 10,000 mg/L when accounting for advection, dispersion, and adsorption processes. The sustainable yield of the aquifer, with a salinity of <10,000 mg/L, averages 500 Mm3 but is expected to be depleted within 16 years with the current extraction rate. The resulting hydraulic properties are favourable with K about 100 m/d, T > 1000 m2/day, and Sy just >0.1. The adopted values for dispersivity and adsorption coefficients for chloride and sulphate salts in the aquifer were 10 m and 1 × 10−7 [mg/L]−1 respectively. Chemical and numerical analyses indicate a mixing ratio between the reject brine and groundwater in the study area of approximately 10 %. Uncontrolled groundwater extraction, combined with the surface disposal of RO reject brine, has led to a significant decline in groundwater levels and an increase in the salinity. The adsorption ratio of simulated brine plume was 13 %. The authors recommend to dispose the RO reject water in a safe location or transfer it to the nearest wastewater treatment plant for proper treatment and reuse.

Determination of aquifer hydraulic parameters and groundwater protective capacity in parts of Nsukwa clan, Nigeria.

The goal of this study is to determine aquifer parameters and groundwater protective capacity in parts of the Nsukwa clan using geoelectric and pumping test methods. Seventeen vertical electrical soundings were acquired to determine the geoelectric properties, while two wells were drilled to determine the lithology and the aquifer parameters of the area. The result showed that the lithology comprised lateritic topsoil and sand, fine sand, medium sand, and coarse sand, respectively. Geoelectric data interpretation using Win Resist software revealed a close correlation with the well record. Geoelectric data analysis indicated that prolific aquifer can be sourced within the third and fourth layers, located within 24.2-43.8m and comprised medium to coarse sand. The aquifer resistivity ranged from 703.1 to 26,367.7Ωm. The Dar Zarrouk parameters, such as transverse resistance (R) and longitudinal conductance (S), were applied to determine the aquifer transmissivity (T) and hydraulic conductivity (K). The computed T and K from geoelectric sounding ranged from 11.37 to 34.79m2/day, with a mean value of 18.51m2/day and 0.8243m/day, respectively, while the T and K values from the pumping test are 18.58m2/day and 0.8251m/day, respectively. S and R values ranged from 0.001179 to 0.0131619Ω-1 and 2434 to 102,090Ωm2, respectively, revealing a poor aquifer protective capacity and moderate yield. The storativity and storage coefficient of the aquifer values of 0.0023 and 0.072m2/min, respectively, revealed a confined aquifer capable of providing sufficient water to the people. These findings showed moderate aquifer potential with poor protective capacity; thus, adequate aquifer protective strategies are recommended.

Validated Clinical Score to Predict Gastroesophageal Reflux in Patients With Chronic Laryngeal Symptoms: COuGH RefluX

Background & AimsDiscerning whether laryngeal symptoms result from gastroesophageal reflux is clinically challenging and a reliable tool to stratify patients is needed. We aimed to develop and validate a model to predict likelihood of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) among patients with chronic laryngeal symptoms. MethodsThis multicenter international study collected data from adults with chronic laryngeal symptoms that underwent objective testing (upper GI endoscopy and/or ambulatory reflux monitoring) between 3/2018-5/2023. The training phase identified a model with optimal receiver operating characteristic curves, and beta coefficients informed a weighted model. The validation phase assessed performance characteristics of the weighted model. Results856 adults, 304 in training cohort and 552 in the validation cohort, were included. In the training phase the optimal predictive model [AUC 0.68 (95% CI 0.62, 0.74)] - the COuGH RefluX score - consisted of Cough, Overweight/obesity, Globus, Hiatal Hernia, Regurgitation, and male seX with a lower threshold of 2.5 and upper threshold of 5.0 to predict proven GERD. In the validation phase, the COuGH RefluX score had an AUC of 0.67 (0.62, 0.71) with 79% sensitivity and 81% specificity for proven GERD. ConclusionsThe externally validated COuGH RefluX score is a clinically practical model to predict likelihood of proven GERD. The score classifies most patients with chronic laryngeal symptoms as low/high likelihood of proven GERD, with only 38% remaining as indeterminate. Thus, the COuGH RefluX score can guide diagnostic strategies and reduce inappropriate proton pump inhibitor use or testing for patients referred for evaluation of chronic laryngeal symptoms.

Investigating the Representative of Aquifer Transmissivity Determined by Passive Response Methods: A Comparison With Time‐Dependent Hydraulic Parameters Inferred From Different Stages of Pumping Tests

AbstractAquifer pumping tests represent a standard method for estimating hydraulic characteristics, with practitioners often focusing on late period drawdown data because these are less affected by within‐ and near‐borehole effects (e.g., borehole‐storage and skin effects). Alternatively, groundwater responses to natural forcing (e.g., barometric pressure and earth tides) provide a passive method for estimating aquifer parameters at a low cost. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have compared parameters calculated from different periods within a pumping test with those from passive methods. Herein, we compare the aquifer transmissivity estimated using both active and passive methods in two wells located in the Beetaloo Region of Northern Australia. The active method estimates aquifer transmissivity during three periods (i.e., the early, middle, and late periods) of an aquifer pumping test, while the passive method employs groundwater responses to barometric‐pressure and earth‐tide fluctuations. We find that the range of best‐fit aquifer transmissivity is 1.18 × 10−5–1.79 × 10−5 m2/s and 1.73 × 10−5–2.14 × 10−5 m2/s for OW1 and OW2, respectively. The transmissivity estimated from the barometric pressure response method is the largest. The aquifer transmissivity using barometric pressure responses are consistent with early‐ and middle‐period estimates. This suggests that barometric pressure responses are more sensitive to within‐ and near‐borehole effects. The scales of the tidal response method are smaller than those of the pumping test method.

Advanced Analytical Model for Interpreting Oscillatory Pumping Tests With Wellbore Skin and Rate‐Dependent Skin Effects

AbstractOscillatory pumping tests presents a potential advancement in aquifer testing as they minimize hydraulic perturbations and result in no net water abstraction or injection. However, aquifer property estimates can be less accurate if they are compromised by well head losses during the pumping test. Currently, oscillatory pumping test models ignore these losses. The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate an analytical solution that can interpret oscillatory pumping test data affected by rate‐dependent skin losses. Accordingly, the sensitivity of the drawdown response to small variations in aquifer and well parameters was analyzed. In addition, a previous field aquifer test was analyzed to evaluate the feasibility of the solution for aquifer parameter estimation. The results indicate that neglecting the rate‐dependent skin effect can lead to substantial errors in the determination of aquifer parameters such as transmissivity and storativity. Additionally, the proposed solution effectively reproduces the sharp groundwater level peaks observed in field data, whereas the solution that does not consider the rate‐dependent skin effect greatly underestimates the peak values.

Calculating the Hydraulic Characteristics of Bai Hassan Aquifer in Erbil City/Northern Iraq

Iraq lacks surface water resources, so groundwater extraction is prioritized to meet the demands of the industrial, agricultural, and domestic sectors. The chosen location is the Bai Hassan Formation’s major aquifer for the city of Erbil. The hydrogeological system in the study area within the central basin of the Erbil Plain, is considered the largest part of the basin and water reservoir, which is a confined aquifer. The study aims to describe the hydraulic characteristics of the limited characteristics of the aquifer in Erbil, northern Iraq. The wells that were studied are 300 m deep and penetrate the Bai Hassan Formation and Quaternary sediments. The general direction of the flow of Groundwater in the region is generally toward the western regions. Using methods of Jacob straight line and theis recovery methods, the results of the pumping test conducted in 5 wells without observation wells indicated a transmissivity values range between 80.295-299.6 m2 / day and hydraulic conductivity values range between 0.65-3.565 m/day and this reflects the wide horizontal and vertical variation in the layers of the reservoirs. The measured specific capacity for these wells ranges from 40.4 to 79.6 m2/day, and there is an inverse relationship between the specific capacity and well drawdown.

Dynamic characteristic analysis of the piston pump with the valve plate outer dead center damage

The piston pump is one of the key components of the hydraulic system. The valve plate, one of the key friction pairs of piston pumps, contributes most to the dynamical stability and operational reliability of the pump. Existing research on the valve plate of the piston pump does not mention the outer dead center (ODC) damage, which is necessary when considering the dynamic characteristics of the piston pump facing failure. This paper establishes a flow area model and a fluid-domain simulation model of the valve plate of the piston pump under normal and damaged conditions. The dynamic characteristics in the pressure and vibration signals under ODC damage are analyzed. A piston pump testing with ODC damage is carried on to verify the proposed models. The simulation and the experimental signals are compared by extracting the fault features of the valve plate ODC damage.

Correlation Structure of Steady Well‐Type Flows Through Heterogeneous Porous Media: Results and Application

AbstractSteady flow toward a fully penetrating well takes place in a natural porous formation, where the erratic spatial variations, and the raising uncertainty, of the hydraulic conductivity K are modeled within a stochastic framework which regards the log‐conductivity, ln K, as a Gaussian, stationary, random field. The study provides second order moments of the flow variables by regarding the variance of the log‐conductivity as a perturbation parameter. Unlike similar studies on the topic, moments are expressed in a quite general (valid for any autocorrelation function of ln K) and very simple (from the computational stand point) form. It is shown that the (cross)variances, unlike the case of mean uniform flows, are not anymore stationary due to the dependence of the mean velocity upon the distance from the well. In particular, they vanish at the well because of the condition of given head along the well’s axis, whereas away from it they behave like those pertaining to a uniform flow. Then, theoretical results are applied to a couple (one serving for calibration and the other used for validation purposes) of pumping tests to illustrate how they can be used to determine the hydraulic properties of the aquifers. In particular, the concept of head‐factor is shown to be the key‐parameter to identify the statistical moments of the random field K.

Development of a drought-resilient water supply from dolomitized limestones of the Irish Midlands

A hydrogeological investigation is presented that focused on the development of a drought-resilient groundwater supply for a town (Carlow) in the Irish Midlands. The combination of thick overlying glacial deposits and Carboniferous limestones of low primary permeability posed a challenge to identifying a groundwater source. The source exploration strategy comprised surface geophysics and follow-on pilot well drilling to identify zones of high (secondary) permeability in bedrock. The study identified a previously unrecorded large ( c . 3.5 km long) and deep infilled karst feature that possibly extends 2 km further to a nearby area of known Neogene-aged karst infill. Separately, the investigation revealed new areas of dolomitized limestone, suitable for water supply development, where two production wells were constructed. A programme of pumping tests showed that dolomitized limestone areas exhibited low-nitrate groundwater quality, relatively high transmissivity and sustained recharge boundaries (leakage from a nearby riverbed). Analysis of data from the operational stage provided further insights into recharge behaviour, and showed that groundwater levels are resilient during droughts at current abstraction rates. The analysis concluded that the wellfield could sustain higher abstraction volumes, even through extended periods of low effective rainfall. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Climate change and resilience in Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/climate-change-and-resilience-in-engineering-geology-and-hydrogeology

Hydraulic parameters of Submenilite Formation of Ždánice Unit

This study aims to re-asses hydrodynamic tests of the Submenilite Unit of the Outer Carpathian Flysch Zone sediments, exposed at Přítlucká hora located near Rakvice village in South Moravian region, Czech Republic. We focused on four shallow, 6.0–7.6 m deep hydrogeological wells, drilled by Aqua Enviro s. r. o. company in 2005. The purpose of the drilling was a feasibility study for drainage of western part of Rakvice village. The sediments of the Submenilite Formation of the Ždánice unit that were drilled are dominated by compressed clays, claystones and siltstones, containing thin layers of sand and weathered sandstones. For the purpose of determining hydraulic parameters of underlying aquifer, the company conducted pumping and recovery tests on each of the wells. In this work, we used Jacob’s semilogarithmic method to interpret the measured groundwater level data. Hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity parameters were consequently calculated. The resulting transmissivity values range from 1.6 × 10–2 m2/d to 3.7 × 10–1 m2 /d and hydraulic conductivity value ranges from 3.6 × 10–3 m/d to 1.0 × 10–1 m/d. The calculated index of transmissivity Y corresponds to 4.32–4.57 and index of conductivity Z ranges between 5.80 and 6.27. The values of index of transmissivity Y from this study are generally comparable with results presented by previous authors and demonstrate very low transmissivity of the rocks of this unit mostly built by non-permeable pelitic rocks.

Investigation of petrophysical and hydrogeological parameters of the transboundary Nubian Aquifer system using geophysical methods

The recent research aims to investigate the petrophysical and hydrogeological parameters of the Nubian aquifer system (NAS) in Northern Khartoum State, Sudan, using integrated geophysical methods, including surface electrical resistivity and geophysical well-logging. The Nubian aquifer is a transboundary regional aquifer that covers vast areas in Sudan, Egypt, Libya and Chad. The well-logs, including self-potential (SP), natural gamma ray (GR), and long normal resistivity (RS), are integrated with Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) measurements to delineate the hydrostratigraphical units. As a result, two aquifers are detected. An upper aquifer comprises coarse sand with an average thickness of 50 m and a lower aquifer of sandstone with more than 200 m thickness. For a thorough evaluation of the aquifers, in the first stage, the petrophysical and hydrogeological parameters, including formation factor, total and effective porosity, shale volume, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity, are measured solely from geophysical well-logs. In the second step, the results of geophysical well logs are combined with VES and pumping test data to detect the spatial variation of the measured parameters over the study area. As a result, the hydraulic conductivity of the Nubian aquifers ranged from 1.9 to 7.8 m/day, while the transmissivity varied between 120 and 733 m2/day. These results indicated that the potentiality of the Nubian formation is high; however, in some regions, due to the sediment heterogeneity, the aquifers have intermediate to high potential. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the Nubian Aquifer in Khartoum state is ideal for groundwater development. This research discovered that geophysical approaches can be used to characterize moderately heterogeneous groundwater systems by comparing the Nubian aquifer with similar aquifer systems that have similar hydrogeological settings. This study emphasized the application of universal principles in extrapolating hydraulic parameters in hydrogeophysical surveys. This approach aims to reduce the costs and efforts associated with traditional hydrogeological approaches.

Impacts of pumping on the spatiotemporal dynamics of a fresh-saline water mixing zone in a coastal lagoon-aquifer system

Study regionThe Songjiho coastal lagoon, located in the Gangwon Province, Korea, has a unique geographic setting surrounded by mountains and the ocean. Its distinctive hydrological configuration consists of two smaller sub-lakes interconnected by a narrow channel. Its hydrodynamics is significantly influenced by an inlet and outlet, which are connected to the inflowing stream and tidal current, respectively. Study focusWe examined the effect of pumping on the spatiotemporal dynamics of the fresh-saline water mixing zone (FSM) to gain insights into the underlying response mechanisms by pumping. We conducted a series of systematic pumping tests at three fully screened wells installed in the lagoon-aquifer. We monitored electrical conductivity and water temperature with depth. Additionally, we collected and analyzed comprehensive sets of relevant hydrogeological field data. New hydrological insights for the regionOur investigation has pinpointed the dispersion resulting from the concentration gradient as a primary governing factor of the behavior of the FSM. Furthermore, the results also underscore the crucial relationship between the permeability of the layers and the mixing process, which is affected by the inherent heterogeneities in the geological structure and hydraulic properties of the aquifer. In light of these findings, we propose a conceptual model that comprehensively represents the spatiotemporal variations of the coastal lagoon-aquifer system. The model will serve as a valuable tool for understanding and predicting the complex interplay of factors that influence the behavior of this complex hydrogeological system.