Spray Pump Research Articles

Field Evaluation of a Neem and BT Product for DBM Control, 1994

Abstract Insecticides were evaluated at the substation of the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park from Jun through Aug. The field was set up in a randomized block design with six treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot measured 70 ft. by 4.5 ft. It consisted of four rows of cabbage in 2 beds on 36 inch centers and 18 inch in-row spacing. Adjacent rows were offset to allow equidistant plant spacing between rows. Treatment plots in each block were separated by a 4.5 ft. border. Blocks were separated by a 10 ft. border that allowed sprayer access. Total field size was 150 ft. by 109 ft. From 1 to 8 treatments were applied on 29 Jun, 5, 12, 19, 26 Jul, and 2, 9, 16 Aug using a tractor mounted with a PTO driven spray pump equipped with a 30 ft. boom. The boom was set with three banks of hollow cone (TX-26, Spraying Systems) nozzles that coincided with row spacing. Each group of nozzles had its own line from the main tank, therefore, spray output to specific treatment plots could be easily controlled. Sprays were applied at 100 psi at a rate of 150 gpa on a weekly basis from one day after transplanting into the field to one week before harvest. A pretreatment count was made on 28 Jun and post treatment surveys were conducted on 11, 25 Jul, 8 or 22 Aug. Ten plants were randomly selected from the two center rows and removed for examination of insects. DBM immatures were counted in separate age groups; early larvae, late larvae, and pupae. Early larvae were those in the first two larval instars. They were identified by their small size and the occurrence of black colored head capsules. Late larvae were those in the last two larval instars. They were identified by their larger size and the occurrence of green or brown head capsules. Pupae were easily identified by their net like cocoon.

A Mechanical Micro Spray Pump: An Alternative to Propellant Driven Devices?

An account is given on the development of a purely mechanical Micro Spray Pump (MSP) which is capable of delivering aqueous drug solutions to the respiratory tract. In-vitro, deposition characteristics of two solutions, food dye and salbutamol sulphate, at different dosage levels and various flow rates were determined. A theoretical flow model was employed to understand deposition pattern in the Twin Impinger. In-vivo experiments where a 99mTc marked isotonic saline solution which nebulized by the MSP showed bronchial deposits on average of 8% and in a single experiment with spacer even up to 25%. The MSP prototype proves to be a feasible alternative non-propellant driven device to deliver drugs to the respiratory tract.

Control of the Gall Forming Wasp on Wax Flower Under Grower Conditions, Winter 1992

Abstract Gerdalton Wax (White Wax) was potted in 1 gal pots (15 cm diam.) by a cooperating grower and held for 8 wk outside their greenhouse before use. The plants were small cuttings (4-6 cm high) when first planted. Few if any galls were observed on the plants before use and were removed before trial initiation. A small area free of plants in the midst of commercial range of White Wax was used for the trial. The commercial white wax plants were approx. 100 cm in height and diam. and placed 1 m apart. Treatments were applied on day 0. Azatin treatments were applied as sprays using a hand held pump sprayer and applied at 40 psi. The NTN 33893 treatments were applied directly to the soil and watered in at the time of treatment. Eight plants per treatment were placed 2 feet apart in a RCB design. We minimized water evaporation by burying the plants in the soil 2 inches to cover drainage holes and constructed a drip system to water the plants in place. A high population of gall wasp was present at the site. A single posttreatment count was taken 2 months later following gall formation.

Prevention of Grape Bud Damage, 1993

Abstract ‘Concord’ vineyards 1 and 2 were located in Lowell, Arkansas. It was a randomized complete block design. Each vineyard was divided into 9 blocks (adjacent rows) bordered by untreated rows. Each block had 3 treatments randomly assigned to 9 to 12-vine plots (4 panels of vines) as follows: untreated; 5 cm wide Envirosafe teflon tape (Envirosafe Solutions Corp., Schuylkill Haven, PA) was carefully wrapped around all vine trunks, 5 trellis posts and the 2 horizontal support wires on either end in each plot from 1 to 2 Apr; and a hand pump sprayer at 40 psi was used to apply a carbaryl solution to runoff on each vine and post on 1 and 12 Apr and 9 Apr in vineyards 1 and 2, respectively. The carbaryl solution was 10.6 ml (1.27 g AI) Sevin XLR per liter of a 0.01% solution of water and the surfactant Triton AG98. Counts were made of the damaged and undamaged buds per treatment plot from 21 to 22 Apr.

670 (PS 5) COMPARISON OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR GROWTH REGULATOR APPLICATION TO ANNUALS

Application by fixed-position mist blower (MB), air-assisted electrostatic sprayer (ES), hydraulic piston pump sprayer (PP) or hand-held compressed air sprayer (HH) was compared for growth regulator efficacy on Petunia hybrida `Polo Burgundy Star' and Tagetes erecta `Inca Orange'. Daminozide at 5000 mg/l (DM) or paclobutrazol at 75 mg/l (PB) was applied using PP or HH sprayers (high volume) at 200 ml/m2. ES (low volume) and HB (ultra low volume) sprayers were adjusted to provide an equivalent active ingredient of growth regulator per area. Growth of marigold was similar between the 2 growth regulators. Marigolds treated by either growth regulator averaged 92% of untreated plant height, except ES-treated plants which averaged 80%. ES-treated marigolds flowered 4 days later and had less top dry weight than plants in other treatments. Growth regulator-treated petunias averaged 90% of untreated plant height. Generally, there were few differences between petunias treated with DM or PB but the results showed some sprayer type by growth regulator interaction. Type of application was slightly more important for applying DM than PB to petunias.

Effect of Delivery Devices on Nasal Deposition and Mucociliary Clearance in Rhesus Monkeys

Gamma camera scintigraphy studies were carried out to determine the differences in deposition pattern and clearance with the use of four nasal delivery methods: a compressed air nebulizer, a nasal pump sprayer, drops from an instillation catheter, and a dry powder insufflator. Six rhesus monkeys were studied while anesthetized with ketamine. 99m Tc-labeled sulfur colloid particles were used as the test markers and gamma camera scintigraphy was used to measure deposition patterns and clearance rates. Deposition patterns were qualitatively similar for all four devices despite the fact that particle size distributions differed considerably. Clearance, when measured 30 min after initial deposition, was also similar for all four devices with a mean retention value (±SE) for all four methods of 30 ± 3%. Choice of device in these controlled laboratory studies did not markedly affect nasal deposition or clearance in monkeys. The compressed air nebulizer would be the device of choice for delivery of therapeutic ma...

Grape Scale Control, 1991

Abstract Eighteen grape scale-infested vines were located in a ‘Concord’ vineyard in early Apr. The vineyard was trained to a 4-cane, single-trunk, kniffin system. Individual vines were sprayed with an 11.4 liter (3 gal) hand pump sprayer at 2813 g/cm2 (40 psi) and delivered 946 ml/vine (1259 liters/ha or 133 gal/acre). Sprays were applied at bud swell on 4 or 5 Apr. Percentage of live adult scale/5 cm2 of cane was determined on 2 Apr (pre-treatment) and on 16 Apr and 9 May. Scale crawlers began emerging by 9 May at the 30% bloom stage. On 9, 16, and 30 May, 12.5 mm-wide Scotch double-stick tape was fastened on to the trunk immediately below the top two canes and at three sites beyond grape scale colonies on each of the two top canes. Scale crawlers were counted as the number of crawlers/cm-length of tape. The grower applied parathion 8 E at 779 ml/ha (2/3 pt/acre) on 16 May (50% bloom) to the whole vineyard for grape scale control.

Use of Self-Activating Automatic Spray System in Controlling Face Flies and Horn Flies, 1990

Abstract The spray apparatus consisted of a self-contained automatic system with a 30-gal reservoir powered by a 12-volt, battery operated, spray pump. The sprayer was housed in a walkin mineral station mounted on skids to facilitate transport. The mineral box, located at one end of the station, required cattle to walk inside and lift a wooden lid to access the mineral. When a cow lifted the lid over the mineral box and held it open for 10 s or more, 2 spray nozzles above the animal's back were activated for 3 s. As the animal backed out of the sprayer, it was treated with the insecticide mixture contained in the reservoir. For this experiment, a 0.5% water mixture of Vapona feedlot spray was used in the automatic spray system. Before evaluating the automated spray system for horn fly control, horn flies from the experimental herds were tested for resistance against both permethrin and diazinon. The horn fly populations were susceptible to diazinon, but exhibited a 48-fold resistance to permethrin. Prior to treatment and at 2-wk intervals thereafter, horn fly densities were estimated on one side of ten mature animals while face flies were counted on the head and face of these same animals. Untreated cattle within a 1-km radius were used as a control. The test was repeated in two similar herds.

Evaluation of Conventional Formulations and Entomogenous Nematodes to Control Pine Root Collar Weevil on Austrian Pine in Indiana Co., Pa, 1989

Abstract Eight treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine root collar weevil on heavily infested 8-14 ft Austrian pine Christmas trees. Individual treatments were applied to 4 tree replicates after the duff below each tree was removed and bare ground was exposed. Two applications of each treatment were made as follows: the first application was completed on 31 May with a hand held pump sprayer under the following conditions: clear skies; air temperature, 92°F; water pH, 5.0; and RH, 50%. The second application was completed on 5 Sep with a C02 sprayer with one 8004VS Tee Jet nozzle mounted on the end of a 24 inch boom operating at 24 psi under the following conditions: partly cloudy skies; air temperature, 90°F; water pH, 7.0; and RH, 35%. Treatments were applied to the base of each tree at the rate of one qt/replicate. Each tree was dug and burlapped at the field site on 24 Oct, and returned to the laboratory. Each tree was thoroughly examined by removing all the bark from the root collar areas and lateral roots to record the presence of larvae. Plus, the soil ball was examined for the presence of larvae.

Spruce Spider Mite Control on Christmas Trees in the Mountains of North Carolina, 1987

Abstract Danitol, developed by the Chevron Chemical Co., was evaluated for efficacy in controlling SSM in Aug on a plantation of 8 yr old fraser firs in Ashe County. Using a hand pump sprayer to the point of run-off, 3 application rates were applied and Orthene was used as a standard. A randomized block design was used with 5 blocks of 25 trees selected for each treatment and the controls. Prespray and 10 d postspray counts were made of all living eggs and motile SSM on 3 randomly selected 10 cm twigs taken from different trees within each block.

Phytotoxicity and Efficacy of Several Insecticide Comrinations on Greenhouse Whitefly, Massachusetts Greenhouse, 1989

Abstract Plants were grown in Metromix 200 and sterilized field soil (1:1) and were pinched to between 7 and 9 leaves on 2 Oct. The bracts began to color in the third week of Nov. Several insecticides were tested singly and in combination with horticultural oil (Sunspray 6 E) or Insecticidal Soap. Each material was sprayed to run-off on the upper and lower heat surfaces, using a 21 capacity hand pump sprayer. Each treatment consisted of 4 plants, which were then arranged randomly on benches. Insecticides were applied on 21 Sep and then weekly from 12 Oct through 21 Nov. Observations for phytotoxic response and whitefly efficacy (number/leaf) were made weekly, normally 2 days after application.

Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control in North Carolina, 1988

Abstract Two Christmas tree plantations of Virginia pines in Lenoir County, NC were selected to test 3 experimental insect growth regulators for efficacy. Three application rates each of RH-5849 and RH-5992, developed by Rohm and Haas Company, and 2 application rates of LAB 166 801 I, developed by BASF Corporation, were tested. RH-5849 and RH-5992 were applied with spreader-sticker triton B-1956 (4 oz/100 gal). Guthion and Dimilin were used as standards. Using a randomized block design, 3 blocks of 35 trees each in plantation I and 3 blocks of 25 trees each in plantation II were selected for treatments and controls. The trees were sprayed on 23 Jun in plantation I and 18 Aug in plantation II, 10 d after peak pheromone trap catch of adults, with a hand pump sprayer to the point of run-off. Each site was evaluated 5 wk after treatment. The dead terminals were examined for tip moth and counted on treated and untreated trees, using 3 center trees of each block in the evaluation.

Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control in North Carolina, 1989

Abstract A Christmas tree plantation of Virginia pines in Wayne Co., NC was selected to test an experimental growth regulator for efficacy. RH-5992, developed by Rohm and Haas Company, was tested using 2 application rates and was applied with spreader-sticker triton B-1956 (4 oz/100 gal). Guthion and Dimilin were used as standards. Using a randomized block design, 4 blocks of 25 trees were selected for each treatment and controls. The trees were sprayed on 12 Apr, about 10 d after peak flight of adults, with a hand pump sprayer to the point of run-off. The trees were evaluated on 30 May, 7 wk after treatment. The dead terminals were examined for tip moth and counted on treated and untreated trees, using 3 center trees of each block in the evaluation.

Effect of viscosity on the pharmacokinetics and biological response to intranasal desmopressin.

The effect of viscosity on the nasal absorption and biological response to desmopressin was studied in humans. Nasal solutions of desmopressin with and without the addition of 0.25% (w/v) methylcellulose were administered by a precompression nasal spray pump to 10 volunteers. Plasma levels of desmopressin were assayed by radioimmunoassay and the biological response was measured by determination of the antihemophilia factors (Factor VIII and von Willebrand factor). The results showed that the addition of methylcellulose produced a more sustained and slower absorption, with a longer time to maximum plasma concentration (tmax). However, the areas under the plasma concentration-time curve were not different, indicating a similar total bioavailability. The biological response showed a similar effect. Peak Factor VIII activity was not different, but the presence of methylcellulose produced a slower onset of activity. These findings indicate that although the addition of a viscous agent to nasal formulations may produce a more sustained effect, it delays the onset of activity and no enhancement is achieved in the total bioavailability.

Control of Black Twig Borers, 1988

Abstract Anthurium petioles with active galleries (identified by a live female at the entrance hole) were collected from a heavily infested field in Mt. View, Hawaii. Leaf petioles were cut 6-8 inches and placed in a Styrofoam holder. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates with 10 petioles/replicate. Insecticides were applied once 4 Oct using a hand-held pump sprayer. The number of petioles with female borer remaining at the entrance hole were recorded at 2, 4, and 7 DAT with a dissecting microscope. Mortality was determined at 7 DAT by dissecting the petiole and probing the mother borer for movement.

Small Plot Aphicide Testing, 1988

Abstract Chrysanthemums were grown from unrooted cuttings in sand ground beds at a density of 12 plants/ft2, in 1.5- by 3.5-ft plots. Plots were maintained under a 7-d harvest schedule until a pretreatment sample indicated an adequate aphid infestation. Treatments were assigned according to a randomized complete block design, with 6 replicate plots/treatment. Foliar sprays were applied to the point of leaf wetness with a Geerpress hand pump sprayer directly after the pretreatment count and after each of the next 3 evaluations (7 day intervals). Triton AG-98 was added to each tank mixture at 0.125% by volume. Pretreatment and posttreatment evaluations consisted of counting all live aphids from a sample of 10 vegetative shoots (3 inches long) removed at random from within each replicate plot. The average temperature on the first spray date ws 60°F; average temperature on the final spray date was 68°F.

Effect of Viscosity on Particle Size, Deposition, and Clearance of Nasal Delivery Systems Containing Desmopressin

The effect of methylcellulose on the particle size distribution and dosing accuracy of pre-metered spray pump devices containing the peptide desmopressin (DDAVP) was investigated. Using gamma scintigraphy, the influence of methylcellulose on the in vivo deposition and clearance of nasal solutions administered as drops or spray was studied. Nasal formulations containing 0, 0.25, and 0.50% methylcellulose produced a dose-related increase in average particle size from 51 μm for 0% to 81 and 200 μm for 0.25 and 0.50% methylcellulose, respectively. However, no effect was observed on the dosing accuracy of the spray pumps. The addition of methylcellulose gave a more localized in vivo deposition in the anterior region of the nasal vestibule. However, the net effect on clearance followed a biphasic pattern which showed an increase in retention time for the 0.25% solution, followed by a decrease in retention time and faster clearance time for the 0.50% solution. The spray delivers well-controlled doses to the nasal cavity. These findings show that viscosity, particle size, and nasal clearance are important parameters in the design of nasal delivery systems.

Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control in North Carolina, 1985

Abstract Two formulations of Zectran, using 2 application rates of each t'ormulation, were evaluated for efficacy in controlling Nantucket pine tip moths in Christmas tree plantings of Virginia pine. Dimethoate was used as a standard. A plantation of 4-yr-old trees in Sampson County and one of 2-yr-old trees in Wake County were selected as test sites. Using a randomized block design, 5 blocks of 25 trees each were selected for each treatment. (At the Sampson County site there were 7 blocks per treatment and 5 control blocks.) The trees were sprayed on 18 Jun in Sampson County and 19 Jun in Wake County, 10 days after peak pheromone trap catch of adults, with a hand pump sprayer to the point of runoff. The trees in the Sampson County plantation were about 4 ft tall and required 5 gal of spray for 50 trees. At the Wake County plantation 5 gal covered 125 trees. Both sites were evaluated on 23 Jul, 5 wk after treatment. Only the 9 center trees of each block were used in the evaluation. The dead terminals were counted on treated and untreated trees.

Pear, Pear Psylla, Screening of Insect Growth Regulators, 1986

Abstract Tests were conducted on pear seedlings (small nursery liners) growing in 4-inch pots and on terminal shoots of ‘Bartlett’ in a Research Center orchard. Seedlings were infested with PP eggs by caging 20 adults on each for 5 days. Shoots in the orchard were naturally infested with mixed stage populations. Treatments were applied to seedlings 1 day before adults were caged on them by dipping them for 5 s in water dilutions of candidate pesticides. Shoot tests were replicated 3 times and were sprayed to the point of drip with a hand pump sprayer. Treated seedlings were held post-treatment in a growth room at ca. 75°F and 16 h photoperiod for 4 weeks. Treated shoots remained in the orchard post-treatment. Treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and nymphs on the entire sample using a dissecting microscope.

Shaft Construction In Crystalline Rock

An integrated approach between construction engineers and engineering geologists is necessary for the successful construction of shafts in crystalline rock. Design modifications are of necessity formulated in the field to prevent excessive rock movements and assure safety of personnel. The design-construct liaison is often provided by the geologist with a background in engineering and an understanding of anomalous underground conditions. This understanding is enhanced by the synthesis of previous experience in geologic mapping and core logging near the shaft. A case history of the construction of four recirculation spray pump shafts adjacent to an existing nuclear containment structure is presented. Several restrictions were adopted to preserve the integrity of the quartzitic granite-gneiss rock mass forming the foundation of the reactor building. These measures included excavation by non-explosive methods, extensive pre-reinforcement, sequencing the opening of adjacent shafts, geologic mapping for permanent documentation, and quality controlled setting and grouting of the steel shaft liners.