Pulse Width Modulation Technique Research Articles

A Novel Dual Slope Delta Modulation Technique for a Current Source Inverter Based Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Mitigation of Voltage Sags

This article investigates the use of a dual-slope delta modulation (DSDM) technique to control a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) that can mitigate the voltage sag problems in power systems. Traditionally, the DVR uses a pulsewidth modulation technique to control the power electronic switches in a voltage source inverter (VSI). However, the VSI suffers from several disadvantages, such as ripples in the output voltage, high dv/dt, and high total harmonic distortion. To overcome these problems, this article proposes a novel DSDM technique for a current source inverter (CSI) based DVR. The proposed DSDM technique generates the switching pulses for the power electronic switches in the CSI to produce the required missing voltage waveforms with the necessary phase angle jump to restore the load voltage to its nominal value following power systems faults. The DVR usually requires an energy storage device to support the system voltage during voltage sag, which is referred to as a storage-energy-supplied (SES) DVR. However, the energy storage device makes the DVR bulkier and costlier. A line-energy-supplied (LES) DVR scheme has been proposed in the literature that can eliminate the need for the energy storage device and hence has the potential to reduce the cost of the DVR. To validate the proposed DSDM technique, different types of fault-induced voltage sags are simulated in a radial distribution system. The proposed DSDM technique is tested to control the CSI-based SES-DVR and LES-DVR to mitigate the voltage sag. The simulation results show that the proposed DSDM technique is effective to mitigate the voltage sags by accurately injecting the required missing voltage both in magnitude and phase angle.

Cascaded Transformer Symmetric Single-Phase Multilevel Converters With Two DC Sources

This article investigates three families of symmetric single-phase multilevel converters with two dc links for inverter applications. The proposed configurations are based on cascaded cells formed by two-level legs and injection transformers that are connected to a basic cell formed by two half H-bridges with shared-legs. Three types of cells are proposed: cell <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$U$</tex-math></inline-formula> , composed of three legs and two transformers; cell <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V$</tex-math></inline-formula> , composed of four legs and three transformers; and cell <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W$</tex-math></inline-formula> , composed of six legs and four transformers. The topologies operate in the nonisolated condition (with one less transformer). The generalized system model equations of proposed topologies are discussed. The transformer turns ratios and the dc-link voltages are determined in order to improve the system symmetry and generate the output voltage with low harmonic contents. An unidimensional pulsewidth modulation technique is presented to control the switches of the converters. Harmonic distortion analysis, number of components, rating of the semiconductor devices, power semiconductor losses, IGBT and diode temperature analysis, and transformer ratings are used to compare the proposed configurations with a modular symmetric multilevel inverter formed by three-leg modules cascaded thought injection transformers. The proposed converters present advantages as higher quality of output voltages, and lower semiconductor power losses using the same or lower number of circuit components. Experimental results are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of the systems.

A 6.78-MHz Single-Stage Wireless Power Receiver With Ultrafast Transient Response Using Hysteretic Control and Multilevel Current-Wave Modulation

This article presents a 6.78-MHz single-stage regulating rectifier with hysteretic control and current-wave modulation (CWM) techniques for wireless power receiver applications. The proposed receiver realizes ac-dc rectification and dc-dc regulation in a single-power stage, thus improving the power efficiency and reducing the system volume. The hysteretic control together with the proposed CWM technique achieves a much accelerated load-transient response for the rectifier compared to the recently developed multicycle pulsewidth modulation techniques. The system design complexity is significantly reduced. The proposed multilevel CWM technique achieves more evenly distributed power conversions and less output voltage ripples. The proposed receiver fabricated in a 0.18-μm CMOS process using 3.3-V devices can regulate the output voltage to 3.3 V and deliver 1.98-W maximum power with a measured peak efficiency of 92.14%. An instant load-transient response is observed for a load current step between 12 and 600 mA.

Switched Inductor Z-Source Inverter with Modified Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation for Uninterruptible Power Supply

This paper implies the modified space vector pulse width modulation for switched inductor z-source inverter-based uninterrupted power supply. In a conventional inverter-based uninterrupted power supply system, efficiency is reduced because of additional devices. The output voltage of the proposed switched inductor z-source inverter with modified space vector pulse width modulation will be increased by using the boost factor concept, which is not possible in conventional inverters. This inverter has a shoot-through operating state along with the active state and zero state; hence, voltage boost capability is raised. The shoot-through pulses are uniformly allocated within the zero state in each phase in order to increase the output voltage. Hence, voltage due to zero state is condensed in order to generate shoot-through state and the active states remain the same. Theoretical results for the proposed uninterrupted power supply based on switched inductor z-source inverter with modified space vector pulse width modulation technique are verified and validated by using MATLAB/Simulink software.

Seven-Level Symmetrical Series/Parallel Multilevel Inverter with PWM Technique Using Digital Logic

This paper attempts to come up with a proposed configuration of Multilevel inverters with a lesser number of switches that are smaller in size, lesser in cost and with a higher efficiency. Designing an inverter topology with a lesser number of switches and proper control technique is the major challenge. cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) topology are more popular among the existing configurations of multilevel inverters (MLI). Even though it can produce more levels, it needs to accommodate a huge number of switches for higher levels. The focus of this paper is to reduce the number of components for the same voltage level of cascaded H- Bridge configuration. In addition to that, generating the gating pulses for the switches is difficult when there is an asymmetry in the switches. A new symmetrical series/parallel configuration is proposed with reduced switch count and the pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is implemented with digital logic to generate the required gating pulses for the switches. The total harmonic distortion (THDI) of the output current is reduced with this PWM technique. The simulation has been carried out in MATLAB/Simulink software for both R (resistive) and R-L (resistive -inductive) loads.

A New Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation Technique for an Indirect Matrix Converter

In this work, a new carrier-based pulse width modulation (CPWM) scheme is built for three-to-three phase indirect matrix converter (IMC). In the existing CPWM schemes, the control schemes of the source side converter of the IMC are developed based on either sector based complex calculations or over-modulation operation to obtain the required performance. In the new CPWM scheme, the simplified modulation equations for the source side converter of the IMC are proposed which provide the required performance without resorting to the sector based duty cycle calculations or over-modulation operation. The source and load side converter stages of the IMC are modulated with the standard CPWM principles of the conventional inverter and rectifier topologies in the present work. This work also compares the new CPWM scheme with the SVPWM scheme based on the mathematical calculations which proves that the new CPWM scheme requires less mathematical operations as compared to SVPWM scheme. The simulation and experimental results for both modulation schemes are presented which proves that the new CPWM scheme provides the equivalent input and output performances to those of the SVPWM scheme. The control devices DSP (TMS320F28335) and FPGA (Spartan-6) are used to implement the CPWM and SVPWM schemes.

THREE-PHASE POWER CONVERSION USING QUASI Z SOURCE DIRECT MATRIX CONVERTER (QZSDMC) FOR FIXED FREQUENCY TO VARIABLE FREQUENCY USING DIRECT DUTY RATIO BASED PULSE WIDTH MODULATION TECHNIQUE

This research article implemented a new technique for a direct ac to ac power conversion in a three-phase quasi Z-source direct matrix converter (QZSDMC). The QZSDMC is designed by connecting a quasi Z-source impedance network in series with a normal direct matrix converter. In this system, three-phase fixed voltage and supply frequency has been received from the source whereas, the variable ac voltage and frequency are fed to the stand-alone system. Bidirectional operation capability of QZSDMC provides buck-boost action with a minimum number of control switches. Here, the voltage transferring capability is controlled by its shoot-through duty ratio value. Due to the direct duty ratio pulse width modulation technique (without harmonics injection) in QZSDMC, the output voltage is doubled along with variable frequency. However, the discussion is limited here because this technique is used for an odd number of output phases. The increased output voltage from 100V to 245V with a minimum amount of harmonics distortions has been observed using MATLAB simulation and the same is experimentally validated. In addition to this, the converter having the capabilities of converting a fixed frequency of 50 Hz into variable frequency like 25Hz, 75Hz and 100Hz. Noteworthy observations of the proposed control technique in QZSDMC are the stunning voltage gain limitation and buck & boost operations in all four quadrant modes are also reported.

SPWM Fed Induction Motor Drive Performance Using SIMULINK

In the former times, IC engines were used for transportation by most of the vehicles. But due to the depletion of fossil fuels day to day, the world is moving towards the Electric Vehicles (EVs) to overcome this problem. Electric Vehicles have higher efficiency and weight/power ratio. In general, DC motors were used in electric vehicles. The DC motors could not meet the requirements of customer needs because of its low speed range. In the recent studies, an AC Induction motor has several advantages over DC motors because of its robustness, high speed range, and efficiency and weight/power ratio. This paper presents the performance analysis of AC Induction motor when fed with the Single-Phase Inverter. The gate pulses are given by using Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique. The results are then compared with the performance of DC motor using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Simulation of boost AC-AC converter using single-phase matrix converter

The operation of single-phase AC-AC boost converter using Matrix Converter is studied in this paper. The output voltage of this boost converter is higher than the AC input supply voltage. IGBTs are used as the switching elements in the single phase matrix converter (SPMC) power circuit. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique is applied to generate switching signals to obtain the output voltage. The model of the matrix converter is constructed in MATLAB/Simulink programming software package. The behavior of SPMC is simulated with various switching frequencies. The simulation results together with harmonic spectrum and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) values are presented.

A hybrid level shifted carrier‐based PWM technique for modular multilevel converters

This paper presents a hybrid level shifted carrier-based pulse width modulation (HLSC-PWM) technique for modular multilevel converters (MMCs). The concept of the proposed HLSC-PWM method is developed by combining the principles of phase disposition PWM (PD-PWM), phase opposition disposition PWM (POD-PWM), and alternate phase opposition disposition PWM (APOD-PWM) methods. The main aim of the proposed HLSC-PWM method is to generate an output voltage with half-wave and quarter-wave symmetries. The generated symmetrical PWM output voltage based on the proposed HLSC-PWM method provides less total harmonic distortion (THD) and enhances the DC-Link voltage utilization (DCLVU). A generalized mathematical model is formulated to develop a single HLSC for MMC with an N number of submodules (SMs) per arm. Theoretical analysis of DCLVU for the proposed method is described. The functionality and performance of the HLSC-PWM method are carried out on a three-phase five-level MMC in MATLAB/Simulink. A hardware prototype of a single-phase five-level MMC is designed for experimental validation. The proposed HLSC-PWM method is implemented on an Altera/Cyclone I series (EP1C12Q240C8N) field-programmable gate array (FPGA), simulation and experimental results are presented.

The Performance Multilevel Inverter 5 Level 1 Phase by Reducing Power Switch Components

Multilevel Inverter (MLI) is a converter that converts DC power source into AC power source with voltage output more than 2 levels. The conventional 5-level Multilevel Inverter Topology that is developing today generally uses eight power switch components. In this paper, research Topology multilevel inverter 5 levels was conducted by reducing the power switch components into four pieces and assisted by two diode clamps and capacitor as voltage coupling. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) technique used to utilize multicarrier modulation. Simulation testing with MATLAB conducted has been verified with the results of hardware tests where the output voltage shows similarity of shape at the output voltage MLI 5 levels. The results and discussion of the proposed topology can provide economic benefits from the use of the number of power switch components (MOSFET) compared to conventional 5-level MLI topology. Keywords : Multilevel Inverter, PWM, 5 Level

Hybrid Carrier Frequency Modulation Based on Rotor Position to Reduce Sideband Vibro-Acoustics in PMSM Used by Electric Vehicles

In the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system, the unwilling and ear-piercing vibro-acoustics caused by high-frequency sideband harmonics becomes unacceptable in electric vehicle applications. In this paper, a modified space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique implemented with a hybrid carrier frequency modulation (HCFM) is provided to reduce the sideband current harmonic components and vibro-acoustic responses. The principle and implementation of the proposed HCFM technique are firstly presented in which the fixed carrier frequency is improved with the sawtooth and random signal-based coupling modulation based on the rotor position. The analytical derivations with the power spectral density method are also proposed. For verification, the experiment tests are conducted on a prototype 12/10 PMSM and microcontroller unit. The effectiveness of the HCFM technique can hence be confirmed considering the sideband vibro-acoustics reduction operated more effectively than that in a conventional random PWM. The proposed approach may provide a new route in noise-cancelling and electromagnetic compatibility for the electric drive powertrain.

Smart Power System for Electric Vehicles Using Three Port Bi-Directional Converter

The proposed system is used to deliver an uninterrupted power supply to the motor in electric vehicle with reduced switching losses. A PV Panel is combined to the load as a secondary power source in addition to the primary Energy Storage System (ESS) which is connected together using a three port DC-DC converter. The converter boosts output from the respective sources and regulates constant supply to the load in a single stage of transmission. Phase shifted Pulse Width Modulation (PPWM) technique reduces the harmonics which in order reduces the switching losses and makes switching instant, resulting in fast dynamic response. The secondary source can also be used to charge the battery through bidirectional converter. A fuel cell connected to a converter which is interfaced with the load through a separate circuit acts as an additional backup at situations to maintain continuous power supply in case of failure in both the primary power source and the panel circuits.

Versatile AC Current Control Technique for a Battery Using Power Converters

Although a battery is a DC device, AC current is often necessary for testing, preheating, impedance spectroscopy, and advanced charging. This paper presents a versatile control technique to inject AC current to a battery. Synchronous buck and H-bridge topologies are operated in bidirectional mode and controlled by uni-polar and bi-polar pulse width modulation techniques for the AC current injection. The input and output passive circuits are specially designed considering AC current and the properties of the battery. A controller is proposed considering a small internal impedance, small AC ripple voltage, and variable DC offset voltage of a battery. The controller is capable of maintaining stable operation of AC current injection in two power quadrant within a small DC voltage boundary of a battery. The controller is comprised of a feedback compensator, a feedforward term, and an estimator. The feedback gain is designed considering the internal impedance. The feedforward gain is designed based on estimated open circuit battery voltage and input voltage. The open circuit voltage estimator is designed based on filters and battery model. For validation, AC current is injected to a Valence U-12XP battery. The battery is rated for 40 Ah nominal capacity and 13.8 V nominal voltage The controller successfully injected AC current to a battery with +10 A, 0 A and −10 A DC currents. The magnitude and frequency of the AC current was up to 5 A and 2 kHz respectively.

PLC Based DC Motor Speed Monitoring and Controlling System

PLC using rensans microcontroller for speed control of DC Gear Motor. in this project we will use rensans PLC for controlling the speed of operation of DC gear motor DC gear motor we can control with the help of pwm technique pulse width modulation. in this modulation we will very the weed width and control the DC gear motor speed. we will give 12 volt supply to DC motor and for controlling the speed we will put one circuit with the help of transistor between Rensans PLC and DC gear motor circuit used for pwm purpose the microcontroller give the pulses through transistor to the DC motor depending upon the pulses speed will vary in this pulses we will vary the on time and off time of the DC speed water if the on time is larger than the of time the speed of motor is increases and if the of time is larger than of time then speed will decreases this is a pwm technique pulse width modulation we will use in the project.

Modeling and performance of Hybrid Energy System based Cascaded H Bridge Inverter using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Technique

Modeling and performance of Hybrid Energy System based Cascaded H Bridge Inverter using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Technique

Carrier based PD and POD PWM Technique for MLI

This paper presents the design of gate drive circuit for controlling of multilevel inverter (MLI) with Phase Disposition (PD), Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) pulse width modulation (PWM) switching control technique.

Hybrid Multicarrier Random Space Vector PWM for the Mitigation of Acoustic Noise

The pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter is an obvious choice for any industrial and power sector application. Particularly, industrial drives benefit from the higher DC-link utilization, acoustic noise, and vibration industrial standards. Many PWM techniques have been proposed to meet the drives’ demand for higher DC-link utilization and lower harmonics suppression and noise reductions. Still, random PWM (RPWM) is the best candidate for reducing the acoustic noises. Few RPWM (RPWM) methods have been developed and investigated for the AC drive’s PWM inverter. However, due to the lower randomness of the multiple frequency harmonics spectrum, reducing the drive noise is still challenging. These PWMs dealt with the spreading harmonics, thereby decreasing the harmonic effects on the system. However, these techniques are unsuccessful at maintaining the higher DC-link utilizations. Existing RPWM methods have less randomness and need complex digital circuitry. Therefore, this paper mainly deals with a combined RPWM principle in space vector PWM (SVPWM) to generate random PWM generation using an asymmetric frequency multicarrier called multicarrier random space vector PWM (MCRSVPWM). he SVPWM switching vectors with different frequency carrier are chosen with the aid of a random bi-nary bit generator. The proposed MCRSVPWM generates the pulses with a randomized triangular carrier (1 to 4 kHz), while the conventional RPWM method contains a random pulse position with a fixed frequency triangular carrier. The proposed PWM is capable of eradicating the high-frequency unpleasant acoustic noise more effectually than conventional RPWM with a shorter random frequency range. The simulation study is performed through MATLAB/Simulink for a 2 kW asynchronous induction motor drive. Experimental validation of the proposed MCRSVPWM is tested with a 2 kW six-switch (Power MOSFET–SCH2080KE) inverter power module-fed induction motor drive.

Experimental Testing of Low Power Consumption and Cost-effective Converter for De-icing System in Aircraft, Wind Turbine and Solar Panel with the Help of Induction Heating

This paper shows a topology about de-icing of aircraft wings and tails with the help of voltage fed high frequency parallel resonant inverter with the induction heating load. Icing of aircraft reduces the lift and trust of the aircraft. The aircraft de-icing system is economically expensive and consumes more power. To overcome the above factor the new proposed model is developed. It is based on the operation of the rectifier used in a circuit and Pulse Width Modulation technique. Bridgeless rectifiers used to convert the AC to boosted DC voltage without the help of choppers and parallel resonant converter proposed to do high frequency conversion help to reduce the losses in power. The characteristics are analysed by the simulation operation and practical results in terms of temperature, time, voltage and current. Analysis is carried out with the help of MATLAB and waveform is obtained. The prototype is built and tested the practical results to reduce the de-icing system. The icing melting point is 0?C and water to steam conversion melting point is achieved with 80C in our proposed converter and also practical tested in a pilot scale model.

Dual Control of Asynchronous Motor for EV Fed by 5-level Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter using SPWM Technique

This paper presents the discussion about the working principle and simulation of three phases Induction Motor (IM) for electric vehicle fed by five level diode clamped multilevel inverter. Multilevel inverter technology has emerged recently as a very important alternative in the area of EV system. The main objective of this paper is to control the speed of an IM by using 5-level diode clamped multilevel inverter. To obtain high quality sinusoidal output voltage with reduced harmonics, multicarrier PWM control scheme is proposed for diode clamped multilevel inverter. A speed control and torque control can be achieved by using sinusoidal output voltage which has high quality by multicarrier Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique. The planned system is best progress in production of towering switching losses results compared with other conventional method. The proposed system is an effective replacement for the conventional method which produces high switching losses and results in poor drive performance. The simulation results reveal that the proposed circuit effectively controls the motor speed and enhances the drive performance through reduction in total harmonic distortion. Also this shows that the planned method controls the speed and torque of motor in efficient manner. Hence, the system usefulness is established through simulation.