Pulse Width Modulation Algorithm Research Articles

Investigation on performance evaluation of electric vehicle batteries under different drive cycles

The drive cycles influence the design, sizing, rating, and selection of electric vehicle components. So, it is required to test the Electric Vehicle (EV) on different standard drive cycles in the simulation environment before testing in real-time to evaluate the life cycle and determine the efficient and economical design of the EV. Different standard driving cycles are available to evaluate the performance of the EVs, but these drive cycle patterns vary from country to country due to differences in road conditions, traffic density, and driver disciplines. The range and performance of the EV battery mainly depend on its cell chemistry. In this research paper, the performance of different EV batteries on various standard international and Indian drive cycles has been evaluated. To determine the performance of the EV battery, an EV drive train test system has been developed, Nissan leaf 2018 EV model data has been taken in this paper. FOC control strategy for PMSM traction motor has been developed. To reduce the harmonics and improve quality of the switching losses, Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) algorithm has been adopted for PWM Inverter. Battery energy consumption, and cost per charge based on the distance travelled by the vehicle are calculated for comparing different EV batteries to evaluate their performance.

A Novel Field-Oriented Control Algorithm for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors in 60° Coordinate Systems

In this study, a novel field-oriented control (FOC) algorithm was proposed in a 60° coordinate system for controlling the speed of permanent magnet synchronous motors. The FOC algorithm consists of several parts in which the reference currents and feedback currents are transformed into the representation form in a 60° coordinate system. Current regulators are typically used in a 60° coordinate system to directly obtain the reference voltage vector. The proposed FOC structure was established by incorporating the space vector pulse width modulation algorithm in a 60° coordinate system. The proposed FOC structure simplified the FOC algorithm and reduced its computational burden. The feasibility of the proposed method was verified through simulations and experiments.

Harmonic Analysis of Electric Transmission System of New Energy Vehicle

In order to improve the cruising range of new energy electric vehicles and solve the low efficiency of electric transmission system in low-speed driving stage, a space vector pulse width modulation algorithm is proposed. The simulation model is established by Matlab/Simulink software, and the test parameters of electric transmission system in the actual driving process of new energy electric vehicle are analyzed, and the harmonic distribution of line voltage of electric transmission system and the influence of battery bus voltage on harmonic content are explored. The actual test results show that reducing the difference between the bus voltage and the fundamental line voltage under actual electric transmission can reduce the harmonic content and improve the system efficiency. According to the characteristics of power generation system, a reliable motor optimization scheme is proposed to reduce harmonic content to improve the efficiency of electric transmission system of new energy vehicles.

Space Vector Pulsewidth Modulation Strategy for Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter With DC-Link Voltage Balancing Ability

Space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) algorithms for cascaded H-bridge multilevel (CHB ML) inverter usually provide the possibility of using several combinations of active voltage vectors to generate the same output voltage vector. For preselected H-bridges, some of them may generate output voltages opposite to the assumed direction. This results in the change of the dc-link voltages of these H-bridges in the opposite direction to the assumed direction in the ordering algorithm. Consequently, these algorithms are characterized by undue constraints and narrow possibilities of dc-link voltage balancing. In the proposed control algorithm, CHB ML inverter is treated as groups of successively activated three-level inverters; depending on the length of the reference voltage vector. These three-level inverters consist of three H-bridges selected from each phase. The proposed extended selection method enables firm-grip control of the dc-link voltages. For a given direction of phase currents, the possibility of using H-bridges with lowest and highest dc-link voltages is simultaneously analyzed. Additionally, each of the three-level inverters is controlled by one of three proposed alternative modulation methods for which both the attainable output voltage vectors and unbalanced dc-link voltages are predicted. Simulation and experimental results confirm the correctness of the algorithm execution.

Current Electromagnetic Compatibility Problems of High-Power Industrial Electric Drives with Active Front-End Rectifiers Connected to a 6–35 kV Power Grid: A Comprehensive Overview

Today, electric drive systems based on frequency converters with active front-end rectifiers (FC-AFEs) are widespread across industries. In the course of the upgrade of production facilities, such systems replace the conventional converters with thyristor- and diode-based rectifiers. FC-AFEs have the following advantages: the capacity to regenerate the power to the grid and the capacity to operate at the set power factor. The manufacturers of FC-AFEs also claim that their products have the best electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) with the power grid. The best EMC shall be achieved via a multilevel FC-AFE topology and specialized pulse-width modulation (PWM) algorithms for AFE rectifiers. However, the experience of operating mid-voltage high-power electric drives with an FC-AFE in 6–35 kV factory distribution grids with non-linear frequency response due to resonant phenomena refutes the claims of the FC-AFE manufacturers. Resonant phenomena in 6–35 kV grids are caused by the interaction of the inductance of grid components (transformers, reactors) and the capacitance of output cable lines. If the resonance frequency at a sufficient amplitude corresponds to the harmonic frequency of the current consumed by the FC-AFE, the distribution grid will feature high-frequency voltage distortions. This may lead to failures in voltage quality-sensitive electrical consumers. This problem recurred at various metallurgical companies. The purpose of this research is to make a comprehensive overview of the EMC problems during the operation of FC-AFEs at active production facilities, as well as the analysis of the technical solutions aimed at the improvement of the EMC of high-power FC-AFEs with the power grid.

GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM EMPLOYING THREE INVERTERS REGULATED BY SYNCHRONOUS SCHEME OF PWM

The paper presents comparative analysis of three versions of the modified scheme of space-vector-based synchronous pulsewidth modulation (PWM), applied for control of three two-level inverters of transformer-based photovoltaic (PV) system, and focused on providing of the symmetry of winding voltage of power transformer during the whole adjustment range. Power supply of inverters is providing by the corresponding three solar strings consisting of a set of PV panels, and the outputs of three inverters are connected specifically with inverter-side windings of multi-winding grid-tired transformer. Results of MATLAB-simulation prove the fact of advanced spectral composition of the winding voltage of triple-inverter-based PV installation regulated by algorithms of synchronous space-vector PWM, assuring potential reduction of losses in these systems. References 10, table 1, figures 9.

Type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic-based space vector modulation for two-level inverter fed induction motor

Two-level inverter control with type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic-based space vector pulse-width modulation (PWM) method for induction motor drive (IMD) is presented in this paper. A new sampling time independent strategy with type-1 and type-2 fuzzy based methods are used in generating three phase duty ratios which are directly obtained without mathematical equations. The conventional method of space vector modulation (SVM) produces the duty ratios for the inverter which are sampling time dependent. However, in type-1 and type-2 fuzzy based space vector PWM algorithms, the three phases duty ratios generated are sampling time independent and with a new integrated dead-time insertion in SVM itself, can be implemented practically for any switching frequency. As the rule-base for Mamdani non-singleton interval type-1 and type-2 fuzzy inference systems are designed manually, with the expert knowledge of conventional space vector PWM, the duty ratios of the inverter are generated such that the performance of the IMD is improved. The simulation studies for aforementioned cases is performed in matrix laboratory (MATLAB) and experimental validation for the proposed space vector PWM algorithms is validated using real-time sacraetheologiae magister (STM) hardware with STM32F429I Cortex M4 processor for a 1 hp IMD.

Implementation of the spatial voltage vector modulation algorithm using an artificial neural network

An algorithm for space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) based on an artificial neural network is proposed.In calculating the action time of the voltage vectors according to the traditional SVPWM algorithm, the values of the relative phase angle on the sectors are used as variables, which causes difficulties in their calculation.To overcome these shortcomings, mathematical models have been compiled that determine the opening time of the power element by the absolute phase angle on the inverter converter. Since mathematical models have different types of calculation formulas for sectors and it is impossible to express them in an unambiguous formula, to eliminate these difficulties, a function was built using an artificial neural network, with which you can generally determine the opening time of a power element in phases A, B and C.Regardless of the sectors, the SVPWM algorithm sets the opening time of the power element according to the phase angle θ on the inverter converter.The generalized ability of the artificial neural network and its accuracy, as well as the simulation operation time in the MATLAB environment, were tested.The proposed method makes it possible to achieve high speed control accuracy and significantly reduce the operation time.When controlling the traction drive of an electric rolling stock with an asynchronous traction motor, it is possible to reduce the regulation period, as a result, the traction capacity of electric locomotives and metro electric trains with vector control or with direct torque control increases by about 1.1–1.2 times.

Hybridized Space-Vector Pulsewidth Modulation for Multiphase Two-Level Voltage Source Inverter

In space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) algorithms for multiphase two-level voltage source inverters (VSI), the components of active vectors in all orthogonal spaces have to be calculated within the processor and stored in its memory. These necessitate intensive computational efforts of the processor and large memory space. This article presents a hybridized SVPWM for multiphase two-level VSI. In this algorithm, elements of the vector coefficient inverse matrix are calculated once outside the inverter processor and treated as constant values; this reduces the computational efforts of the processor and memory space. This scheme reverses the computational steps used in classical SVPWM. Arbitrarily pre-selected active vectors (for any position and amplitude of the reference vectors) with durations determined using classical SVPWM concept are utilized. The durations of switching vectors are analyzed and the switching sequences in individual inverter phases are optimized to reduce the number of commutations. This approach demonstrates that resignation from classical analytical method in multiphase two-level VSI enables the creation of simplified modulation algorithm. This modulation strategy enables an independent generation of multiple output voltage vectors with independent rotating speed, lengths, and positions. Experimental validation of the algorithm was carried out on two-level five-phase VSI with <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RL</i> load.

On the Development and Experimental Validation of a Novel and Intuitive Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Controller for Electric Vehicle Application

This paper discusses the process of developing a novel and robust algorithm for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor controller. This is necessary for the simplification of the setting of control parameters and maintaining the proper operation of the motor. A 3D torque lookup table was used in which two inputs were considered, i.e., accelerator movements and the motor rotational speed. These two inputs allowed the lookup table to generate a specified torque at any motor rotation, which was then fed-forward to the field-oriented control and space vector pulse width modulation algorithm. Modeling, simulation, and experimental tests were performed to design and validate the proposed controller. The experimental validation shows that the proposed controller worked as intended. This was indicated by its ability to control the motor to obtain a 7% higher torque output than in the simulation in the constant torque region. In the field-weakening region, the controller could make the motor reach a maximum speed of 5500 RPM. There was only an 8% difference compared to the simulation (6500 RPM). In terms of maximum power generated, the controller was able to match the simulation output with only a 5% difference.

Structural and Algorithmic Synthesis of Three-Phase Traction Voltage Inverters

An approach to the structural and algorithmic synthesis of power electronic devices based on multichannel energy flow transformation is further developed. Previously, the obtaining of a high-current output with current-limited capabilities of the used semiconductor switches was considered [1]. In this paper, the approach is extended to the use of high-voltage switches with a limited operating voltage. A distinctive feature of the approach lies in using transfilters to equalize the instantaneous voltage values of the channels with the simultaneous rejecting action of higher harmonic components. The feasibility of the approach is shown using two options for generating the output voltage of a two-channel three-phase inverter: according to the algorithms of pulse-amplitude and pulse-width modulation. The adequacy of the structural-algorithmic synthesis results is confirmed by computer simulation in the OrCAD/PSpice environment [2]. The interrelations between the inverter input and output voltages necessary for its designing are determined. The operation principle of transfilters is considered, and their power-to-size ratio is estimated as a fraction of the load power (according to the fundamental harmonic). Recommendations for using a three-phase voltage inverter in a high-voltage traction frequency-controlled electric drive of railway rolling stock are given.

A Simplified Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Algorithm of a High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drive for a Flywheel Energy Storage System

A space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm is an important part of the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drive to achieve direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) conversion. The execution of the conventional SVPWM algorithm is a complex process which will limit the sampling frequency of the high-speed PMSM drive. Low sampling frequency will cause high current total harmonic distortion (THD) and eddy current loss. To increase the sampling frequency, this paper proposes a novel simplified SVPWM algorithm. The proposed SVPWM algorithm turns the vector composition problem of the conventional SVPWM algorithm into an optimization problem of the dwell time of the basic vector. The proposed SVPWM algorithm has an optimal vector dwell time (OVDT). The dwell time of the basic vector can be directly calculated by solving the optimization problem. The proposed SVPWM algorithm does not need sector identification compared to the conventional algorithm. The experiments of the proposed SVPWM algorithm are performed in a high-speed PMSM drive of a flywheel energy storage system (FESS). Compared to the conventional SVPWM algorithm, the execution time of the proposed SVPWM algorithm is reduced by 38%. By using the proposed SVPWM algorithm, the sampling frequency can be increased from 33 kHz to 40 kHz. With the higher sampling frequency, the current THD is reduced by 25.6%. The effectiveness of the proposed simplified SVPWM algorithm is verified experimentally.

A Direct Modulation for Matrix Converters Based on the One-Cycle Atomic Operation Developed in Verilog HDL

This article presents a fast direct pulsewidth modulation (PWM) algorithm for the conventional matrix converters developed in Verilog hardware description language. All PWM duty cycle calculations are performed in one cycle by an atomic operation designed as a digital module using field-programmable gate array basic blocks. The algorithm can be extended to any number of output phases. The improved version of the discontinuous direct analytic voltage PWM (DAV-PWM) method is proposed, in which the use of trigonometry, angles, and program loops has been eliminated. The proposed DAV-PWM is equivalent to the space vector modulation; it can be applied during input asymmetry and also allows for the control of the displacement input angle. The proposal has been verified using the circuit simulation in PSIM, digital structure modeling in ModelSim, and finally through an experiment.

Methods and techniques of synchronous multi-zone modulation for the control of power electronic converters

This paper presents a short survey of the results of elaboration and investigation of novel methods, schemes, and algorithms of synchronous multi-zone space-vector modulation of signals in power electronic converters of electrical energy parameters, focused on improvement of operation efficiency of converter-based transport-oriented electric drives and of photovoltaic power conversion systems, which were published mainly in the two-year period 2019–2020. These methods and algorithms of synchronous pulse-width modulation (PWM) allow providing continuous synchronization and symmetries of waveforms of the converters output voltage, with minimization of undesirable sub-harmonics in spectra of voltage and current, and also with minimization of undesirable common-mode voltage in electric transport systems and in photovoltaic systems, which leads to corresponding loss reduction and efficiency increasing of these systems.

Harmonic Analysis of Electric Transmission System of New Energy Vehicle

In order to improve the cruising range of new energy electric vehicles and solve the low efficiency of electric transmission system in low-speed driving stage, a space vector pulse width modulation algorithm is proposed. The simulation model is established by Matlab/Simulink software, and the test parameters of electric transmission system in the actual driving process of new energy electric vehicle are analyzed, and the harmonic distribution of line voltage of electric transmission system and the influence of battery bus voltage on harmonic content are explored. The actual test results show that reducing the difference between the bus voltage and the fundamental line voltage under actual electric transmission can reduce the harmonic content and improve the system efficiency. According to the characteristics of power generation system, a reliable motor optimization scheme is proposed to reduce harmonic content to improve the efficiency of electric transmission system of new energy vehicles.

Performance analysis and enhancement of brain emotion-based intelligent controller and its impact on PMBLDC motor drive for electric vehicle applications

ABSTRACT Growing awareness of electric vehicles insists on the necessity of Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current Motor (PMBLDCM) worldwide. This paper involves building a simulation model of the complete PMBLDCM drive system using Matlab/Simulink to control the speed and Torque. Using the Simulink model, speed parameters with various controllers of the drive system are studied and analyzed. The conventional PI controller is capable of controlling the speed of the PMBLDC motor. H1owever, it cannot give assurance of the stability of the motor throughout the load variation. In a speed loop, Improved Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller (IBELBIC) is proposed in this paper. The proposed IBELBIC-based PMBLDC motor drive system with a rating of 3 phase, 30 V, 400 W, 3000 RPM is implemented using Spartan 3 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) from Xilinx. This paper presents an IBELBIC design for enhancing the speed performance of the drive system at various set speeds and different load conditions of 1.2 Nm load, 0.6 Nm load, and no load. The proposed PMBLDCM drive system is realized with the help of a Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) programming algorithm of digital Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) generator topology. Various test cases are evaluated under different operating conditions to demonstrate the learning capability and the applicability of the proposed controller. In this paper, simulation validation is done using hardware setup, and experimental results are monitored on a computer using a customized program developed using LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench). Instead of a Data Acquisition (DAQ) card, the Virtual Instrument Software Architecture (VISA) tool of LabVIEW software is used in this work and results in cost minimization of the experimental setup.

DSP Processer-in-the-Loop Tests Based on Automatic Code Generation

The digital signal processing (DSP) processor-in-the-loop tests based on automatic code generation technology are studied. Firstly, the idea of model-based design is introduced, and the principle and method of embedded code automatic generation technology are analyzed by taking the automatic code generation of the DSP control algorithm for pulse width modulation (PWM) output as an example. Then, the control system model is established on MATLAB/Simulink. After verifying the model through simulation, the target board platform is established with DSP as the core processor, and the automatically generated code is tested by the processor-in-the-loop (PIL). The results show that the technology greatly shortens the development cycle of the project, improves the robustness and consistency of the control code, and can be widely used in the complex algorithm development process of the controller, from intelligent design and modeling to implementation.

Application of artificial intelligence techniques in the operation of neutral-point clamped rectifier under perturbed conditions

This paper will demonstrate the viability of neural network algorithm for solving power quality problems in three-phase neutral-point clamped converter. A neural network algorithm is proposed here for the better performance of the converter under perturbed conditions. The neural network algorithm modifies conventional space vector pulse width modulation algorithm. The proposed algorithm generates ideal switching sequences for the converter by developing the best path for the reference vector in the hexagon of the space vector. The data set required to train the neural network was collected from well tuned PI controlled model. In this work, the implementation of neural network is described and simulation results are presented using MATLAB/Simulink software. Simulation results proves fast minimising the potential difference at the clamped bus of the converter with minimum switching losses and excellent performance of converter in terms of unity power factor, better total harmonic distortion at the source side.

Modeling and control strategy analysis of a hydraulic energy-storage wave energy conversion system

Worldwide increasing energy demands promote development of environment-friendly energy sources. As consequences, ocean wave is exploited as an ideal energy source to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, a hydraulic energy-storage wave energy conversion system is constructed, and a mathematical model of main components is built for analysis. Control strategies of generator-side and grid-side are defined for the system, where a Vienna rectifier is applied to converter of generator-side. A two-level space vector plane simplified modulation method for Vienna rectifier is designed for the three-level system and a modulation algorithm is detailed, which has lower complexity compared with traditional three-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm. An improved adjusting factor method is proposed to solve the potential imbalance of neutral point caused by uneven charging to the upper and lower capacitors in the three-level structure, which optimizes sector division and inhibits the neutral-point potential offset and fluctuation effectively. Using Matlab/Simulink, the intermittent and continuous power conversion modes of the system under different wave conditions are simulated. The results indicate stable operation of the system, feasible topology scheme, modulation algorithm and control strategy, and effective suppression of AC-side harmonics.

Application of space vector pulse width modulation algorithm based on programmable logic array in power system

In the traditional power system, the voltage regulation and frequency modulation control method used for boiler induced draft fan is limited in control accuracy. With the improvement of furnace pressure change accuracy, higher requirements are put forward for motor control algorithm. This paper studies permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) as the executive part of induced draft fan servo control system, and adopts FOC control method based on space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). Firstly, the simulation model of SVPWM pulse width modulation algorithm is established by MATLAB to provide theoretical support for the subsequent debugging algorithm; When using FPGA to realize SVPWM modulation algorithm, FPGA has the advantages of high reliability and high real-time processing, which provides theoretical support and application guidance for the realization of high-precision motor control of boiler induced draft fan in power system.