Pulses In India Research Articles

Demand and Supply Projections for Pulses in India

Background: The per capita net availability of pulses in India has been increased from 15.5 kg per year in 2018-19 to 19.6 kg in 2021-22. Efforts made to bridge the gap between demand and supply of pulses in the country has resulted in reducing the gap to some extent in recent years and still country is depended on import to meet the growing demand of the pulses such as pigeon pea, lentils and peas. Few studies predicted the demand and supply of pulses as a whole in the country and no studies analyzed the pulse wise demand supply gap in India. Hence, the present study was proposed to predict the demand and supply of major pulses such as chickpea (Gram/Chana), pigeon pea (Tur/Arhar), black gram (urd bean), mung bean (Green gram) and lentil (Masur) in India for a period, 2024-2030. Methods: The present study has been used the crop data on area, production and yield of major pulses including chickpea (Gram/Chana), pigeon pea (Tur/Arhar), black gram (urd bean), mung bean (Green gram) and lentil (Masur) for a period of 29 years (1985-2024) collected from the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of India, New Delhi. Household consumption expenditure data was collected from the National Sample Survey office for 2011-12 from the Government of India. The supply projection was estimated by using linear regression model and demand projections were done by using behaviouristic approach. Result: Decadal trend in area, production and yield of pulses from 1970-2010 showed mixed trends of increase and decrease, whereas in 2010-2020, chickpea, pigeon pea, mung bean and black gram showed positive trend in area, production and yield but lentil alone showed negative trend in production. Import dependency of the pulses in the total availability has reduced to 8.92 per cent in 2021-22 from 19.42 per cent in 2009-10. Import dependency of the pulses in the total availability has reduced to 8.92 per cent in 2021-22 from 19.42 per cent in 2009-10. The availability of pulses has grown at a rate of 3.73 per cent from 2009 to 2021. Chick Pea, Tur, Mung bean, Urd bean and Lentils together contributed on an average 88.7 per cent to the total pulses production and 83.73 per cent of pulses availability from 2013 to 2021. Production of these five pulses has increased to 23.04 million tonnes in 2020-21 from 17.3 million tonnes from 2013-14. Gram is the single pulse contributed more than 40 per cent of the pulse production of the country in the above period. Demand supply projection showed a net surplus of 0.81-3.89 mt in the case of pulses and 5.64 -7.63 mt in the case of gram and 0.89 to 1.91 mt in Urd and 0.68 to 1.57 mt in Mung bean during 2024-2030. But in the case of pigeon pea and lentil there may be a net deficit in the range of 3-2.42 and 1.13-1.04 mt, respectively, during 2024-2030. Efforts should be made to bridge the gap in demand and supply of pigeon pea and lentil by the way of bringing new areas under pulses and developing the technologies suitable for the clusters.

Influence of Smart Fertilizer on Yield and Economics of Cowpea

The extent of agricultural land under cultivation is diminishing continuously as a result of improper over use of fertilizer leads to environmental contamination and productivity of land is also become diminished. Nonetheless, in order to fulfill the rising population's nutritional needs as well as those of the developing industry, agricultural production must be enhanced. Smart fertilizers like Nano fertilizers are the new technologies to enhance the nutrient use efficiency them by improving crop yield in sustainable manner. Nano-fertilizers are the Nano-particles-based fertilizers, where supply of the nutrients is made precisely for maximum plant growth, have higher use efficiency, exploiting plant unavailable nutrients in the rhizosphere and can be delivered on real time basis into the rhizosphere or by foliar spray. Pulses are gaining more important position in Indian agriculture. But the average productivity of pulses is pulses in India (764 kg ha-1) is far below the average productivity of the world (848 kg ha-1). Basally applied nutrients are lost over time, thus applying important fertilizer to cowpeas during their critical growth is a effective strategy to enhance their yield. Especially smart fertilizers like Nano Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) and Zinc - Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (Zn EDTA) are very helpful in that. Therefore, the field experiment was done in the School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Gandhi gram Rural Institute, Gandhi gram, Tamil Nadu during January 2024 to April 2024 to assess the impact of Nano DAP and Zn EDTA on growth and yield of cowpea. There were seven treatments with three replications that were laid out in RBD. Among the different treatments, RDF 50% P, 100% NK + Seed treatment and two foliar spray 0.2% of Nano DAP + Foliar spray of 3% Zn EDTA (T7) was achieved a supremely improved growth parameters and yield attributes and yield. Experimental results clearly revealed that RDF 50% P, 100% NK + Seed treatment and two foliar spray 0.2% of Nano DAP + Foliar spray of 3% Zn EDTA(T7) has recorded the highest grain yield of 1720 kg ha-1 and BCR of 3.25.

Comprehensive Analysis of Production and Import Dependency of Pulses in India

Background: The multifaceted importance of pulses in India’s agricultural landscape is explored along with its implications particularly the surge in pulse exports to regions such as the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Africa. By highlighting India’s pivotal role as a global pulse producer and exporter, shedding light on its impact on foreign exchange earnings, employment generation, comprehensive analysis and overall economic growth is attempted. Two key objectives, relating to pulse production, import and export trends, the direction of pulse trade from India to major importing countries, through Markov Chain Analysis, market dynamics are uncovered. Methods: The data on pulses production and export in terms of quantity and value in India were collected from secondary sources. Result: Pulse production remained relatively stable with moderate variability, exports experienced significant fluctuations, particularly in pulse quantities and values. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) analysis confirms consistent production growth, with pulses showing positive CAGR figures. Impact of interaction between area and yield was significant as compared to area and yield independently. Pulse exports saw steady growth in both quantity and value. Further, The Markov chain analysis underscored Pakistan’s stability as a primary export destination, while Bangladesh, the UAE and others exhibited varying degrees of export retention probabilities. Overall, the data reflects a stable domestic production environment and an increasingly dynamic international pulse export market for India.

Policies and incentives for promotion of pulses production and consumption: A Review

The paper delves into the current state of pulses in India, examining technological advancements, production trends, costs and returns, extent of subsidies and other policies related to pulses, competitiveness, and input utilization. It also assesses non-market benefits, such as nitrogen fixation, and suggests incorporating them into incentives for pulses production and consumption. Additionally, the paper explores the nutritional contributions of pulses and their potential distribution through government schemes to aid the impoverished. Policy scenarios, including the role of Minimum Support Price and procurement, are scrutinized for their historical impact on pulse production. The paper evaluates the demand-supply gap and advocates for improved trade policies. Ultimately, it recommends incentive policies based on the ecological contributions of pulses, use of advanced statistical methods for advanced production estimations to guide informed decisions by traders and importers, and long-term government contracts for pulses import/export to stabilize domestic prices. The goal is to ensure affordability for consumers and encourage farmers’ participation in export markets, especially for crops like chickpea.

Impact of seed hub on quality pulse seed production and productivity in Solapur district of Maharashtra

To ensure the availability of location specific high yielding varieties and quality seed, the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers welfare, Government of India implemented the project entitled ‘Creation of seed hubs for increasing indigenous production of pulses in India’ during 2016-17 and provided funds for seed multiplication and infrastructure facilities across the country. Under this project pulses seed hub has been sanctioned to Krishi Vigyan Kendra Mohol, Solapur. The objective of this programme was to increase indigenous production of pulses and to make available quality seed of improved high yielding and climate resilient varieties to farmers to achieve self-sufficiency in respect of seeds at village level. Farmers of selected village for seed hub are working under the technical support and guidance of KVK scientists. They were trained technically and made more sound by adopting good agronomic practices to fulfil the objective. Each year, a target of 200 q for kharif and 800 q for rabi season was given to KVK, Mohol. With respect to the target received, KVK Mohol produced 355.34, 567.59, 784.88, 528.50, 752.00 q seed during the year 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2021-22, respectively. Pigeonpea varieties BDN - 711 and Phule Rajeshwari perform well and gave higher seed yield as compared to local and old varieties. Due to wide acceptance by farmer there is huge horizontal expansion of chickpea variety Phule Vikram in the district. All procured seed of pigeonpea and chickpea were sold to the farmers.Chickpe

Isolation of Pasteuria penetrans, an obligate hyper-parasite, infecting root knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp. from the rhizosphere of pulses in India

BackgroundPasteuria penetrans is a mycelial, endospore forming, obligate, bacterial parasite that has shown enormous potential for biological control of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp. In the present study, the effort has been made to isolate effective and high temperature tolerant indigenous strains from pulse rhizosphere in India.ResultsSurveys were carried out in four different agro-climatic zones and collected 106 root-knot nematode infected soil and plant samples from pulses rhizosphere. Of these, we observed Pasteuria spore attachment on root knot nematode juveniles from seven samples: three from Varanasi, two from Salem and one each from Deoria and Kushinagar. The pure cultures of these seven isolates (named as IIPR-Pp-1 to IIPR-Pp-7 from single infected female, respectively) were developed in 7 cm pot and soil-less CYG medium. The nematode host species was identified as Meloidogyne incognita by perineal pattern and confirmed by sequencing of ITS region. The host range study with M. incognita and Heterodera cajani showed the spore attachment was specific to M. incognita revealed that the species of the parasite was Pasteuria penetrans. SEM study on morphometrics of Pasteuria spores belong to two groups. In vitro assay on endospore attachment assay with pre-treated endospores at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C revealed that maximum number of endospore attachment of all isolates was observed at 30 °C followed by 40 °C, and the least number of them was observed at 60 °C and above. The isolate Pp3 exhibited maximum number of spore attachments among all isolates at 30 °C treatment (14) and 40 °C treatment (10.67). Endospore attachment assay with pre-treated J2 at 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 °C revealed that maximum number of attachment of all isolates was observed at 30 °C treatment, and no attachment was observed at 40 °C and above.ConclusionPasteuria penetrans isolate IIPR-Pp3 exhibited high temperature tolerance and can be used further to develop Pasteuria-based biopesticide for management of root-knot nematode, M. incognita in pulses.

Growth Rate of Major Pulses in India vis-a-vis Punjab

Growth Rate of Major Pulses in India vis-a-vis Punjab

Influence of Morphological and Biochemical Parameters for Infection of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus and Bemisia tabaci in Mungbean and Urdbean

Background: Mungbean and Urdbean are the important pulses in India which are regarded as prospective protein source for human daily diet and rich source of protein and carbohydrate. Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus is one of the destructive diseases to pulses and transmitted by whitefly. Among the pulses, mungbean and urdbean are severely affected by MYMV in India. Present investigation was aimed to determine the congenial and mitigating factors of mungbean and urdbean crops with reference to infection of MYMV and its vector. Methods: The morphological and biochemical analysis was carried out by factorial RCBD consisting of two factors viz., factor 1: Crops (V) (Mung bean and Urd bean) and factor 2: observation at 15 days interval up to 90 DAS (S) for recording different morphological and biochemical parameters. Result: Morphological parameters of urdbean are able to mitigate the vector incidence and indirectly reduced the MYMV infection in urdbean than mungbean. Further, the biochemical parameters levels were more in urdbean than mungbean and their levels increased with the increased MYMV incidence. Hence, it is concluded that the morphological characters are found responsible for vector infestation where as biochemical levels are important for the infection of MYMV in both the crops.

Striving to revive pulses in India with extension, input subsidies, and output price supports†

AbstractPulse production in India has stagnated relative to staple grains and cash crops, raising concerns about rural protein consumption. We experimentally evaluate an effort to increase local pulse production in Bihar. This intervention consisted of 2 years of input subsidies and extension to facilitate learning, followed by the creation of marketing organizations and a year of output price support to raise profitability. Farmers respond to price signals by expanding inputs when subsidized and increasing pulse sales under price supports. However, we see no evidence that the program shifted equilibrium production portfolios as pulses return to pre‐intervention levels after the support ends. Results indicate that short‐term learning by doing cannot overcome long‐run barriers to local pulse production, even when farmers have a viable outlet to sell their surplus output.

Magic of Dals or Pulses in Homoeopathy

Objective: When we say staple food, cereals & pulses come to our mind. The concept of food security that encompasses 3As & 1U is not to be thought of without cereals & pulses. These are Availability, Accessibility, Affordability and Utilization. This holds good for pulses as well. The current article deals with homoeopathic medicines made from pulses [1, 17]. Before going to therapeutics, the production, consumption & export of pulses in India has also been discussed from the past till date. The role of green revolution in decreasing the production & consumption has also been discussed. All these processes are essential part of the process of nutrition [14]. As pulses are a part of our life, some of the basics on pulses have also been discussed in a paragraph. Since eating pulses is an integral part of our life, Homoeopathy also has made pulses an integral part of its therapeutics. The medicines prepared from pulses have been used by Homoeopathic practitioners since the advent of 19th century after it was introduced to the world by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann in 1790 [18].

Importance of Zinc and Molybdenum for Sustainable Pulse Production in India

Pulses are of paramount importance in Indian agriculture next to cereals and oilseeds in terms of acreage, production and economic value. Pulses are important sources of protein in a vegetarian diet, especially in India, where a large part of population is vegetarian and protein malnutrition is rampant and has not yet received adequate attention for micronutrient fertilization. To reduce the demand and supply gap, government of India launched various programs in pulses. Still, prime attention is required to meet the food security challenges, especially in case of pulse sector. In order to increase the pulse productivity while sustaining at high levels, greater attention on nutrient managements including micronutrients are among the promising technologies in pulse production. Among those micronutrients, zinc (zn) and molybdenum (Mo) are of major concerns. Mo acts as a cofactor for the enzymes namely nitrogenase and nitrate reductase, which take lead roles in bio-logical fixation and subsequent assimilation of nitrogen in legumes. Thus, Mo plays an important role in metabolism and biosynthesis of nitrogen into protein. Besides this, it facilitates the various physiological and biochemical process in pulses. Application of Mo enhances the bioavailability of other essential nutrients to crops. Plants subjected to zinc deficiency display alterations in the activity of many enzymes and decreased protein synthesis. Foliar spray of nutrient fertilizers at the critical stages of rainfed condition, application of micronutrients and secondary nutrients has been great focus in boosting up pulses productivity in India. Thus, this article represents critical review on constraints of low pulse productivity, role of Zn and Mo fertilization to gear up the present pulses productivity to larger extent while sustaining the productivity of pulses in India.

The status of resistance to phosphine in common bruchid species infesting edible stored pulses in India

Bruchids or pulses beetles or bean weevils (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) are serious pests of stored pulses, and the only curative chemical option approved for use in India is fumigation with phosphine. Relative phosphine resistance was ascertained in 79 bruchid populations from 74 diverse locations of India, in comparison to their susceptible laboratory conspecifics. The populations' response to phosphine was varied vis-à-vis species, locations, and storage conditions. Overall, the populations recorded the relative resistance ratio of 1.1–4.5 folds over their susceptible laboratory conspecifics, however the LC99 values indicated populations are still susceptible to recommended phosphine dosage by Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee. The relative resistance levels in decreasing order for species was Callosobruchus maculatus > C. analis > C. chinensis. The populations from small-scale storage conditions exhibited relatively lower level of resistance than those from large-scale storage conditions. The relative resistance was varied between populations representing different states and regions of India. The populations from places where pulses are grown, stored and protected with phosphine on a large-scale and regular basis showed higher relative resistance. When compared to species infesting stored cereals, the relative resistance levels recorded in bruchid populations was rather low; however, the observed levels warn of further escalation to an alarming level in the events of inappropriate and indiscriminate phosphine usage. Consequently, the Indian pulses storages fully reliant on this fumigant may face a significant bruchid threat in the near future. Therefore, the current study provides a valuable source of information on phosphine resistance status in bruchids infesting edible stored pulses across India.

Demand Projection of Pulses in India

The paper attempted to make the demand projection of pulses in India. Though; pulses production and productivity have increased over the years, the country still has to import pulses to meet the demand of its growing population. The study is based on the NSSO data of the last six rounds. The three-stage demand model was used for computing the elasticities of pulses. Demand was projected using income and population growth data, while 2011 NSS round data was used as the base year. The study revealed that the consumption and expenditure of pulses increased over the years. The positive expenditure elasticity of pulses indicated a positive relationship between income and pulse consumption. The own price elasticity of pulses was negative, indicating that the pulses were highly responsive to their own prices. The demand for pulses is projected to increase over the years. The main reason for these increases was positive elasticity, increasing population, and higher projected GDP. It implied that production needs to be improved to achieve self-sufficiency. It is suggested to use cost reduction and high production technology so the prices should be stable in future and demand also fulfilled.

Infestation, distribution and diversity indices of bruchid species on edible stored pulses in India

The study aimed to understand the infestation, distribution and, diversity indices of bruchids infesting edible stored pulses in India. A total of 81 stored grain samples representing 14 crops were surveyed from 74 locations across 24 states. Five bruchid species were identified infesting samples, three of which were cosmopolitan Callosobruchus species. C. analis was distributed on 50% of the samples and locations, followed by C. maculatus and C. chinensis. Despite C. analis being present in the majority of samples, C. maculatus was the most abundant and dominant species. Six of the twenty-four states recorded all three Callosobruchus species, eight states recorded any two of the three, and the other ten states recorded any one of the three Callosobruchus species. C. analis and C. chinensis were abundant in four of the six regions, while C. chinensis in NE region. The overall species diversity index was 1.1, while Effective Number of species was 3. C. maculatus was the most abundant and dominant species in small-scale, whereas C. analis in large-scale, storage conditions. Small-scale storages recorded greater diversity and richness, whereas large-scale had greater evenness. Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh states recorded greater diversity indices, whereas West Bengal and Tamil Nadu had lower indices. The maximum diversity indices were found in crops like chickpea (desi and Kabuli), and field pea. Small-scale storage conditions recorded higher infestation parameters than large-scale. Field pea, cowpea, chickpea, horse gram, and mungbean recorded higher infestations, while urdbean had the lowest. The order of grain infestation and damage for species was C. chinensis > C. analis > C. maculatus, whereas, it was the opposite for grain weight loss. The grain moisture and storage duration positively correlated with infestation and damage. This study provides vital information on prevailing species diversity and distribution of bruchids on edible stored pulses across the country.

A research study on creation of seed hubs for increasing indigenous production of pulses in India

KVK, Palem, Nagarkurnool district Telangana state was allotted with the seed hub project entitled with Creation of seed hubs for increasing indigenous production of pulses in India. With the project buy back policy KVK was procured 284 quintals of Greengram (WGG 42), 571 quintals of Redgram (PRG 176), 234 quintals of Blackgram (PU 31) and 2.2 quintals of Horsegram (CHRG 19) from the farmers and INR 13, 49,989 was earned by the 51 farmers as additional income from seed production. Total 1,091 quintals of pulses seed was procured by KVK, Palem, during 2016 to 2020. (4years).Seed production was implemented on farmers’ fields across different villages of Nagarkurnool and Jogulamba Gadwal districts based on farmers experience in pulse seed production through bye back agreement. These quality seeds covered through our intervention nearly 7,690 hectares, contributing 16 to 18 per cent of total cropped area under cultivation of pulses in Nagarkurnool district. The total gross amount realized from pulses seed production programme in the four years (2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20) was INR 1.24 crores. The net profit to KVK, Palem, is INR 41, 92,086. The profit generated out of seed sale has been utilized by Seed-Hub for development of additional facilities/workforce as needed for scaling quality seed production of pulses. It is noteworthy that this programme generated employment opportunities for rural youth, farm workers and farm women as seed production is a skill oriented work. Regular and timely management practices reduce additional expenditure while producing seeds, so that no additional labour and special input costs were incurred. Socio-economic status of the farmers has improved due to generation of additional income through seed production as compared to general cultivation.

COVID-19 and prices of pulses in Major markets of India: Impact of nationwide lockdown.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted almost all the sectors including agriculture in the country. The present paper investigates the impact of COVID-19 induced lockdown on both wholesale and retail prices of major pulses in India. The daily wholesale and retail price data on five major pulses namely Lentil, Moong, Arhar, Urad and Gram are collected for five major markets in India namely Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and Hyderabad during the period January, 2019 to September, 2020 from Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution, Government of India. The Government of India declared nationwide lockdown since March, 24, to May, 31, 2020 in different phases in order to restrict the spread of the infection due to COVID-19. To see the impact of lockdown on price and price volatility, time series model namely Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model with error following Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH) model incorporating exogenous variable as lockdown dummy in both mean as well variance equations. It is observed that in almost all the markets, lockdown has significant impact on price of the pulses whereas in few cases, it has significant impact on price volatility.

Current Status and Way Forward for Scaling up Productivity of Pigeonpea in Madhya Pradesh: A Review

Madhya Pradesh ranks first both in terms of area (25%) and production (32%) of pulses in India. However, it ranks sixth after Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, West Bengal and Gujarat in terms of productivity. To realize better yield; recommended production and protection technologies have to be followed. Most of the pigeonpea varieties have been developed by traditional breeding either by pedigree method or selection from landraces or by bi-parental mating. After getting stable male sterile and restorer lines, development of hybrid pigeonpea have been major breeding objectives. Availably of genomic tools by decoding the genome sequence, pigeonpea have been equipped with modern genetic and genomic tools for use in the research programmes. Different approached like mining superior alleles by re-sequencing of wild species, fine mapping for drought tolerance, fertility restoration and developing superior lines by genomic selection, identification of candidate genes which are associated with hybrid vigour by using epi-genomics and mitochondrial genome sequencing and identification of candidate genes and functional markers for water-logging tolerance are already in progress. Transgenic approach has also been initiated to develop resistance against pod borer. Collaborative efforts among ICRISAT, IARI and IIPR-Kanpur are on the way for use of different transgenes and promoter options for developing transgenic plants and their evaluations for effectiveness and bio-safety concerns.

Pulses Production and Trade Performance in India and Myanmar

Background: Although India has always been the greatest producer of pulses, the Indian trade deficit in pulses has transformed several nations into important producers and exporters. Myanmar, with a prevalence of small farms mainly producing chickpea, pigeonpea, mungbean and urdbean, has risen as a major producer of pulses destined for export. Methods: The data were collected for the time period 1970-2019 to work out trends in area, production and productivity of pulses for both countries. Similarly, data on the pulses trade for the period 1988 to 2019 was also collected for India and Myanmar to analyze growth of export and import of pulses. The outcome of the results are classified in two ways; growth rate (CAGR) and instability (CV%). Result: Growth rate of pulses in India was found highest in period-V (2.45% in area, 3.83% in production and 1.4% in yield) whereas the growth rate of pulses in Myanmar was observed highest in period-III (10.9% in area, 12.93% in production). Myanmar’s instability of pulses was found than India’s in all decades except 2010-19. In case of export-import scenario, India’s pulses import ranked first in the world due to meet the demand of increasing population.

Weed Management in Pulse Crops: Challenges and Opportunities

Pulses are known for their role in nutritional security, and sustainability of agricultural production systems and agro-ecology. It is a main source of protein to the vegetarian population of the country. India is the largest producer, consumer and importer of pulses. But, the productivity of pulses in India is far below than several countries of the world. The low productivity of pulses in India is mainly due to several biotic and abiotic factors among which weeds are major ones since they severely affect the pulse crops yield. An estimate shows yield losses due to weeds are more than any other pests. The intensity and diversity of weed flora in pulses depends on climatic, edaphic and crop management practices. It has been observed that sedges population in cereal-cereal systems can be minimized through diversification or intensification of cropping systems with pulse crops as components. In addition, most of the pulses are grown as rainfed crops with no or minimal inputs and inadequate weed management. Limited attention was paid in the past by researchers also on development of effective strategies to manage weeds in pulses. Only a few herbicides are registered in India for use in pulses and most of the weed management recommendations in pulses are of pre-emergence herbicide application followed by manual weeding. But, due to shortage of labor for intercultural operations, the need was recognized for development of alternate methods involving post-emergence herbicides too for effective weed management in pulses. The conservation agriculture (CA) adopted acreage is increasing in India with a focus on inclusion of pulses in crop diversification component of CA. Hence, there is need to develop long-term strategies of weed management by inclusion of modern technologies in pulse crops.

Assessment of export instability and forecasting of export of total pulses in India

Assessment of export instability and forecasting of export of total pulses in India