Pulsed Laser Deposition Process Research Articles

High-Entropy Alloy Films

High-entropy alloy films have the same excellent properties as high-entropy alloys and can better realize the practical applications of high-entropy alloys. This paper takes the high-entropy alloy films as the object of discussion. The preparation process, microstructure, hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of high-entropy alloy films are mainly discussed and the influence of nitridation, sputtering power, substrate temperature, substrate bias and other factors on the phase structure of alloy films is analyzed. High-entropy alloy films can be prepared using magnetron sputtering, laser cladding, pulsed laser deposition, detonation spraying, electrochemical deposition and other processes. High-entropy alloy films tend to form a solid solution and amorphous state, and their hardness is far higher than that of traditional films. Among them, the hardness of high-entropy alloy nitride films can reach the standard of superhard films. Wear resistance is usually proportional to hardness. Due to the corrosion-resistant elements and amorphous structure, some high-entropy alloy films have better corrosion resistance than stainless steel. High-entropy alloy films have shown profound development prospects in the fields of wear-resistant coatings for tools, corrosion protection, diffusion barrier and photothermal conversion coatings.

Synthesis and characterization of dense, rare-earth based high entropy fluorite thin films

High entropy oxides (HEOs) with 5 or more cations in equimolar proportions that result in a phase-pure material, are a new class of materials attracting a lot of attention in recent years. HEOs exhibit interesting optical, electrochemical, magnetic and catalytic properties. To get a comprehensive understanding of the physics behind the complex interactions taking place in these materials, it is important to evaluate the material in (near-fully) dense forms, such as pellets or thin films. The fluorite structured high entropy oxide, (CeLaSmPrY)O2−x has been investigated only in the powder form and there are no studies on the dense form of fluorite (CeLaSmPrY)O2−x. One of the main reasons is that (CeLaSmPrY)O2−x undergoes a structural transition from fluorite to bixbyite (at 1000 °C) and typically temperatures above the transition (>1200 °C) are required for achieving high densities via conventional sintering. In this study, we synthesize dense films of fluorite structured (CeLaSmPrY)O2−x by sol-gel as well as pulsed laser deposition processes. The films synthesized via sol-gel process exhibit equiaxed grains and polycrystalline morphology, whereas columnar and epitaxial films are obtained using pulsed laser deposition. Thus, microstructural tuning of dense fluorite (CeLaSmPrY)O2−x films has been demonstrated while maintaining the basic characteristics of the HEO as observed in the powder form, therefore, paving the way towards more comprehensive studies for possible applications.

Composition tuning of Mg/Ir ratio and crystallization of a spinel-related structure in Mg-Ir-O films by pulsed-laser deposition

Pulsed-laser deposition is one of widely used methods to fabricate complex oxide thin films. In pulsed-laser deposition processes, composition of films is regulated by balance of supply and re-evaporation via various conditions such as laser pulses for target ablation, composition of target, substrate temperature, and oxidizing atmosphere. In this study, we report an experimental scheme to tune Mg/Ir composition ratio in Mg-Ir-O films fabricated by pulsed-laser deposition. In contrast to usual situations of oxide films, it was difficult to attain the composition of Mg/Ir ∼ 1 in the Mg-Ir-O films by ablating a target of Mg/Ir ∼ 1. By examining three targets with different Mg/Ir ratios, various laser fluences, substrate temperature, and oxygen partial pressure, a wide range of Mg/Ir composition ratio was regulated in the Mg-Ir-O thin films. We discovered a spinel-related crystalline phase in the Mg-Ir-O films controlled in Mg-rich compositions.

Epitaxial growth of high-quality yttria-stabilized zirconia films with uniform thickness on silicon by the combination of PLD and RF sputtering

High-quality (100)-oriented yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films with uniform thickness were epitaxially grown on silicon substrates by a two-step process of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and radio-frequency magnetron sputtering (RFS). First, we fabricated a YSZ-seed layer on (001)-oriented silicon substrates using a PLD apparatus, and then transferred the YSZ-seed substrate to an RFS equipment to complete the growth of a thicker YSZ film. The dependence of YSZ crystal quality on RFS-growth temperature was investigated in the range of 200 to 850 °C. All the resulting YSZ films exhibited pure (100) orientation, and the full width at half maximum of the YSZ (200) X-ray rocking curve was as low as 0.64° for the YSZ film grown at 850 °C, and increased to 1.02° with the RFS-growth temperature declining to 200 °C. The results evidenced that the YSZ film can be epitaxially grown at 200 °C in the presence of a YSZ-seed layer. However, the splitting of the YSZ (200) X-ray diffraction peak appeared at 500 °C and 200 °C, which may be attributed to a transformation of the intrinsic stress in the YSZ films from compressive to tensile stress with decreasing temperature. In addition, the YSZ film had a uniform thickness distribution with an inhomogeneity of less than 5 % and a very flat and dense surface with root-mean-square surface roughness below 1 nm.

Realization of Conductive n‐Type Doped α‐Ga2O3 on m‐Plane Sapphire Grown by a Two‐Step Pulsed Laser Deposition Process

Structural and electrical properties of undoped and doped α‐Ga2O3 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition on m‐plane sapphire in a two‐step process are presented. A buffer layer of undoped α‐Ga2O3 is introduced below the electrically active thin film to improve the crystal quality and enable the stabilization of the α‐phase at lower substrate temperatures for sufficient dopant incorporation. Donor doping of the active layers with tin, germanium, and silicon, respectively, is realized below a critical substrate temperature of 600 °C. Depth‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements on tin‐doped samples reveal a lower amount of tin in the bulk thin film compared to the surface and a lower tin incorporation for higher substrate temperatures, indicating desorption or float‐up processes that determine the dopant incorporation. Electron mobilities as high as 17 cm2 V−1 s−1 (at ) and 37 cm2 V−1 s−1 (at ) are achieved for tin‐ and germanium doping, respectively. Further, a narrow window of suitable annealing temperature from 680 to 700 K for obtaining ohmic Ti/Al/Au layer stacks is identified. For higher annealing temperatures, a deterioration of the electrical properties of the thin films is observed suggesting the need for developing low temperature contacting procedures for α‐Ga2O3‐based devices.

Hexagonal RFeO3 (R = Dy, Er, and Lu) Films Grown on Glass Substrates with Both Magnetic and Ferroelectric Orders

Hexagonal rare-earth ferrites (h-RFeO3) are promising multiferroic materials owing to the spontaneous magnetization, high ferroelectric transition temperature, and fascinating features provided by strong magnetoelectric coupling. However, h-RFeO3 is metastable, and its synthetic methods are limited, particularly when ionic size of R is large. One of useful synthesis methods is epitaxial thin-film growth on single-crystal substrates, because the metastable phase is stabilized by the lattice match between h-RFeO3 and the substrate. Compared to single-crystal substrates, glass substrates are more cost-effective. However, films on glass tend to consist of a thermodynamically stable phase owing to the amorphous nature of glass substrates. Herein, we report that a h-RFeO3 pure phase can be obtained as thin film even on glass substrates. The metastable phase was formed owing to the nonequilibrium synthesis process of pulsed laser deposition. The obtained h-RFeO3 thin films on glass with R = Dy, Er, and Lu exhibited weak ferromagnetism with Néel temperatures of 120–140 K. Furthermore, a clear magnetic phase transition from weak ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic phase was observed in the h-ErFeO3 films. Additionally, piezoelectric force microscopy measurements exhibited the ferroelectricity of the film at room temperature. These results provide a convenient synthesis method of a pure phase multiferroic h-RFeO3 system.

Relative effects of pulsed laser deposition parameters on the stoichiometry of thin films

Pulsed laser deposition has a reputation for maintaining the stoichiometry of the ablation target in the deposited film. Exceptions to this "rule" occur, however, for materials, such as multiferroic BixDy(1-x)FeO3 (BDFO), that contain elements with large differences in volatility, like Bi and Fe. The relative effect of various pulsed laser deposition processes on the resulting stoichiometry of BDFO films as a function of time (or number of laser pulses) has been examined using an interactive spreadsheet, as well as experimentally. The adjustable parameters within the spreadsheet include target composition, target element ablation yield, ablation plume spread, background gas pressure, ablated target atom kinetic energy, and ablated element sticking coefficient on the substrate. Examples of how the calculated film composition might evolve are given, along with experimental results showing how the deposition parameters individually affect BDFO film stoichiometry. Finally, the calculated relative contributions of the various deposition processes, in terms of how much they affect the deposited film stoichiometry, are compared.

Hexagonal Lu1-xInxFeO3 Room-Temperature Multiferroic Thin Films.

The hexagonal rare earth ferrites h-RFeO3(R = rare earth element) have been recognized as promising candidates for a room-temperature multiferroic system, and the primary issue for these materials is how to get a stable hexagonal structure since the centrosymmetric orthorhombic structure is generally stable for most RFeO3 at room-temperature, while the hexagonal phase is only stable under some strict conditions. In the present work, h-Lu1-xInxFeO3 (x = 0-1) thin films were prepared on a Nb-SrTiO3 (111) single-crystal substrate by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) process, and the multiferroic characterization was performed at room temperature. With the combined effects of chemical pressure and epitaxial strain, the stable hexagonal structure was achieved in a wide composition range (x = 0.5-0.7), and the results of XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SAED (selected area electron diffraction) indicate the super-cell match relations between the h-Lu0.3In0.7FeO3 thin film and substrate. The saturated P-E hysteresis loop was obtained at room temperature with a remanent polarization of about 4.3 μC/cm2, and polarization switching was also confirmed by PFM measurement. Furthermore, a strong magnetoelectric coupling with a linear magnetoelectric coefficient of 1.9 V/cm Oe was determined, which was about three orders of magnitude larger than that of h-RFeO3 ceramics. The present results indicate that the h-Lu1-xInxFeO3 thin films are expected to have great application potential for magnetoelectric memory and detection devices.

Dual pulsed laser deposition of Ag nanoparticles on calcium phosphate coatings for biomedical applications

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) represents a promising bottom-up methodology for the synthesis and transference of nanoparticles to the surface of a biomedical device. Silver (Ag) nanoparticles directly incorporated on the metallic implant emerge as an alternative strategy for local action against prosthetic joint-associated infections. In the present research, a dual sequential PLD process is proposed to obtain a bilayer coating with (1) a bio-derived calcium phosphate (CaP) layer, to provide osteointegrative properties and (2) the controlled growth of the Ag nanoparticles over it, ranging the number of laser pulses from 100 to 500. The characterization by SEM, EDS, TEM, XPS and AFM revealed the uniform deposit of Ag rounded nanoparticles, with a narrow mean size distribution, in the original non-oxidized metallic state. Moreover, given the evidences from XPS and AFM techniques, the occurrence of a coalescence phenomenon from 400 pulses onwards was proposed together with the expected positive linear relation between the number of pulses and Ag contribution with a deposition rate of 0.05 at. % of Ag per pulse. Conversely, the decrease in roughness as the Ag content increased was also verified. Finally, the expected bacteriostatic activity for these PLD deposited metallic state Ag nanoparticles against the bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed. Moreover, the evaluation of the osteoblast-like MG-63 cells viability on the Ag(100–500)-CaP coatings revealed a significant increased proliferation (p > 0.05) on the Ag100-CaP coating compared to the control (Ag0-CaP). When same coating was evaluated against S. aureus the effect was not significant. The possibility of modulating the amount of nanoparticles in the bilayer coating to obtain a greater or lesser effect in combination with CaP was revealed.

Pr3+-doped Y2O3 nanocrystals embedded in Y2O3 thin films as a sandwich-like structure prepared by pulsed laser deposition

Pr3+-doped yttria (Y2O3) nanocrystal layers embedded in between pure yttria thin films were prepared on four different substrates. Pulsed laser deposition was used to fabricate this sandwich-like structure. An exhaustive structural and optical characterization of the initial nanocrystals was performed to study their preservation once incorporated between the deposited thin films. We demonstrate that the prepared Y2O3:Pr3+ nanocrystals can be integrated into the thin films after the pulsed laser deposition process, retaining their original crystal structure and luminescent features regardless of the number of deposition cycles and the nature of the substrate. In this sense, we present a novel method to embed and protect the luminescent material, paving the way for developing future optoelectronic applications.

Single-Step Fabrication of Au-Fe-BaTiO3 Nanocomposite Thin Films Embedded with Non-Equilibrium Au-Fe Alloyed Nanostructures.

Nanocomposite thin film materials present great opportunities in coupling materials and functionalities in unique nanostructures including nanoparticles-in-matrix, vertically aligned nanocomposites (VANs), and nanolayers. Interestingly the nanocomposites processed through a non-equilibrium processing method, e.g., pulsed laser deposition (PLD), often possess unique metastable phases and microstructures that could not achieve using equilibrium techniques, and thus lead to novel physical properties. In this work, a unique three-phase system composed of BaTiO3 (BTO), with two immiscible metals, Au and Fe, is demonstrated. By adjusting the deposition laser frequency from 2 Hz to 10 Hz, the phase and morphology of Au and Fe nanoparticles in BTO matrix vary from separated Au and Fe nanoparticles to well-mixed Au-Fe alloy pillars. This is attributed to the non-equilibrium process of PLD and the limited diffusion under high laser frequency (e.g., 10 Hz). The magnetic and optical properties are effectively tuned based on the morphology variation. This work demonstrates the stabilization of non-equilibrium alloy structures in the VAN form and allows for the exploration of new non-equilibrium materials systems and their properties that could not be easily achieved through traditional equilibrium methods.

Robust room‐temperature ferroelectricity and magnetoelectric coupling effect in epitaxial CaTiO3/SmFeO3 thin films

AbstractSmFeO3 has received the increasing scientific attention as a promising room‐temperature single‐phase multiferroic material with great application potential in the next‐generation spintronic devices. However, the ferroelectricity of SmFeO3 has remained as a controversial issue. In the present work, high resistivity incipient ferroelectric CaTiO3 was introduced as a charge blocking layer on an SmFeO3 thin film to suppress the leakage current. CaTiO3/SmFeO3/Nb–SrTiO3 (1 0 0) thin films were prepared by a PLD (pulsed laser deposition) process, and the epitaxial growth of thin films was confirmed by XRD (X‐ray diffraction) and HRTEM (high resolution transmission electron microscope) images. The interface strain resulted in the polar non‐centrosymmetry in space group P42/mc for SmFeO3, and subsequently the room‐temperature ferroelectricity was achieved with a robust remanent polarization of about 4.9 μC/cm2. The 180° switchable domain structure was confirmed by PFM (piezoelectric force microscope). Meanwhile, strong magnetoelectric coupling with magnetoelectric coefficient (αME) of about 2.5 V/(cm Oe) was observed. The present work has revealed the structural origin of ferroelectricity in an SmFeO3 thin film and provided the great reference for its room temperature multiferroic applications.

Using the PLD Method: Investigation of the Influence of Laser Wavelengths on the Optical Morphological and Structural Findings of LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Nano-Photonic Films

For the optoelectronics application like (optical waveguides), a nanostructure Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) Nano film was produced and placed on a quartz substrate using the pulse laser deposition (PLD) process. The structural, morphological, and optical features of wavelengths od pulsed laser (1064 and 532) nm were investigated for the films of LiNbO3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultra-Violet (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) are among the techniques used to describe and evaluate the samples.

Pulsed laser deposition of ZnO and MoO3 as reflection prohibitors on photovoltaic cell substrate to enhance the efficiency

With the ever-growing demand for conventional fuels, the improvement in the efficiency of the photovoltaic system is the need of the hour. Antireflection coatings enhance the availability of solar power by reducing the percentage of light reflected. A new coating has been developed to improve the solar cell's overall efficiency. This study focuses on enhancing the efficiency of the monocrystalline solar cell when a coating of ZnO-MoO3 is applied at a certain thickness. A layer of ZnO followed by MoO3 is deposited on a Silicon solar cell substrate using a Pulsed Laser Deposition process. Due to the transmissivity d between the two materials, they act as excellent antireflection coating. The layer thickness has been engineered to lie in the maximum absorption spectrum of monocrystalline silicon solar cells, which is between 400 and 800 nanometers. Based on the calculation of transmissivities for a given layer thickness of coating material, the coating has been done, and the efficiencies of the coated specimen were compared with the uncoated solar cell. The percentage improvement in the electrical efficiency of a single crystalline silicon solar cell with an anti-reflection coating at 1059 W/m2 is about 35.7%. Among the available antireflection coating materials, the combination that provides better efficiency when coated on top of a solar cell is hard to find. This anti-reflection coating could be a better solution to enhance the overall efficiency of the single crystalline silicon solar cell. Although ZnO and MoO3 coatings have been investigated separately for improvement in solar cell efficiency with varying levels of success, the hybrid coating of ZnO/MoO3 with a performance enhancement of 35.7% is a great leap.

Thermal and Mechanical Variation Analysis on Multi-Layer Thin Wall during Continuous Laser Deposition, Continuous Pulsed Laser Deposition, and Interval Pulsed Laser Deposition.

Direct laser deposition (DLD) is widely used in precision manufacturing, but the process parameters (e.g., laser power, scanning patterns) easily lead to changes in dimensional accuracy and structural properties. Many methods have been proposed to analyze the principle of distortion and residual stress generation, but it is difficult to evaluate the involvement of temperature and stress in the process of rapid melting and solidification. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model is established based on thermal–mechanical relationships in multilayer DLD. Differences in temperature and residual stress between continuous laser deposition (CLD) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) are compared with the numerical model. To validate the relationship, the temperature and residual stress values obtained by numerical simulation are compared with the values obtained by the HIOKI-LR8431 temperature logger and the Pulstec μ-X360s X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument. The results indicate that the temperature and residual stress of the deposition part can be evaluated by the proposed simulation model. The proposed PLD process, which includes continuous pulsed laser deposition (CPLD) and interval pulsed laser deposition (IPLD), were found more effective to improve the homogeneity of temperature and residual stress than the CLD process. This study is expected to be useful in the distortion control and microstructure consistency of multilayer deposited parts.

Amorphous Lithium Aluminate As Solid Electrolyte Produced By Pulsed Laser Deposition

Solid state batteries are deemed to become the cornerstone of the future electric mobility. Nevertheless, research on solid electrolytes is still ongoing due the many limitations of current polycrystalline materials. The isotropic and non-periodic structure of amorphous ceramics have shown to contribute to increase the overall ionic conductivity of the material by decreasing the grain-boundary resistive contribution. At the current state, the most promising amorphous material happened to be lithium phosphate oxynitride LiPON (σLi = 10-6 S/cm, ), which demonstrates that the absence of grain boundaries, allows the formation of lithium small dendrites which can grow inside the material without cracking it, avoiding short life cycle of the battery over high current densities [1]. Gao et al. [2] addressed the limited ionic conductivity of LiPON to the strong bond between the PO 4- group with Li+: for this reason, elements with weaker electronegativity than P, such as Al, can generate an ionic bond with O with weaker electrostatic force, regulating the kinetics of Li+ transport and speeds up the diffusion process [3]. In this scenario, Lithium Aluminate (LiAlO2) and Nitrogen-doped Lithium Aluminate (LiAlON) result in a competitive position for the development of an innovative amorphous-glassy electrolyte: very few studies have been conducted on the development of lithium aluminate based solid electrolytes at the present time, mainly due to its low processability at the amorphous phase and the low ionic conductivity of the crystalline phase, more common in the traditional sintering processes.In this study, we demonstrate for the first time the possibility to obtain with Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), a completely amorphous LiAlO2 solid electrolyte with a room temperature ionic conductivity of 10-10 S/cm. Thanks to the PLD processing, the grade of polymorphism can be easily controlled as well as film thickness range (10nm up to 10um) and film porosity. By controlling the deposition atmosphere, different content of nitrogen doping has been achieved, promoting the formation of the highly ionic conductive LiAlON (almost two order of higher conductivity). Electrochemical analysis such as DC polarization and Impedance Spectroscopy, revealed the wide electrochemical voltage stability against lithium metal and the high ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte. A multi-layer approach for the direct deposition of the solid electrolyte over lithium metal surface is proposed, allowing the realization of symmetric cell test and plating/stripping test. Good protection of Li metal substrate has been observed from the LiAlO2 SSE over 24h, hindering oxidation and degradation of the sample.[1] - Nowak, Berkemeier, and Schmitz, “Ultra-Thin LiPON Films – Fundamental Properties and Application in Solid State Thin Film Model Batteries.”[2] - Gao et al., “Screening Possible Solid Electrolytes by Calculating the Conduction Pathways Using Bond Valence Method.”[3] - Guan et al., “Superior Ionic Conduction in LiAlO 2 Thin-Film Enabled by Triply Coordinated Nitrogen.”

On the Deposition Process of Ceramic Layer Thin Films for Low-Carbon Steel Pipe Protection.

Ceramic thin films with variable thicknesses have been used in many applications. In order to protect the petroleum transportation pipes against the harmful H2S action, two ceramic materials as thin layers are proposed. In this article, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of ceramic layers by in situ time-resolved optical techniques is investigated. Two ceramic materials were used as targets and real-time monitoring of the PLD process was realized via ICCD fast camera imaging and optical emission spectroscopy. The space–time displacement of the ceramic emissions was analyzed in order to determine the plasma structure and respective kinetic energies. Spectral-resolved investigation allowed the determination of plasma species individual velocities (in the first case: 43 km/s for C ionic species, 11 km/s for Si, from 25 to 5 km/s for atomic species; in the second case: 32 km/s for C ionic species, 11 km/s for W species, and 15 and 53 km/s for neutral species). SEM and AFM techniques were implemented to analyze the resulting ceramic layers showing homogeneous surfaces with characteristic material droplets. The ablation crater also reveals selective ablation during the deposition process. EDX results show that Al/Si is retained in the thin films similar to the target composition.

Pulsed laser deposition and structural evolution of BaF2 nanolayers in Eu-doped BaF2/Al2O3 layered optical nanocomposite thin films

We have developed a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) geometry for the growth of uniform BaF2 nanoscale thin films, through control of the deposition conditions. Our goal is to use the BaF2 layers with controllable structure as component layers in layered optical nanocomposites. The structure of the BaF2 nanolayer evolves as a function of the layer thickness: BaF2 grows via a layer-by-layer growth mode on Al2O3; the layers are amorphous for a thickness < 3 nm, and then become nanocrystalline as the layer thickness increases. The BaF2 nanocrystals have an FCC crystal structure with a weak <111> texture that becomes stronger for thicker films. We then demonstrate that our BaF2 films can be introduced into layered Al2O3/BaF2/EuOx nanocomposite films, which allows for control of the relative position of the Eu ions and the BaF2 layer. Cross-section samples of the multilayered films show interfacial intermixing between the layers, which is related to implantation during the PLD process. This intermixing enables the incorporation of Eu ions into BaF2 layers and form a thin Eu-doped BaF2 nanolayer at the interface. The layered nanocomposite films show photoluminescence (PL) emission from Eu3+ ions, and the PL intensity changes can be correlated with the crystallinity and crystal size changes in the BaF2 layer. Our results provide guidance for achieving thin film nanocomposite materials with controllable structure and photoluminescence behavior for light emitting diodes, photovoltaics and other optical applications.

The improvement design of two-colour pyrometry for pulsed laser deposition system

In this work, we develop a digital pyrometry with an automatic control system. A two-colour pyrometer is applied to measure the substrate surface temperature in the pulsed laser dep-osition (PLD) system. A digital computer and two-colour photodetector are coupled to obtain the substrate surface temperature and the output signal from the respective detectors with high accuracy. These sets enable us to determine the substrate temperature during the process of deposition remotely and potentially allow us to develop control routines for maintaining a constant temperature throughout the process. The designed system has a broad spectral response range from 0.32 to 1.7μm and achieves a deficient full-scale temperature error of <1.8°C. Factors affecting the temperature measurements are studied to identify the sensor limitations, such as possible damage on the two-colour photodetectors, spectral losses, responsivity, and the distance between the photodetector end to the substrate. Finally, this pyrometric system is applied in the PLD process to maintain a stable substrate surface temperature.

Studying the effect ZnONP Deposited on ST37-2 by Pulse Laser Depositions Technique for Corrosion Protection Using in Oil Storage Applications.

In the study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) were coated on carbon steel substrates via pulse laser deposition (PLD) process, in order to achieve passive layers of nanocoating. ST37-2 a type of steel is used in the manufacture of tanks that are used in oil applications, which suffers from corrosion, this will lead a large losses. Electrochemical technique (Tafel polarization completion) has been carried out for study the corrosion behavior of this steel coating type. The specimens of steel were examined in aqueous solution containing about 3.5 wt. % NaCl using polarization method, with power of hydrogen (pH) held to value 4.0, in order to evaluated the corrosion rate. ZnONP. Characteristics and topographic nanocoating by PLD technique were evaluated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) tests. Where semi uniform nanoparticles of ZnONP were achieved with a nanoscale approximately ranging from 33-56 nm, While XRD pattern indicated the presence of ZnONP with different crystal structures. In other side the input parameters of (PLD) technique were substrate temperature, number of pulse and fluencies energy have been examined, in order to study their influence on the rate of corrosion reduction. The results indicate that number of shoots pulse has a significant effect the corrosion rate in operation of PLD technique, which is highest among the contributions of the other parameters. Enhancement about 56% is achieved of ST37-2 coated with (ZnONP) deposition, as compared with uncoated steel.