Pulmonary Extravascular Water Research Articles

PULMONARY WATER CONTENT IN CRITICAL ILLNESS

Pulmonary extravascular water content was measured using a double indicator technique and results compared with chest radiography. It is concluded that careful chest radiography is an effective and simple technique for assessing the pulmonary extravascular water content.

Detection of pulmonary edema in acute myocardial infarction

To evaluate methods for detecting pulmonary edema, pulmonary extravascular water volume was measured at 24 hour intervals (total 72 hours) in 25 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Measured lung water was compared with results of clinical, blood gas, X-ray and hemodynamic methods for detecting pulmonary edema. Increased pulmonary extravascular water volume on one or more measurements was observed in 18 of the 25 patients and was associated with an abnormal chest radiograph and increased pulmonary arterial wedge, pulmonary arterial diastolic and right atrial pressures. It was associated less well with clinical, blood gas and other hemodynamic measurements. Pulmonary arterial diastolic or pulmonary wedge pressure was a significant predictor of lung water 24 hours later. Both "preclinical pulmonary edema" and the "therapeutic phase lag" could be predicted from the pulmonary wedge pressure. Clinical, blood gas, radiographic and other hemodynamic measurements were not predictive.

Hypoxemia and lung water in acute myocardial infarction

Pulmonary extravascular volume or lung water (PEV), arterial blood gases, and cardiac hemodynamics were measured in 88 patients with acute myocardial infarction. A progressive increase in PEV and a decrease in arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) were observed from Class I (uncomplicated) patients to Class III (frank pulmonary edema) patients. Heart rate and pulmonary wedge pressure (Pw) rose and cardiac index declined with increasing severity of heart failure by clinical classification. There was a significant correlation between PEV and Pw independent of clinical class (r = 0.47, p less than 0.01). PaO2 had a negative correlation with Pw (r = -0.28, p less than 0.01) as well as PEV (r = -0.26, p less than 0.02). We conclude therefore that increased pulmonary hydrostatic pressure secondary to pulmonary venous hypertension in patients with acute myocardial infarction is a major determinant of interstitial edema. At higher values of PEV, PaO2 was lower. The mechanism of hypoxemia in the presence of excessive lung water may be due to multiple factors, including small airway dysfunction and intrapulmonary shunting.

The influence of clinically undetectable pulmonary edema on small airway closure in the dog.

The relationship between elevated pulmonary extravascular water volume(PEWV)and small airway closure was examined. The slow accumulation of lung water was achieved by a combination of pulmonary venous hypertension and mild hemodilution. PEWV was measured using a double indicator method based on the differential right to left transit time for simultaneously injected Evans blue dye and tritiated water. Trapped gas volume (VTG) was measured by the helium equilibration technique. Clinically undetectable levels of pulmonary engorgement and edema were reproducibly associated with an increase in gas trapping. Positive end expiratory pressure reduced, but did not abolish, edema formation. Evaluation of airway closure, with consequent gas trapping and pulmonary shunting, is currently non-invasive, simple and safe. Determination of gas trapping or closing volume should be incorporated into the rountine pre-operative evaluation of patients prior to major surgery.

Pulmonary water content in critical illness.

Pulmonary extravascular water content was measured using a double indicator technique and results compared with chest radiography. It is concluded that careful chest radiography is an effective and simple technique for assessing the pulmonary extravascular water content.

Transvascular fluid and protein dynamics in the lung following hemorrhagic shock

Although many factors have been implicated in the development of the syndrome of post traumatic pulmonary insufficiency, the role of hemorrhagic shock remains in doubt [2]. Several groups have reported hemorrhagic and congestive changes in the lungs of dogs after treatment for hemorrhagic shock [3, 231, but the documentation of any functional pulmonary deterioration has been less impressive [3, 171. A universal finding in post traumatic respiratory insufficiency is an increase in pulmonary extra-vascular water which may appear as either interstitial and/or alveolar pulmonary edema [16]. The most frequently recognized cause of increased pulmonary extra-vascular water is an elevation of pulmonary microvascular pressure due to left ventricular failure. When pulmonary edema occurs in the absence of cardiac failure, it is usually ascribed to either an increase in permeability of the lung capillaries to fluid and protein [19] or to a severe decrease in plasma colloid pressure with altered microvascular driving forces in the Starling Equation of transcapillary exchange which has been shown to apply to the lung [ll]. Some studies have suggested that an increase in pulmonary capillary permeability occurs as a result of hemorrhagic shock [6, 141, while others have failed to observe any changes in the protein transport properties of the pulmonary capillary following a period of hemorrhagic shock [5,9].

Effects of continuous positive-pressure ventilation in experimental pulmonary edema.

We compared the effects of continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), using 10 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV), on pulmonary extravascular water volume (PEWV) and lung function in dogs with pulmonary edema caused by elevated left atrial pressure and decreased colloid osmotic pressure. The PEWV was measured by gravimetric and double-isotope indicator dilution methods. Animals with high (22-33 mmHg), moderately elevated (12-20 mmHg), and normal (3-11 mmHg) left atrial pressures (Pla) were studied. The PEWV by both methods was significantly increased in the high and moderate Pla groups, the former greater than the latter (P less than 0.05). There was no difference in the PEWV between animals receiving CPPV and those receiving IPPV in both the high and moderately elevated Pla groups. However, in animals with high Pla, the Pao2 was significantly better maintained and the inflation pressure required to deliver a tidal volume of 12 ml/kg was significantly less with the use of CPPV than with IPPV. We conclude that in pulmonary edema associated with high Pla, PEEP does not reduce PEWV but does improve pulmonary function.

Changes in transthoracic electrical impedance during submaximal treadmill exercise in patients with ischemic heart disease—A preliminary report

Twenty normal subjects and 32 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) were subjected to submaximal treadmill exercise. The mean transthoracic electrical impedance (TEI) was measured with a tetrapolar lead system and the changes were correlated to the extent of ST depression observed on an on-line digital computer. Six subjects of pre-excitation syndrome with "false" ST depression were also studied. The normal subjects did not show a significant change of TEI during exercise. The patients with IHD showed a steady and significant decrease in TEI, correlating with the extent of ST depression. Recovery was slow after the cessation of exercise. The subjects with false ST changes showed no decrease of TEI. The changes were more profound in subjects who developed anginal pain during the test. These findings are attributed to an increase in the thoracic blood volume and pulmonary extravascular water due to transient left ventricular dysfunction in angina.

Effect of exercise on dilution estimates of extravascular lung water and on the carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in normal adults.

Previous studies in exercising animals have demonstrated that the extravascular lung water accessible to measurement by dilution methodology increases in the transition from rest to low-level exercise and thereafter does not change with progress to high-level exercise. In normal humans, similar systematic examination is essential to provide a background for the interpretation of changes in measured extravascular lung water in pathophysiological states. Moreover, such an examination might provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying the change in the pulmonary diffusing capacity with exercise. We therefore measured both the pulmonary extravascular lung water (by use of the triple indicator-dilution technique) and the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in 11 subjects, seated on an exercise bicycle, at rest and usually during two levels of exercise. The central blood volume increased by 50% with a tripling of the cardiac output. The accessible lung water increased from an average of 2.16 g/kg to 2.55 g/kg in the transition from rest to low-level exercise, but it did not increase further at the higher level of exercise. The simultaneously measured diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (single breath and steady state) continued to increase over the whole range of cardiac outputs. We infer that the proportion of the pulmonary parenchyma perfused by blood flow increases slightly in the transition from rest to low-level exercise but increases no further at the higher level of exercise. The continued increase in the pulmonary diffusing capacity over the range in which the estimated lung water values do not change appears to imply that part of this increase may be blood flow dependent rather than dependent on the recruitment of additional surface for exchange.

Effect of norepinephrine and fluid administration on pulmonary extravascular water volume in dogs.

The effects of norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction on pulmonary extravascular water volume (PEWV) and central volume were studied before and after intravenous volume expansion with 5% dextrose and water (20 ml/kg body weight). PEWV was measured by double isotope dilution and gravimetric analysis and assessed by electron photomicrography. Comparisons were made with saline-treated control dogs. Thirty-six dogs were studied after they had been anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. PEWV determined by indicator dilution increased during norepinephrine infusion, especially after volume expansion; in contrast, PEWV in control dogs was constant despite similar increases in pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures. However, measurements of PEWV by gravimetric analysis and inspection of electron photomicrographs failed to reveal extravascular accumulation of water in vasoconstricted dogs. Thus, it was concluded that the increased PEWV measured by indicator dilution in norepinephrine-treated dogs compared with that in saline-treated dogs reflects more complete perfusion of pulmonary capillaries and access of the diffusible indicator to additional lung tissues and spaces. Improved capillary filling presumably is attributable to peripheral vasoconstriction and redistribution of blood into the thorax. PEWV determined by gravimetric analysis in dogs that had had open-chest procedures for lung biopsy and electron photomicrography was significantly less than that in dogs with their chests closed throughout the experiments. Although the mechanism for the water loss in unknown, the difference must be recognized when the results from various types of experiments are compared.

Transthoracic electrical impedance in cases of high-altitude hypoxia.

Changes in transthoracic electrical impedance (T.E.I.) due to high-altitude hypoxia (3,658 m) have been measured in 20 young, healthy Indian soldiers. They were first studied at sea level (198 m) and then rapidly transported by air to 3,658 m, where they were studied daily from day 1 to day 5 and then on days 8 and 10. The mean (+/-S.D.) T.E.I. at sea level (34.6+/-0.6Omega) fell sharply to 29.6+/-0.8Omega, 30.3+/-0.9Omega, and 30.5+/-1.1Omega on days 1, 2, and 3 (P <0.001) and levelled off at 31.5+/-0.7Omega on day 10, which was comparable to the mean value obtained in 13 persons permanently resident at high altitude (32.2+/-0.7Omega). Five sea-level residents who had acute mountain sickness (A.M.S.) or high-altitude pulmonary oedema (H.A.P.O.) had a still lower mean value (22.5+/-1.1Omega). One normal healthy subject who at sea level had a T.E.I. of 34.7Omega developed H.A.P.O. when the T.E.I. fell to 21.1Omega. Ninety minutes after the administration of 80 mg of intravenous frusemide the value increased to 35.5Omega. In another subject with A.M.S. who received 40 mg of frusemide intravenously the T.E.I. rose from 21.9 to 33.2Omega.Since the study was non-invasive the changes in impedance could not be correlated objectively with alterations in either pulmonary blood volume or pulmonary extravascular water space. In the subject, however, with x-ray evidence of H.A.P.O. and a low T.E.I. intravenous frusemide produced a marked rise in T.E.I. together with clearing of the chest x-ray picture within 24 hours, indicating an inverse relationship between impedance and thoracic fluid volume. It is suggested that with further objective verification in man the measurement of T.E.I. may be a potentially promising technique for the early detection of increased pulmonary fluid volume.

Lung water in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Pulmonary extravascular water volume (PEV) or lung water was measured in 45 patients with acute myocardial infarction, utilizing the double radioisotope indicator dilution technique. A PEV greater than the upper limit or normal (120 ml/m 2 ) was found in 27 patients, 23 of whom had an elevated pulmonary wedge or pulmonary artery diastolic pressure. A significant correlation was found between PEV and pulmonary wedge or pulmonary diastolic pressure in the whole series. A progressive increase in average PEV was observed from Class I (uncomplicated) to Class IV (shock) patients. There was also a progressive increase in PEV from patients with normal chest X-ray findings to those with radiologic evidence of acute pulmonary edema. In seven of 11 patients with initial elevation of both PEV and pulmonary wedge pressure, repeat determinations demonstrated a substantial reduction in both parameters over a period of 2-4 days. We postulate that an increased PEV in patients with acute myocardial infarction is largely due to an elevated pulmonary capillary pressure. The latter is probably a consequence of an elevated left ventricular diastolic pressure, which may be a manifestation of either left ventricular failure or a decrease in left ventricular compliance.

Interrelation between alterations in pulmonary mechanics and hemodynamics in acute myocardial infarction.

Pulmonary mechanics were evaluated in 30 patients with acute myocardial infarction by measuring forced expiratory flow rates and total pulmonary resistance (R(T)) with the oscillometric method at the resonant frequency of the chest (6-8) cycle/s). During the first 3 days after infarction, forced expiratory volume (FEV) and forced mid-expiratory flow rate (FEF(25-75%)) were 69% and 60% of predicted values, respectively. 10 or more wk later these values were 95% and 91%. Initially, R(T) was 52% greater than predicted, but was only 4% greater 10 or more wk later. In 11 patients R(T) was measured at both resonant frequency and at 3 cycle/s. Five of these patients had no clinical signs of heart failure, but nine had abnormally high values of pulmonary artery pressure, "wedge" pressure and pulmonary extravascular water volume. All of these patients recovered. Initially, R(T) at resonance was 50% and R(T) at 3 cycle/s was 130% greater than predicted values. 2-3 wk later these figures were -3% and +6% of those predicted, respectively. At 10 wk or more, significant frequency dependence of R(T) had disappeared (R(T) at 3 cycle/s was 7% greater than R(T) at resonance). Isoproterenol inhalation in six patients caused no change in flow rates, R(T) at resonance, or R(T) at 3 cycle/s. R(T) at resonance and at 3 cycle/s, FEV, and FEF(25-75%) correlated significantly with the pulmonary vascular pressures. Patients with more marked arterial hypoxia and larger values for extravascular water volume had greater elevations of R(T) and depression of FEF(25-75%), but linear correlations were not significant. Clinical signs of congestive heart failure significantly correlated with a fall in FEV and FEF(25-75%), the development of frequency dependence of R(T), and elevation of the pulmonary wedge pressure. The initial elevation of R(T) and low flow rates indicate a modest degree of airway obstruction in acute myocardial infarction. Lack of response to isoproterenol suggests that bronchial muscular constriction is not a major factor. Frequency dependence of R(T) accompanied by elevated pulmonary vascular pressures and extravascular water volume indicates that pulmonary congestion causes the development of uneven time constants in the airways. Vascular engorgement and interstitial edema from elevated vascular pressures causing narrowing of the peripheral airways and closure of collateral airways could account for the above findings.

Factors influencing the measurement of pulmonary extravascular water

The change in pulmonary extravascular water calculated from indicator-dilution curves recorded by 125RISA and 131iodoantipyrene was compared to the weighed lung water in five groups of dogs. Four of these groups were kept hypotensive for 2 hr by hemorrhage, then reinfused with blood. They then received isoproteranol, methylprednisolone, phenoxybenzamine, or no drug. A fifth group was anesthetized for 4 hr, but kept normotensive. Hypotension, or prolonged anesthesia caused a recruitment of pulmonary capillaries in spite of a decreased cardiac output. This recruitment was decreased by isoproteranol or methylprednisolone and was unaffected by phenoxybenzamine. The recovery of RISA decreased during the course of all experiments. This decrease may be due to segmental areas of venous obstruction. Only in the group of animals receiving phenoxybenzamine after hypotension were the typical changes of congestive atelectasis seen.

Cardiopulmonary autotransplantation in primates (baboons): late functional results.

Abstract The feasibility of combined cardiopulmonary transplantation is clearly demonstrated by the study performed in the baboon reported in this communication. Hemodynamic measurements obtained as early as one and as late as 24 months after cardiopulmonary autotransplantation revealed normal hemodynamic values except in one animal who had moderate reactive pulmonary hypertension 12 months after surgery. Twenty-four months after cardiopulmonary autotransplantation, these values had returned to preoperative levels. Xenon 133 used in conjunction with a scintillation camera proved a convenient and sensitive technique for the evaluation of pulmonary function in these nondomesticated primates. The bilaterally denervated lungs are capable of supporting life without respiratory assist immediately after surgery and have essentially normal perfusion and ventilation as early as 11 days after cardiopulmonary transplantation. Measurement of pulmonary extravascular water by the single-passage double indicator-dilution technique with I 125 RISA and I 131 iodoantipyrene revealed normal values for pulmonary extravascular fluid and cardiac output in one animal 26 months after cardiopulmonary autotransplantation.

Determination of pulmonary extravascular water using oxygen 15-labeled water.

ArticleDetermination of pulmonary extravascular water using oxygen 15-labeled water.J D Cooper, N J McCullogh, and E LowensteinJ D Cooper, N J McCullogh, and E LowensteinPublished Online:01 Dec 1972https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1972.33.6.842MoreSectionsPDF (916 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByKlinische Anwendung der Positronen-EmissionstomographieLung Edema: Clinical Efficacy of Positron Emission TomographyMedicion del volumen de tejido y flujo capilar pulmonar mediante tecnicas de dilucion de gases inertes solublesArchivos de Bronconeumología, Vol. 21, No. 5Quantification of regional extravascular lung water in dogs with positron emission tomography, using constant infusion of 15O-labeled waterEuropean Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 9, No. 5 More from this issue > Volume 33Issue 6December 1972Pages 842-5 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1972.33.6.842PubMed4643869History Published online 1 December 1972 Published in print 1 December 1972 Metrics

Studies in shock : Wyche M. Q., Marshall B. E., Mehall S. L. and Schuetze M. M. (1971), ‘Lung function, pulmonary extravascular water volume and haemo-dynamics in early haemorrhagic shock in anaesthetised dogs’, Ann. Surg., 174, 296

Studies in shock : Wyche M. Q., Marshall B. E., Mehall S. L. and Schuetze M. M. (1971), ‘Lung function, pulmonary extravascular water volume and haemo-dynamics in early haemorrhagic shock in anaesthetised dogs’, Ann. Surg., 174, 296

Pulmonary blood- and extravascular water volumes during prolonged post-hemorrhagic systemic hypotension.

AbstractIn cats prolonged hemorrhagic hypotension had been shown to increase the pulmonary arterial pressure and vascular resistance. Pulmonary extravascular water volume and pulmonary blood volume have been evaluated early and late in such a period of post‐hemorrhagic hypotension. 51Cr‐labelled erythrocytes and 125I‐labelled albumin were injected intravascularly to animals with an opened chest and on positive pressure ventilation. One upper lung lobe was then suddenly clamped, removed and frozen. The lung lobe tissue and a simultaneously taken blood sample from a large vessel were measured for total w‐eight, dry weight and tracer content. The lobe's blood volume and extravascular water volume were then calculated per unit extravascular lung dry weight. A second lung lobe was removed and treated similarly at a later stage. 1 /2 h after the blood loss there was a marked reduction in lung blood volume and at the same time some increase in pulmonary extravascular water volume indicating constriction of postcapillary capacitance vessels. After 3 h of hypotension pulmonary extravascular water volume was found to be the same as before the hemorrhage although the pulmonary arterial pressure increased. This indicated that the increase in vascular resistance must predominantly be due to vasoconstriction at precapillary sites. The reduction in the lungs' blood volume remained at these late stages indicating that capacitance vessels were still constricted. When hyperinflations of the lungs were omitted in the experimental period, there was a tendency towards water accumulation in the lungs.

On Defining the Pulmonary Extravascular Water Volume

To evaluate the effect of diffusion on the pulmonary extravascular water volume determined from indicator dilution studies, simultaneous comparisons of the pulmonary extravascular distribution volumes of tritiated water (THO) and of three lipid soluble substances with higher molecular weights were made. In 21 studies on pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, the distribution volume of antipyrine (AP) was slightly smaller than that of THO (mean difference=2.86 ml±1.49 SE; 0.1&lt; P &lt;0.05). The results of 21 studies in conscious humans showed a slightly smaller distribution volume for 131 I-iodoantipyrine (IAP) than for THO (mean difference=15.62 ml±3.36 se; P &gt;0.01). Neither the differences between THO and AP in dogs nor those between IAP and THO in humans correlated with either flow (τ=0.25 for dog studies; τ=0.07 for human studies) or the mean transit time of the intravascular indicator (τ=-0.17 for dog studies; τ=0.14 for human studies). No significant difference between the distribution volume of 14 C-ethanol(ETOH) and THO could be shown in either dogs (12 studies) or humans (15 studies). Relative lung-to-blood partitioning of IAP as compared to THO at equilibrium in dogs was 0.92±0.08; the same value for ETOH was 1.18±0.10. The findings strongly suggest that distribution volume for these indicators is independent of their diffusion characteristics and that IAP may be a reasonable substitute for THO in measuring pulmonary extravascular water volume.

Effects of posture and exercise on the pulmonary extravascular water volume in man.

ArticleEffects of posture and exercise on the pulmonary extravascular water volume in man.B E Marshall, R L Teichner, T Kallos, H J Sugerman, M Q Wyche Jr, and K R TantumB E Marshall, R L Teichner, T Kallos, H J Sugerman, M Q Wyche Jr, and K R TantumPublished Online:01 Sep 1971https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1971.31.3.375MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByExercise-induced interstitial pulmonary edema at sea-level in young and old healthy humansRespiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. 191Studies on the cell biology of interendothelial cell gapsCristhiaan D. Ochoa, and Troy Stevens1 February 2012 | American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Vol. 302, No. 3Impairment of 3000-m Run Time at Altitude Is Influenced by Arterial Oxyhemoglobin SaturationMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 43, No. 9Human lung density is not altered following normoxic and hypoxic moderate-intensity exercise: implications for transient edemaAlastair N. H. Hodges, A. William Sheel, John R. Mayo, and Donald C. McKenzie1 July 2007 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 103, No. 1Evidence of pulmonary oedema triggered by exercise in healthy humans and detected with various imaging techniquesActa Physiologica, Vol. 189, No. 4Intense hypoxic cycle exercise does not alter lung density in competitive male cyclists12 January 2007 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 99, No. 6Extravascular Lung Water and Peripheral Volume Status in Hemodialysis Patients With and Without a History of Heart FailureASAIO Journal, Vol. 52, No. 4Determining Lung Water Volume in Stable Hemodialysis PatientsASAIO Journal, Vol. 52, No. 4Pulmonary Oedema following Exercise in HumansSports Medicine, Vol. 36, No. 6The effect of sustained heavy exercise on the development of pulmonary edema in trained male cyclistsRespiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. 145, No. 2-3Pulmonary Oedema of ImmersionSports Medicine, Vol. 35, No. 3Intrabreath Diffusing Capacity of the Lung in Healthy Individuals at Rest and During ExerciseChest, Vol. 122, No. 1Extravascular lung water in the exercising horseP. A. Wilkins, R. D. Gleed, N. M. Krivitski, and A. Dobson1 December 2001 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 91, No. 6Expiratory flow limitation as a determinant of orthopnea in acute left heart failureJournal of the American College of Cardiology, Vol. 35, No. 3Effects of lower body pressure changes on pulmonary functionMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 30, No. 7Normal Values for Single Exhalation Diffusing Capacity and Pulmonary Capillary Blood Flow in Sitting, Supine Positions, and During Mild ExerciseChest, Vol. 105, No. 2Pulmonary gas exchange and breathing pattern during and after exercise in highly trained athletesEuropean Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 67, No. 5Clinical relevance of lung water measurement with the thermal-dye dilution techniqueJournal of Surgical Research, Vol. 48, No. 3Clinical Relevance of Lung Water Measurement with the Thermal-Dye Dilution TechniqueEvaluation of Endothelial Injury in the Human LungClinics in Chest Medicine, Vol. 10, No. 1Determinants of diagnostic accuracy in pulmonary scintigraphy for pulmonary capillary protein leak associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): A technical noteEuropean Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 15, No. 2Experimental and clinical assessment of lung injury by measurement of extravascular lung water and transcapillary protein flux in ARDS: A review of current techniquesJournal of Surgical Research, Vol. 44, No. 2Lack of Radiographic Evidence of Interstitial Pulmonary Edema after Maximal Exercise in Normal SubjectsAmerican Review of Respiratory Disease, Vol. 137, No. 2Medicion del volumen de tejido y flujo capilar pulmonar mediante tecnicas de dilucion de gases inertes solublesArchivos de Bronconeumología, Vol. 21, No. 5Indirect assessment of thoracic fluid balance following maximal exercise in man14 November 2007 | Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 3Gram-negative sepsisCurrent Problems in Surgery, Vol. 18, No. 7Gamma camera detection of oleic acid alveolar-capillary albumin leakJournal of Surgical Research, Vol. 29, No. 1Pulmonary OedemaBritish Journal of Diseases of the Chest, Vol. 74Effect of exercise on dilution estimates of extravascular lung water and on the carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in normal adults.Circulation Research, Vol. 37, No. 3Lung water balance More from this issue > Volume 31Issue 3September 1971Pages 375-9 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1971.31.3.375PubMed4939279History Published online 1 September 1971 Published in print 1 September 1971 Metrics