Public Passenger Transport Research Articles

Determinants of irregular demand for regional rail passenger services – case study of High Tatras in Slovakia

AbstractThe demand for public transport by tourists increases significantly in tourist-attractive destinations. This is in addition to regular passengers commuting to school and work. The level of irregular demand is influenced by several factors related to the characteristics of the day of the week, the period of the year, and the current weather. The main goal of the paper is to verify which factors most influence the irregular demand for transport in a tourist-attractive area to ensure operational planning of public passenger transport. Thanks to this, it is possible to ensure sufficient capacity and, at the same time, the efficiency of the operation of public passenger transport. The paper analyzes the main determinants of the irregular demand for regional public rail passenger transport in the High Tatras region of Slovakia. Multiple linear regressions were used to model the number of irregular passengers. The variables representing the day of the week, the attractiveness of the period, and the holiday were found to be the most significant. The variables describing the weather such as maximum daily temperature, precipitation, clouds, and wind had less influence. The obtained mathematical models for forecasting the irregular demand for public passenger transport can help optimize the timetable’s operational setting and the train sets’ size.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IN THE FIELD OF ASSESSMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION OF URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION

The development of the conceptual apparatus in the field of assessing the organization of urban passenger transportation allows us to form objective evaluation mechanisms for further improvement of the work of urban public passenger transport. Today in the presence of a number of problems in the field of transport services for the population of large and largest cities the task of forming a sound assessment system for the organization of urban passenger transportation becomes the most urgent. However for such an assessment different authors use different categories: "effectiveness", "efficiency", and "quality". There are no works that would allow us to determine the most appropriate category in relation to the functioning of urban public passenger transport. The article conducts a study of these categories, presents their comparative analysis and considers the possibilities of their use to evaluate the operation of the system in question. Purpose. The main objective of the article is to select a category for evaluating the organization of urban passenger transportation. Methodology. The method of analysis and the method of systematization of data were used in carrying out the research. Results. The essence of each of such categories as "effectiveness", "efficiency" and "quality" in relation to the assessment of the organization of urban passenger transportation is determined. The interrelationships between the categories and their significant differences are determined. The choice of the category of assessment of the organization of urban passenger transportation is justified. The scope of the results. The results obtained can be guided by scientists and specialists involved in the assessment of the organization of urban passenger transportation. Conclusions. It is recommended when choosing a category for evaluating the organization of urban passenger transportation to reflect its essence, which is defined in this article.

Evolution of the revenue/ expenditure structure and passenger cost coverage ratio of regular passenger transport between 2007 and 2022

This article presents a general methodology for aggregating the actual costs and revenues of public transport in Hungary, which allows to calculate a realistic passenger (user) cost coverage ratio for the main players in the domestic market (MÁV-Volán Group, GYSEV, BKK). After an international perspective and a presentation of the specificities of the domestic market, it is concluded that the cost coverage ratio for fixed rail transport is significantly lower than for public transport services on road. The main reason for this is that fixed rail infrastructure is expensive to develop and operate and is mainly used by public passenger transport. The ridership ratio is significantly reduced by significant investments, and this has been analysed both on a time series and average basis. We present the timetable, tariff changes and major investments that have had an impact on ridership rates, typically only to a small extent. Our analysis is financially oriented and only touches on positive externalities, social benefits and the general government balance

Passenger‐based adaptive transit signal priority for BRT systems with multiple loading areas

AbstractAn adaptive transit signal priority strategy is presented in this paper with the objective of passenger delay minimization at isolated intersections serving conflicting bus rapid transit (BRT) routes. The proposed passenger‐based adaptive signal priority for BRT systems (PASPB) is designed to optimize both green times and phase sequences at the start of each cycle and for a prespecified decision horizon. Since a public transportation (PT) vehicle travel time model capable of estimating the dwell time at stops with multiple loading areas has not yet been developed, PT vehicle dwell time is modeled in this study by analyzing the cases of passenger service by single or double PT vehicles. The problem is formulated as a mixed‐integer nonlinear program (MINLP) and at each execution, the optimization is conducted by genetic algorithm. The model is deployed to a real‐field intersection with conflicting BRT routes under the SUMO microsimulation environment. The results show that PASPB outperforms the SYNCHRO optimal solution and phase insertion strategy regarding PT passenger delay. Besides, the sensitivity analysis proves that at high demand levels of the PT system or general traffic, PASPB presents the best performance in terms of general traffic, PT, and total passenger delay compared to other models.

Urban Transport - Synergies between City and the Port - the Example of the City of Koper

Koper is located in Slovenia near the Italian border and is the fifth largest city in Slovenia with 53,000 inhabitants. The history of the town is interesting because it first flourished during the Venetian Republic, when it became an important administrative and cultural centre of Istria. After the Second World War, the city underwent a different development as a harbour was built next to the old town. Today, Koper is a town that connects the old town centre with the newer surrounding settlements and is closely linked to the port of Luka Koper. The municipality covers an area of 303 km2, 48% of which is protected by Natura. Since 2017, the municipality of Koper has been implementing an integrated transport strategy aimed at ensuring sustainable and environmentally friendly mobility for its citizens. To ensure accessibility and a better quality of life, pedestrians, cyclists and public transport are promoted in particular. Residents of Koper who do not live in the old town still predominantly use private cars to get to work, school, and university. Koper is an old city that has existed since the time of the Roman Republic and has many monuments. To reduce the number of cars, the city centre has been closed to traffic, and residents of Koper's old town can use parking garages or open parking lots for a small fee. For everyone else, parking lots with P+R facilities have been set up, but there is great dissatisfaction among the population. Another problem is the increasing freight traffic coming in and out of the port of Koper. The port and the city live in harmony, but the problem of increasing freight traffic at critical times and on critical days is a big problem. In this paper we will outline the measures that should be taken in the area of public passenger transport and freight transport to ensure that the strategy is implemented.

Persepsi Kinerja dan Dampak Transportasi Online terhadap Pendapatan Pengemudi Angkutan Kota (Studi Kasus Trayek R.02 Kota Kendari)

Online-based transportation is rife amidst the condition of the public transportation system in urban areas and in the City of Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, which needs to be better organized. Offering high flexibility and accessibility, affordable costs, multilevel comfort, and even security guaranteed by the company, it is undeniable that people who need to make a switch move under the pretext of consumer freedom to choose better. Social jealousy cannot be contained, especially for conventional transportation (Angkot) already operating. Gradually the number of online-based transport fleets is increasing, and of course, it affects the income of Angkot drivers. Therefore, reviewing the performance from the passengers' perspective tries to see to what extent the Angkot can meet expectations. The analysis used the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) method and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). In addition, the statistic tests whether public transportation drivers have decreased income due to the increasing prevalence of online-based transportation. Respondents of public transportation passengers (users) were 400 people and 91 public transportation drivers. The results show that Online Transportation's presence hurts public transportation drivers' income levels. A decrease in the level of income of the drivers indicates this difference. The average daily income before online transportation was Rp. 151,000 - Rp. 200,000 and Rp. 51,000 - Rp. 100,000 after. On the other hand, for users, the results of the CSI analysis show that the Fare Variable is considered Satisfied for the user. At the same time, Safety, Comfort, Regularity, Smoothness, and Accuracy are rated Normal/Neutral. The Dissatisfied Variables are Safety and Pollution. In the IPA analysis, seven attributes are in Quadrant II, which means that users rate public transportation as 'Keep Up The Good Work', and six attributes are in Quadrant I, which means they need serious attention and 'improvement'. While the other 16 attributes are in quadrants III and IV, namely 'Low Priority' and 'Possible Overkill'.

ANALISIS TARIF ANGKUTAN UMUM BERDASARKAN BIAYA OPERASIONAL KENDARAAAN, ABILITY TO PAY, DAN WILLINGNESS TO PAY

Public transportation is a transportation system that is a basic need of the community which is usually provided by public transport service entrepreneurs. The policy in determining the applicable fare must be reviewed from two aspects, which consist of public transport service entrepreneurs and passengers as users of public transport services. Rates are determined based on the Vehicle Operating Costs incurred which include direct costs and indirect costs. Meanwhile, from the aspect of public transport service users, the applicable fare is determined by looking at the Ability To Pay and Willingness To Pay. Data regarding the components of vehicle operating costs were obtained by conducting interviews, then the data was analyzed and the amount of vehicle operating costs incurred was obtained. To find out the value of Ability To Pay (ATP) and and Willingness To Pay (WTP). The required data is obtained by distributing questionnaires filled in by Angkot passengers. The purpose of this research is to analyze the amount of vehicle operating costs incurred by the owner of the Ciamis-Jetak-Nasol route public transportation business in order to be able to determine tariffs according to vehicle operating costs and to analyze the magnitude of the ability of passengers to pay public transport fares (ATP) and the willingness of passengers to pay public transport fare (WTP). The results of the analysis show that the tariff based on the current Vehicle Operating Cost (BOK) is Rp. 3,328.03 based on the Ability To Pay (ATP) value, a rate of Rp. 8,316.00 for the general category and Rp. 2,981.00 for the student category. Meanwhile, based on the Willingness To Pay (WTP) value, a rate of Rp. 7,763.17 for the general category and Rp. 4,153.85 for the student category. Keywords: Tariff, Vehicle Operating Costs (BOK), Ability To Pay (ATP, and Willingness To Pay (WTP).

Transportation Demand Omotenashi at Ijen Corridor: The problems and development strategies

<span id="docs-internal-guid-3a1adbc2-7fff-d226-d93d-75cbf118e367"><span>Ijen was one of the roads in Malang City with land use intensity dominated by education and trade and services, generating land use caused a large movement. The main purpose of the study was to identify some problems and propose solutions to improve the performance of Ijen corridor. The meaning of “</span><span>Omotenashi</span><span>” is Japanese-style excellent service mindset consisting of hospitality aspect, familiarity and warmth aspects. The study employed Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Analysis of the familiarity aspect was descriptive evaluative interaction of public transport passengers. The analysis of the warmth aspect was descriptive evaluative in physical, social and historical attractiveness. The results showed that hospitality level at Ijen Corridor was 2.038 (hospitable), the familiarity aspect was 61 out of 100 people have interacted on the public transport, while the warmth aspect showed that many buildings are physical attractions and historical areas. The Ijen Corridor's alternative development strategies include raising public awareness of the use of public transportation, restricting access to motorized vehicles, law enforcement, and improving bicycle infrastructure, as well as enhancing the quality of public transportation services, pedestrian facilities, parking management, and carpooling/sharing.</span></span>

Analysis of the Performance of the Transportation Agency in the Framework of Optimising the Safety Guarantee of Public Transport Passengers in Medan City (Study on Trans Metro Deli Buses)

This study aims to determine how the Performance of the Medan City Transportation Agency in the Framework of Optimising the Safety Guarantee of Public Transport Passengers in Medan City (Study on Trans Metro Deli Bus) using descriptive research methods with a qualitative approach. Data collection is done by interview, observation, and documentation techniques. Data were obtained through primary and secondary data and analysed using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of this study indicate that the performance of the Medan City Transportation Agency in the context of Optimising the Safety Guarantee of Public Transport Passengers in Medan City has been running well but there is still a need for supervision and a high sense of responsibility for the implementation and running of the Trans Metro Deli Bus and to further improve socialisation and good communication with passengers in order to attract their interest to always use the Bus because it is guaranteed safety, security and comfort.

Introducing fine grained energy consumption variables into a public passenger transport simulation in SUMO

Improving energy efficiency in public passenger transport is key to achieving sustainability goals. In many developing countries, public passenger transport relies heavily on fossil fuels, which necessitates a strong focus on reducing emissions from energy consumption. Surprisingly, few studies have addressed this issue in the context of daily operations, with most research focusing on operational and infrastructural changes. This paper aims to fill this gap by introducing detailed energy consumption variables into a public transport simulation model using SUMO, a tool known for its seamless integration with Python. The development of two Python scripts underpins this endeavour. The first script facilitates the automatic generation of scenarios, allowing the manipulation of parameters such as station spacing, line length, passenger capacity and waiting times, among others. The second script is dedicated to estimating energy consumption for each scenario. Together, these tools allow us to calculate average energy consumption for different scenarios and modes of public transport. As a result, they provide valuable insights for the formulation of public policies aimed at saving energy in different public transport environments and lay the foundation for the integration and development of intelligent transport systems and simulation-based digital twins.

Determination of the Long-Haul Routes Attractiveness in Railway Passenger Transport in Europe

A crucial component and system of public passenger transportation that must serve as the foundation for the national and global comprehensive integrated system of passenger transport is high-quality, appealing, and efficient long-distance railway passenger transport. The demand for public passenger transport has drastically dropped from March 2020 in numerous European countries as a result of various COVID-19 limitations. The performance of passenger transportation has been impacted by the reduction in mobility. Even though the situation has already improved, finding fresh, workable solutions is still essential for a well-functioning rail passenger transport system. The contribution proposes a method for attractiveness determining of long-haul routes for railway passenger transport in Europe. Three key indicators that have a substantial impact on this issue are suggested based on specific scientific methodologies. The paper also includes real examples and calculations for the practical use of indicators determination of chosen long-distance transport routes.

Application of a digital solution in the process of planning and organization regional routes

The article is devoted to the creation and use of a software product that helps in the process of organizing the work of public passenger transport (PPT) in regional conditions. Using the program, it is possible to calculate the operational indicators of planned routes, make any changes to the properties of settlements related to the organization of public transport and determine how much they can influence the process of organizing PPT. Also, this software product reduces the share of manual operations and the probability of mechanical errors in calculations. The material in the article is based on the results of research in the field of regional passenger transport. Keywords route network, algorithm, program, automatic solution, regional conditions

Solving the problems of studying passenger flow in urban public transport by introducing digital technologies

The article presents the results of a study devoted to the analysis of existing problems in determining passenger traffic in urban public transport, as well as the control of passenger traffic and its distribution, in which it is necessary to regularly determine the number of transport structures of bus fleets and conduct analytical monitoring of the flow of passengers in urban public transport. The methods of passenger traffic control and financing in the transport system using digital technologies are proposed.

Route capacity in designing urban public passenger transportation

Public transport is of crucial importance for urban agglomerations - it is the only transport system that can satisfy the mobility of the population with acceptable quality at minimum cost with less negative impact on the environment. In the tasks of designing public transport, ensuring the capacity of the routes is of particular relevance. This problem does not have an unambiguous solution, and in the majority of research, possible excess of capacity of vehicles, as a rule, are ignored. The paper presents the developed mathematical model, which allows us to calculate the highest intensity passenger flow from the transport demand for a day of transport operation and on this basis to determine the necessary throughput capacity at the established limits of rolling stock capacity. An example of calculation of dependence of intensity and interval of movement on nominal capacity of rolling stock is given, in which an example of the performance of restrictions of the capacity of rolling stock is provided on a section of a route with passenger flow of the greatest capacity.

INFLUENCE OF PASSENGER ROUTE TRANSPORT ON TRAFFIC SAFETY ON THE STREET AND ROAD NETWORK

Abstract.The public transport comprises homogeneous vehicle movement. The motion of public transport passing through a road section exhibits signs of stationarity, hence formulating the stated scientific task. The paper proposes to assess the safety level of passenger public transport movement by deviations of the movement characteristics of public transport vehicles from the characteristics of the flow vehicles. The analysis conducted by the authors and the corresponding synthesis of the general conditions of passenger public transport movement in traffic flow on public roads allowed formulating a system of interaction between three elements: traffic flow, passenger transport vehicles, and road conditions. The provided criteria for deviation of the movement characteristics of passenger public transport vehicles from the characteristics of the traffic flow subsequently enable the evaluation of the danger level on the route. The proposed overall characteristic indirectly allows evaluating the safety level of passenger public transport movement on roads according to the provisions of traffic flow theory. To formulate general characteristics regarding the consideration of road safety at sections and nodes of the street-road network through which the route passes in the methodology of calculating urban bus transportation routes.

Стандарт транспортного обслуживания как основа повышения качества пассажирских перевозок транспортом общего пользования

There is a debate in the scientific world about the indicators of transport services for the population that are subject to standardization. The key methods for assessing such quality indicators are expert and sociological, which are characterized by subjective assessment. In the article, using the example of calculating the indicator “Satisfaction with the quality of transport services for public passenger transport in urban agglomerations,” the assumption was tested that reducing the subjectivity of quality assessment and increasing the reliability of the result is influenced by the optimal number of indicators used and the use of weighting coefficients. The calculations performed did not confirm the hypothesis. The completed study confirms that quality indicators determined through consumer satisfaction cannot be key. To achieve the proper level of quality of public transport services for the population, it is necessary to develop transport service standards at all levels (federal, regional, local), and update existing standards in terms of updating the range of indicators. To assess the quality of transport services for the population, use objective indicators as much as possible and minimize the number of indicators calculated as a “share”.

Assessment of the quality of the urban environment in the process of construction project management

Recently, the construction of residential buildings in the Russian Federation has been carried out at an accelerating pace, not only in large cities, but in almost all regions of our country. In the current conditions, the issues of rational planning of residential development within the framework of urban construction development are becoming increasingly relevant. At the same time, an important role is assigned to the methods of assessing the quality of such planning. The analysis of the available methods of this kind carried out by the author indicates that at the moment, there are practically no adequate and objective methods for quantifying the degree of accessibility of critical social infrastruc-ture facilities of the city in relation to newly constructed or already existing residential buildings. Based on the results of the applied research carried out within the framework of writing the pre-sented scientific work, the author proposed an innovative method for quantifying the degree of acces-sibility of socially significant urban objects relative to residential structures. The proposed methodolo-gy is unique in that, thanks to the use of such a universal and statistically accessible indicator as the average level of wages, experts have the opportunity to conduct a comparative assessment of the de-gree of accessibility of social objects, not only located within a walking distance, but also at longer distances, involving the use of public passenger transport. The application of the methodology proposed in the framework of writing this applied scientific work for assessing the quality of the urban environment for the accessibility of socially significant in-frastructure objects relative to the location of residential buildings will allow, on a mathematically ac-curate quantitative basis, not only to assess the effectiveness of the work of regional state authorities and local self-government as qualitatively and objectively as possible, but also to conduct a compara-tive analysis of the quality layouts of newly designed residential neighborhoods. In addition, this tech-nique may be of practical interest to realtors and developers in the development and practical imple-mentation of various types of business processes, both in the field of housing construction and in the sale of residential buildings and premises.

USERS’ BEHAVIOURAL INTENTIONS TOWARDS PUBLIC TRANSPORT: CITY OF KUALA LUMPUR AS A CASE

Kuala Lumpur is one of Southeast Asia’s most prominent modern cosmopolitan cities, having evolved from the federal capital. In consequence of this transformation, the population of Kuala Lumpur has expanded outward, leading to its city centre being mostly occupied by businesses and residents relocated to suburbs and more affordable areas. Increased commuting distances also facilitated the use of private automobiles which brings about the environmental issues. This research aims to determine factors influencing the behaviour and preferences of public transport passengers particularly Light Rail Transit (LRT) in Kuala Lumpur. In an effort to verify the theoretical model and the relationship between the variables, a structural equation model (SEM) was developed. Perceived Costs (PC), Attractive Alternatives (AA), Feeling towards Transit (FTT), and Service Quality’ (SQ) were considered as the parameters of the public transport services that could be the drivers for the key variables such as Perceived Benefits (PB), Satisfaction (SA), and Behavioural Intentions (BI). This model incorporates direct and indirect effects with the intention of providing insight into how the behaviour of transit passengers is influenced. The results indicate that Service Quality contributes to Satisfaction and Satisfaction contributes to Behavioural Intentions. According to the results, perceived benefits are positively related to satisfaction. The findings do not support the Service Quality and Attractive Alternatives as the significant indicators for the behavioural intentions. The reason for this outcome may have to do with the adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transportation services, which in turn affected riders’ perception of these services.

DEVELOPMENT OF MODE CHOICE BEHAVIOR MODEL FOR INTER-REGIONAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT– A CASE STUDY OF INDIA

Mode choice behavior of the inter-regional public transport passengers is important for proficient planning and operation of transport systems in developing countries. It is the responsibility of the authority to satisfy the demand for long regional trips having a significant movement of passengers by providing efficient public transport services. Most of the studies for the mode choice behavior of the passengers have been done for the urban mass transport within the urban conglomerate. The study aims to improve knowledge of the factor affecting passengers' decisions on the mode of travel for inter-regional public transportation in India. The Multinomial Logit (MNL) model and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models among Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC) buses, Railways, and privately operated buses were developed for the trips between Surat city and Bhavnagar region of Gujarat, India. The final ANN model reflects a difference of attributes has 90.52% mode prediction capability against 70.11% of the MNL model. The developed model gives the proper insight for improving the transportation facilities in the region. It is revealed that the improvement in the service level and egress parameters are more important to attract travelers. The sleeper seat availability, lesser travel cost, lesser egress distance, and availability of night journey have been found important during travelers' thinking process to select the traveling mode. There are 13.1% and 20.1% rises in the probability of choosing GSRTC bus and train mode, respectively, with the improvement in the service level. Moreover, the GSRTC bus should improve its connectivity.

Concept for the Customer Perspective of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) System in Bus Transport Companies in the Slovak Republic

Customer awareness and customer satisfaction are generally important attributes for the success and competitiveness of any business. In some sectors, they are studied very intensively; in others, they are neglected. In the field of transport services, it is important that the attitudes of customers are sufficiently monitored because public passenger transport has a lot of individual competition. Only satisfied customers can prefer public transportation over their own. In this context, this contribution analyses customer requirements and their satisfaction with bus public transport in the Slovak Republic. The opinions of customers are supplemented in this article with those of strategic managers. We ascertained customer requirements through questionnaire surveys. Using theoretical knowledge, we established hypotheses, which were subsequently verified using the selected statistical methods. Based on the findings, we proposed the concept of the target perspective of the BSC system for bus transport companies in the Slovak Republic in an effort to increase their competitiveness. Our procedure was also based on knowledge that is the output of various research studies in this area. Their results show that marketing strategies are considered the most important part of strategic management. Today, it is common in many industries that all business entities offer the same product at the same price under approximately the same technological conditions and with the assistance of equally well-equipped personnel. Therefore, a correctly set marketing strategy can also be the key to business success in transport services. The methods used in this paper were analysis, synthesis, questionnaire surveys, and the selected managerial and statistical methods. Our goal was to propose a concept of the customer perspective of the BSC system based on the analysis of customer requirements. We are convinced that the results of our survey can contribute to increasing the competitiveness of not only bus carriers in Slovakia, but also in other EU countries.