Public Sector Involvement Research Articles

Currency Internationalization, payment infrastructures and central banks: An institutional analysis of renminbi internationalization

This study explores the role of central banks in designing cross-border payment infrastructure as part of a broader agenda of currency internationalization, focusing on the Chinese experience from 2008 to 2023. Based on primary data- including descriptive statistics and interviews with senior officials from the People's Bank of China and staff from Chinese commercial banks – and triangulating information from secondary literature and official documents, the article traces the evolution of the renminbi's cross-border payment network comparing these developments with the early internationalization stages of the U.S. dollar. China's strategy is characterized as 'imitate and innovate,' where the renminbi's payment network development mirrors, to some extent, the institutional frameworks underpinning the dollar's global use. However, it also exhibits notable differences in public sector involvement and pace of development. This comparison indicates that, for late- industrializers, central bank plays a more pronounced role in jumpstarting a currency internationalization process. Moreover, this article also contributes to the international currency literature by demonstrating how payment infrastructures can aid in enhancing a country's external resilience through currency internationalization, without necessitating the complete liberalization of the capital account.

A Review of Public Sector Engagement in Age-Friendly Community Initiatives

ABSTRACT The global age-friendly cities and communities (AFCC) movement has centered on the involvement of the public sector, calling on high-ranking authorities to commit to improving the built, social, and service environments of their localities. This interpretive review aimed to advance understanding of the ways in which the public sector is involved in AFCC efforts. Based on emergent themes from peer-reviewed articles from the United States and Canada published since 2010, we derived a two-dimensional framework for conceptualizing variability in public sector involvement, encompassing the internal/external (a) locus of responsibility for cross-sector change and (b) target for cross-sector change. We discuss implications for research, policy, practice, and further knowledge development in AFCC implementation.

Demonised energy: Could nuclear power help Australia achieve net zero emissions by 2050?

Nuclear energy is probably the most controversial source of energy praised by some and demonised by others. Although several countries acknowledge the benefits of nuclear power and continue to support its use, there are some nations such as Australia that reject nuclear energy. The implementation of the nuclear moratorium by the Australian federal government in 1998, coupled with the shared net zero ambition of the country, has the potential to reinvigorate a crucial debate on nuclear power. Revaluating the nuclear moratorium could foster public debate and private sector involvement, potentially enabling financially viable, safe, and environmentally sustainable nuclear power in the future.

ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC SECTOR INVOLVEMENT IN LOCAL ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AS IMPLEMENTATION OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES

The purpose of this study is to examine the public sector's involvement in local empowerment economies as well as the implementation of policies for micro and small businesses. The research method used is qualitative research. Qualitative research is a research method used to understand social phenomena in depth. This type of research is literature study research, which researchers carry out by collecting, studying, and analyzing references or sources obtained in written or written form, such as books, journals, articles, documents, and other sources of information that are significant to the topic or title being researched. The study's findings show that empowering the local economy, particularly through support for micro and small businesses (UMK), plays a critical role in increasing economic growth and sustainable development in Indonesia. MSEs don't only become a bone-back economy locally by creating fieldwork and contributing to domestic income, but they also strengthen the resilience economy area to change the global economy. Apart from that, MSEs also play a role in strengthening identity culture and the local sustainability environment with produce-rooted goods and services in inheritance culture and local traditions. Empowering the local economy through support for MSEs involves not only increasing access to sources of power but also empowering the public to play a role in their development.

Mobility-as-a-Service and the role of multimodality in the sustainability of urban mobility in developing and developed countries

Mobility as a service (MaaS) is an emerging framework that integrates multiple transport services into a single and intuitive platform. This paper contrasts the urban passenger transport markets in developed versus developing economies to understand the challenges of integrating mobility services using the MaaS framework, with a focus on decarbonization and sustainability as societal goals. In addition, we conducted a Life Cycle Assessment of carbon emissions and energy requirements of travel alternatives in the city of Santiago, Chile, to shed light on the effects of multimodality as an environmental tool. A summary of findings follows. Data sharing and open data are new in developing countries, and thus more investment in data infrastructure is required so that MaaS can leverage digital technology and network optimization. If the scalability of MaaS is an open question in developed countries, it is more so in developing countries, owning to institutional and financial constraints that are present in the latter. The lack of public subsidies to support formal public transport is a key limitation for the implementation of MaaS schemes and multimodal frameworks in the developing world. Regarding formality, in countries with an informal public transport sector, a potential implementation of MaaS will be spatially constrained to those locations where public transport operates formally and frequently (BRT and rail lines), limiting its spatial coverage and posing social equity issues. In countries with scarce or no public funds available for the transport sector, MaaS could be used as a catalyst for a broad environmental and equity-seeking transport pricing reform which requires a direct involvement of public sector in both regulation and financial backing. We conclude that the formalization and general improvement of the public transport sector, the regulation of shared-mobility platforms including the formalization of the work of drivers, and the setting of proper pricing and subsidization instruments in the direction of internalizing the social costs of motorized traffic, are all prerequisites for any MaaS system that aims to improve economic efficiency, social equity, and sustainability.

Evaluating the factors that influence public sector involvement in Ghanaian public-private partnership (PPP) power projects

PurposeIn comparison to other countries, power generation in Sub-Sahara Africa is poor. Public–private partnership (PPP) model has become increasingly popular for addressing infrastructural challenges, especially in the power sector. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and classify the factors that influence public sector involvement in Ghanaian PPP power projects.Design/methodology/approachUsing purposive and snowball sampling techniques, questionnaires were used to gather responses from experts in the PPP power sector in a two round Delphi survey. Analytical tools adopted were descriptive statistics, mean score ranking, Cronbach’s alpha and factor analysis.FindingsThe most significant factors that influence public sector involvement in PPP power projects were: achieving improved value for money; access to additional capital; increased certainty of projects; greater efficiency of project delivery services; and improved ability to deliver new infrastructure. From factor analysis, the four components were: value for money and efficiency; capital and skills; innovation and technology; and project delivery.Originality/valueGovernment bodies in the power sector will benefit from the findings, as it would aid them develop policies that would strengthen regulatory structures as well as institutions.

Knowledge Domain and Innovation Trends Concerning Medical 3D Printing for Craniomaxillofacial Surgery Applications: A 30-Year Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis

Study Design: Descriptive study (review containing bibliometric analyses). Objective: Since the inception of three-dimensional printing (3DP), various studies have been conducted worldwide to investigate the utilization of 3DP in craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery. Analyzing the current state of global research in medical 3DP in CMF surgery is a crucial first step in identifying knowledge gaps and focusing research resources on pressing problems that have not yet been addressed. Therefore, the current study was designed to present a comprehensive review of scientific research data to discover trends in the last 30 years of global research on 3DP in CMF surgery. Methods: All publications from 1994 until 14 February 2023 were retrieved from the core collection of Web of Science using a defined search. Detailed bibliographic data for all retrieved publications were collected. The bibliometric analysis was performed using VOS viewer, Histcite, and Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 1367 evaluable articles were retrieved. Results showed that although there is an exponential increase in the number of publications related to 3DP in CMF surgery, there is a substantial regionalization of research, with the U.S.A. and China being the most significant contributors to the retrieved articles. It was also observed that there is a scarcity of published literature related to bioprinting in CMF surgery. Conclusion: This is the first study that specifically analyzed the published literature concerning 3DP in CMF surgery in a structured quantitative manner. The study found a concentration of research in specific geographies and indicated a need for more diversified research in this field. The study also identified a need for public sector involvement in such research to aid in the further dissemination of knowledge.

Institutional work for sustainable mobility: creating and disrupting practices, norms, and values in the case of Mobility as a service

With ecological and social shifts in transport urgently needed, it is key to understand how sustainable practices are institutionalized and unsustainable ones disrupted. A model to support such shift is Mobility as a Service (MaaS). This paper aims to generate insight into institutional work in this context focused on both institutionalizing MaaS and deinstitutionalizing car-ownership. Experts’ experiences were gathered in 52 interviews with German and UK MaaS stakeholders. Findings indicate a need for balancing push and pull factors to disrupt prevailing institutions sustaining car ownership while creating institutions enabling MaaS. The latter requires strong public sector involvement. In this process, participants have highlighted solutions for barriers to advancing MaaS schemes and issue of trust leading to an aversion for collaboration specifically among legacy transport providers.

Social Construction of Vulnerability amidst Crisis Situations and Neoliberal Reforms: The Case of Smallholder Rice Farmers in Lumban, Laguna, Philippines

This article examines how Filipino rice farmers experience vulnerability in the face of persistent and emergent crises coupled with the challenges induced by the neoliberal transformation of the country's agricultural sector. Using the case study approach, eight smallholder rice farmers from Lumban, Laguna, were purposely interviewed, and their narratives were thematically analyzed. Recurrent themes revealed that although the participants viewed risks induced by crises as "normal" aspects of rice farming systems, they primarily attributed the intensification of their vulnerability toward risks to the enduring systemic issues that have been affecting the dynamics of their rice farming operations even prior to, and during the occurrences of crisis events. Furthermore, the smallholder rice farmers were found to be resource-limited and socially disadvantaged due to long-standing concerns associated with the neoliberal policies imposed by the government. This article argues that increased public sector involvement is imperative rather than shifting support away from the farmers.

Weaned off public money: The effect of discontinued reception of public cash on firm outcomes

AbstractGiven the large footprint of the public sector in modern capitalist economies, many businesses are recipients of public money. But how are recipient firms impacted when they are weaned off public money? Drawing on unique data from Slovenia, we assemble a firm‐level panel linking comprehensive records on public‐sector cash transactions to businesses with detailed annual information on more than 72,000 firms observed between 2015 and 2019. To address endogeneity, we combine matching with difference‐in‐differences estimation. Weaning‐off on average fundamentally disrupts a firm's production and organization, causing a marked decline in output, total assets, and input use, as well as a decrease in productivity and export proclivity. Several effects of weaning‐off are contingent on firm age. Younger firms undergo comparatively stronger effects on production operations, but, interestingly, only older firms experience negative effects on productivity and liquidity. Estimated aggregate value‐added losses incurred by treated firms fall short of the total amount of public money disbursed to those firms. Thus, from a normative standpoint, diminished transactional involvement of the public sector with firms could potentially generate net social gains. Our analysis offers a new perspective on the repercussions of public sector's involvement in the economy.

Organized Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening: Attendance and Determinants in Rural China.

To evaluate the attendance and determinants of organized cervical and breast cancer (two-cancer) screening, especially higher-level factors, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in central China from June 2018 to November 2019 among 1949 women (age ≥ 35 years). We examined organizer-level factors, provider-level factors, receiver-lever factors and attendance and participation willingness of screening. The results indicate that the attendance and participation willingness of organized two-cancer screening was 61.19% and 77.15%, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, women who received screening notification were more likely to have greater participation willingness and higher attendance than those who received no notification (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27–1.99; aOR = 98.03, 95% CI: 51.44–186.82, respectively). Compared with being notified about screening by GPs, being notified by community women’s leaders and other community leaders were more likely to lead to greater willingness to participate again (aOR = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.13–7.24; aOR = 3.27, 95% CI: 1.26–8.48, respectively) and recommending screening to others (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.02–4.65; aOR = 4.14, 95% CI: 1.84–9.30, respectively). The results suggest that notification of women about screening by community leaders is an important organizer-level factor. As a part of public health services, the design and implementation of optimal cancer screening strategies may require public-sector involvement at the organizer level instead of a one-man show by the health sector.

Exploring the role of local governments as intermediaries to facilitate partnerships for the Sustainable Development Goals

• Partnerships as a key for localizing the Sustainable Development Goals. • Local governments can enhance intermediary roles for partnership with private sectors. • The Sustainable Development Goals recognized as a driver for sustainable transitions. • Balancing the level of public sector's involvement in partnerships. • New intermediaries can be created by local governments. Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires localization and multi-stakeholder partnerships, and local governments have the best potential to act as intermediaries to facilitate partnerships. This study examines how local governments have facilitated partnerships for the SDGs, especially partnerships with private sectors. It focuses on how local governments conducted their intermediary roles from the perspective of sustainable transitions and analyzes Japanese cases. The results of our analysis provide the following suggestions for local governments to enhance their intermediary roles to facilitate partnerships for the SDGs. First, the SDGs should be recognized as a driver of sustainable transitions. Second, there needs a balance in terms of the level of the public sector's involvement in partnerships, so that local governments can maximize the benefits of informal networks in relation to SDG localization. Third, new intermediaries can be created by local governments. The findings of this study contribute to the growing body of literature on SDG localization and partnerships by identifying possible roles and suggestions that local governments can adopt as transition intermediaries.

Experiencing Event Management During the Coronavirus Pandemic: A Public Sector Perspective.

Events have played a significant role in the way in which the Coronavirus pandemic has been experienced and known around the world. Little is known though about how the pandemic has impacted on supporting, managing and governing events in municipal (i.e., local) authorities as key stakeholders, nor how events have featured in the opening-up of localities. This paper reports on empirical research with senior events officers for local authorities in the UK on these key knowledge gaps. Specifically, it examines events officers' unfolding experiences of the pandemic. The paper points to unpreparedness for a crisis of this scale and magnitude, and the roles of innovation, adaptation and co-production in the emergent response. It highlights the transformative nature of the pandemic through reconsiderations of the purpose of public sector involvement in events and, from a policy perspective, how relatively smaller-scale, more agile and lower-risk arts events and performances can figure in local recovery. Finally, while the effects on, and response of, the body corporate (the local authority) to crises is an obvious focus, it is important to recognise those of the individuals who manage the response and drive change.

Norma kao programski kod - uvodna razmatranja

Coding of of legal rules is the process of converting a legal norm into one of the programming languages. A legal rule that exists in both text and computer code/program form is labeled as the "Law as Code" (LAC). The optimal goal of the LAC methodology is to enable the meaning of the norm in written form to be preserved in its version in programming code. The scope and importance of the LAC have been recognized in the EU Law: there are also general documents adopted by individual states as a guide for its application. The success of the above-mentioned process is monitored in three ways: through the introduction of "controllers", the implementation of testing and the application of the regulatory sandbox methodology. The implementation of the LAC methodology requires a multidisciplinary and multisectoral approach (public and private sector involvement: such an approach is necessary considering the dynamics and constant changes in the development of technology that accompanies the described process. The role of legal expertise in this case is parallel to that of technological experts: these roles are not exclusive, but should have a synergistic effect.

Shifting Gears for the Automated Vehicle: Findings from Focus Groups in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area

ABSTRACT Travel behavior responses to automated vehicles (AVs) could undermine broader transportation policy objectives. This study presents focus group findings on Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) residents’ interest and expected behavioral responses to AVs. Five key consumer response themes are identified: safety and ethics concerns; lack of trust; diverse AV use intentions; agreement on a role for public sector involvement; and disagreement over regulation strategies. Findings indicate that utilitarian behavioral models resonate but that psychosocial explanations, such as “control,” “trust,” and “compatibility” play a stronger role—underscoring the importance for policymakers considering the social processes of new technology adoption.

Factors Affecting Commercialization of Home Garden Vegetables in Sri Lanka

The study was carried out to find the factors affecting commercialization of vegetable that produced from the home garden and its average level of commercialization. A structured questionnaire and field observation techniques were used to collect data from 232 randomly selected home gardeners in the South East part of Sri Lanka. The Tobit regression model was applied to study the significant factors that influenced home garden vegetables' commercialisation. The present study found that the average home garden vegetable commercialization level was 32.3 per cent. Further, the commercialization significantly (p<0.05) had a negative impact on the farmer’s level of education, family income, size of the family, health consciousness of home gardener, and losses by the pest and disease whereas the marital status, the number of family labours involved in home gardening and institutional supports significantly increase the commercialization. The research recommends that public and private sector involvement is needed to support through the training program and advisory services to control pest and disease attack. Further, the study area needs to be appreciated and promoted via appropriate policy intervention strategies to develop a good structure value chain and market.

Triage in the Nation's Medicine Cabinet: The Puzzling Scarcity of Vaccines and Other Drugs

For a variety of reasons, vaccines and other critical pharmaceutical products have become increasingly scarce in the last few years, and persistent shortages involving dozens of essential drugs may imperil the public health. Pressures emanating from regulatory agencies, the courts, and insurers have conspired to make some lines of the pharmaceutical business less than attractive. Although concerns about unpredictable tort liability received most of the blame in the past, two other factors may help to account for the latest round of drug shortages: stringent federal control of manufacturing facilities and aggressive cost-containment efforts that further erode profit margins. Whatever the cause, scarce supplies necessitate efforts at rationing that pose their own difficulties for health care providers. Policymakers could avoid putting physicians to such tough choices regarding patients by focusing on ways to ensure the production of adequate quantities of these highly cost-effective medical technologies. Some commentators have called for greater public sector involvement, but this Article concludes that, in addition to bolstering its emergency stockpiles, the federal government instead needs to take steps designed to encourage private manufacturers to continue supplying critical pharmaceuticals. To this end, the government should adopt more flexible regulations governing manufacturing facilities, provide companies with greater protection from the vagaries of tort liability, and avoid pursuing excessive cost-control strategies. Otherwise, patients may continue to lose access to important therapeutic products.

The problem with relying on profit-driven models to produce pandemic drugs.

In this article, we explain why profit-driven models for developing treatments for epidemic pathogens produce sub-optimal and sometimes negative public health outcomes. Using the example of the drug remdesivir, we demonstrate how the divergence of private incentives from public health needs has led to such outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude that policy responses to this and future pandemics ought to be conceived and designed in ways that narrow the divergence of private interests from public health needs, including through greater public-sector involvement in pharmaceutical R&D.

The Problem with Relying on Profit-Driven Models to Produce Pandemic Drugs

The longstanding problems of relying on a market response to a pandemic are becoming readily apparent in the United States, which has quickly become the epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak. The problems are particularly pronounced in pharmaceutical markets, where we are pinning our hopes for both cures and vaccines. In previous work we have shown how characteristics of healthcare markets in the United States create a divergence between the private incentives of for-profit companies and public health needs, leading to sub-optimal health outcomes in what is a uniquely market-driven healthcare system. In this Essay, written as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds, we illustrate how this divergence of private incentives from public health needs widens in contexts of pandemic preparedness and pandemic response. The Essay begins by explaining why the design of pharmaceutical markets in the United States yields suboptimal and sometimes even negative health outcomes. The Essay then follows the trajectory of the drug remdesivir as a case study that illustrates the consequences of relying on profit-driven pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) models for pandemic preparedness and response. We conclude that, contrary to what many commentators suggest, government policy responses to pandemic threats that rely primarily on increasing private market incentives within our existing pharmaceutical markets are unlikely to yield pandemic treatments that meet public healthcare needs. Policy interventions should instead be designed in ways that narrow the divergence of private interests from public health needs, especially in pandemic contexts. Achieving this will likely require greater public-sector involvement in pharmaceutical R&D.

The Public-Private Mix in Primary Care Development: The Case of Ireland.

In 2001, Ireland announced a Primary Care Strategy that has led to the implementation of primary care centers (PCCs) throughout the country. This article examines the nature and extent of private and public sector involvement in establishing the PCC network since 2001. The study is based on a PCC dataset constructed using unpublished data obtained from Ireland's Health Service Executive (HSE). The dataset includes the date when PCCs became operational and their mode of delivery: public procurement, private lease, or public-private partnership. The results show that 140 PCCs have or will become operational by the end of 2019: 35% (49 PCCs) are public, 55% (77) are leases with private landlords, and 10% (14) are public-private partnerships. Before 2009, PCCs were delivered by traditional public procurement, but since 2009, private delivery methods have been prioritized. In conclusion, the PCC network has been increasingly implemented by relying on the private sector. This results in a more commercialized network subject to financial risks associated with public-private partnerships.