Public Private Research Articles

Public-Private Partnership for Local Economic Development in the Kintampo Municipality of Ghana

Local governments are regarded as the primary stakeholders in Local Economic Development (LED) yet, they do not have adequate resources to execute their mandate (Ghana National Policy on PPP, 2011). Public-Private Partnership (PPP) presents a viable option for the delivery of local infrastructure and services for LED. The general objective of the study was to assess the contributions and opportunities of PPPs for LED in the Kintampo Municipal Assembly. A descriptive and exploratory study design was used for the study. According to the findings, the only documented PPP projects identified were public toilets and an enterprise development initiative with REP-BAC. There was another ‘loose’ arrangement of PPP between the KMA and the garages at the ‘magazine’. The PPP initiatives contributed to employment creation and income for the local people and internally generated funds for the KMA. Some identified projects were worth the consideration for investment under PPP e.g. Construction of a Lorry station under B.O.T/ Concession and the Upgrading of Kintampo Waterfalls under Concession. However, the low capacity of local partners to raise funds for investment, bad previous experiences of the KMA, poor service delivery by partners, and weak formalization processes by partners were challenging to PPPs in the Municipality. Despite the challenges, PPPs hold great potential for LED in the KMA. As such it is recommended that the KMA should increase awareness of the local people on PPP as an alternative strategy for funding projects for LED, create the enabling environment, and engage the necessary contractual instruments that commit both partners in all PPPs while maintaining proper documentation.

A comparative analysis of project performance: Public–Private Partnership (P3) Highway Projects vs. Design-Build (DB) and Design-Bid-Build (DBB) Highway Projects

Public–private partnerships (P3) have become increasingly significant in both advanced and emerging economies in recent years. In the United States, P3 contracts have been utilized across a wide range of infrastructure sectors. However, it is crucial to evaluate how P3 projects perform in terms of cost and schedule compared to traditional project delivery methods to make informed decisions. This study focuses on comparing the performance of P3 highway projects with those delivered through design-build (DB) and design-bid-build (DBB) methods, particularly in terms of cost and schedule growth. Statistical analyses revealed that P3 highway projects showed a mean cost growth of 2.12%, whereas DB projects recorded 8.95% and DBB projects 7.27%. In terms of schedule growth, P3 projects had a mean growth of 0.59%, while DB projects experienced 37.94% and DBB projects 31.39%. These findings provide valuable insights to support decision-making for future projects, benefiting government agencies, private companies, and other stakeholders in infrastructure development. The results can assist in choosing the appropriate project delivery method, potentially minimizing disputes and project failures.

Strategic analysis of Iran's climate resilient health system.

Climate change is a long-term systematic climate variability caused by human activities that alters the composition of the global atmosphere. Health systems should be adaptive and resilient to climate change. Hence, this research aimed to strategically analyze the resilience of Iran's health system to climate change. This study utilized a multiple methods approach. First, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 key climate change and health experts to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Iranian health system's resilience to climate change. Purposeful and snowball sampling techniques were used to ensure maximum diversity among the participants. Then, a questionnaire was developed based on the findings of the first stage and was completed by 33 climate change and health experts. Finally, the strategic position of Iran's health system's resilience to climate change was determined using the internal - external factors matrix. A total of 84 internal factors and 101 external factors were identified that affect the resilience of Iran's health system against climate change. The internal factors were categorized into seven dimensions (i.e., governance and leadership; health financing; health workforce; facilities, equipment and medicines; health information system; health services delivery, and key results). The external factors were categorized into six dimensions (i.e., political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors). The average score of internal and external factors were 2.47 and 2.12, out of 4 respectively. Iran's health system was found to be in the strategic position of V in terms of resilience to climate change. Therefore, precautionary strategies such as strengthening the climate resilience of healthcare facilities, promoting healthcare facilities' adaptation to climate change, public-private partnership, strengthening the health service delivery system, quality management and cost management, should be implemented to strengthen the resilience of Iran's health system to climate change. Iran's health system is facing significant weaknesses and challenges that have hindered its resilience to climate change. Iran's health system can better prepare and respond to the health impacts of climate change, and safeguarding the health and well-being of its population by addressing these challenges and implementing adaptive and resilience strategies.

STRATEGIC MARKERS OF INVESTMENT IN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OBJECTS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF UKRAINE

The paper examines the strategic aspects of investing in Ukraine's critical infrastructure in the state's economic security context. The importance of critical infrastructure for the stable functioning of the economy in the face of modern challenges, including military threats, cyber-attacks and natural disasters, is analyzed. The issue of financial instability, which requires the involvement of private investors and international partners to restore and modernize infrastructure, is also considered separately. The study examines the role of public-private partnership and international cooperation as the introduction of innovative technologies, such as artificial intelligence and IoT, to increase the efficiency and sustainability of infrastructure facilities. Critical strategies for effective risk management and attracting investments to restore energy, transport and communications have been identified. Recommendations are offered for assessing investments' economic and social efficiency, considering the payback and impact on the population's well-being. The paper also outlines the prospects for long-term economic growth through investment in critical infrastructure, an essential element of the country's post-crisis recovery. This study delves into the strategic dimensions of investing in Ukraine's critical infrastructure, emphasizing its significance for economic security. The paper thoroughly examines Ukraine's financial constraints due to the ongoing war and economic instability. It underscores the necessity of engaging private investors and fostering international collaboration. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) and international financial institutions are identified as crucial players in providing the necessary funding and expertise for the recovery and modernization of infrastructure. The article also explores how integrating innovative technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), can significantly enhance the resilience and efficiency of infrastructure systems. In conclusion, the article offers strategic recommendations for investing in Ukraine's critical infrastructure. The purpose of the study is to identify strategic priorities for the allocation of investment resources for the reconstruction of critical infrastructure, considering the aspects of economic security.

A Study on the Relative Importance of Risks in Public-Private Partnerships : Focusing on the Changwon City

A Study on the Relative Importance of Risks in Public-Private Partnerships : Focusing on the Changwon City

Advancing food safety standards through technology integration and policy development

Food safety is a critical global concern, directly impacting public health, economic stability, and international trade. With the complexity of modern food supply chains and the rising incidence of foodborne illnesses, traditional food safety measures are often insufficient to address the growing risks. This review explores how integrating advanced technologies and developing robust policies can significantly enhance food safety standards. Technological innovations, including the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and automation, offer promising solutions for real-time monitoring, traceability, and predictive analytics in food production and distribution. IoT and sensors enable constant monitoring of environmental conditions like temperature and humidity, while blockchain ensures transparency and traceability across supply chains. AI and machine learning are transforming food safety by predicting contamination risks and optimizing inspection processes, while robotics and automation reduce human error in food processing plants. Alongside technological advancements, policy development plays a crucial role in reinforcing food safety standards. Global harmonization of food safety regulations, stronger enforcement mechanisms, and public-private partnerships are essential for ensuring widespread compliance. Incorporating technology into regulatory frameworks is key to addressing new challenges and maintaining food safety across borders. Governments must also prioritize consumer education and awareness through policies that leverage technology platforms to promote food safety knowledge. Case studies demonstrate the successful application of these technologies in sectors like dairy and meat processing, showcasing the potential for broader industry adoption. However, challenges such as high implementation costs, regulatory lag, and data security concerns remain. This review argues that a synergistic approach combining technological integration with forward-thinking policy development is essential for advancing global food safety standards and safeguarding public health in the future.

Integrating policy incentives and risk management for effective green finance in emerging markets

Integrating policy incentives and risk management is pivotal for driving the growth of green finance in emerging markets. The transition to sustainable finance necessitates an alignment between government policies and financial institutions to mitigate the risks associated with green investments. This abstract explores how policy incentives, such as tax breaks, subsidies, and regulatory frameworks, can encourage financial institutions to channel investments into green projects while addressing market-specific challenges like underdeveloped financial infrastructure and regulatory gaps. In emerging markets, the perceived risks of green investments, such as uncertain returns and regulatory volatility, often deter private sector engagement. However, integrating robust risk management strategies—including diversification, public-private partnerships, and risk-sharing mechanisms—can significantly reduce these risks, thereby enhancing the attractiveness of green finance. Additionally, government-backed incentives can lower capital costs for green projects, enabling financial institutions to provide more favorable lending terms. Regulatory frameworks that standardize green finance criteria and reporting are also critical for fostering transparency and accountability, which in turn build investor confidence. The interplay between policy incentives and risk management is further highlighted through case studies from emerging markets that demonstrate successful implementation of green finance initiatives. These examples illustrate how policy-driven support mechanisms and comprehensive risk management frameworks can unlock significant investment potential in green infrastructure, renewable energy, and sustainable agriculture. By fostering a supportive policy environment and addressing risk factors through innovative financial instruments, emerging markets can enhance green finance flows, promote sustainable development, and contribute to global climate goals. This integrated approach is essential for bridging the financing gap in green projects, ensuring that environmental sustainability is aligned with economic growth and risk mitigation.

Innovative approaches to enhancing logistics for adapting to the evolving demands of manufacturing companies in East Africa through improved lean strategies

This article explores innovative approaches to enhancing logistics for manufacturing companies in East Africa through improved lean strategies. The region faces numerous logistical challenges, including poor infrastructure, political instability, and supply chain disruptions. These issues are critical barriers to the competitiveness and growth of East African manufacturers in a globalized market. By adopting lean strategies such as Just-in-Time (JIT) inventory management, Value Stream Mapping (VSM), and Continuous Improvement (Kaizen), companies can streamline their operations, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction. The article highlights the importance of localizing lean practices to fit the unique context of East Africa, emphasizing the need for a cultural shift towards continuous improvement and innovation. Additionally, it underscores the role of advanced technologies, public-private partnerships, and regional collaborations in optimizing logistics systems. The future of logistics in East Africa is seen as promising, with opportunities arising from the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the potential for technological advancements to reshape the logistics landscape. Ultimately, the article calls for concerted efforts from governments, businesses, and NGOs to invest in infrastructure, foster innovation, and promote sustainable logistics practices. By doing so, East African manufacturers can overcome current challenges and position themselves for long-term success in the global market.

BIG DATA, BUSINESS PROCESSES, AND MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHMS FOR MULTI-OBJECTIVE MANAGERIAL DECISION OPTIMIZATION

The use of Big Data and the engineering of business processes are becoming increasingly important for managing the business of companies and large international corporate groups. For more successful outcomes, even for complex interventions such as those of the PNRR (National Recovery and Resilience Plan), the use of mathematical models to assist management decisions represents a significant lever to optimize time, costs, and planned overall performance. This analytical approach strengthens traditional qualitative techniques like SWOT analysis and finds useful application in the optimal definition of any form of PPP (Public-Private Partnership), such as the recent “Partnership for Innovation” (PPI) included in the new procurement code. The scientific work developed from the systematic analysis of processes proposes a particular multi-objective mathematical model that uses a system of vectors in an m-dimensional reference space.

‘The assisting hand’ or ‘the grabbing hand’: experimental evidence from PPP investments in the implementation of official rotation systems

In the context of uneven and insufficient social development, examining the relationship between the official rotation system and the quality of government services offers an effective guide to addressing government misconduct and reducing wealth disparities. This study employs a public goods game experiment to simulate the investment scenario of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects, focusing on three pivotal questions: Firstly, do the ‘assisting hand’ and the ‘grabbing hand’ of officials differ between developed and underdeveloped regions? Secondly, can the interregional rotation system enhance the ‘assisting hand’ and weaken the ‘grabbing hand’ in both areas? Lastly, can political tournaments more effectively alleviate the issue of ‘government misconduct’? The experimental results reveal: Firstly, low economic growth potential limits the ‘assisting hand’ of officials while fostering the ‘grabbing hand’; secondly, the interregional rotation system strengthens the ‘assisting hand’ in underdeveloped areas but weakens it in developed regions; finally, compared to the interregional rotation system, the tournament system reinforces the ‘assisting hand’ in developed regions. These findings provide micro-level insights into the relationship between official behavior and regional characteristics, and offer significant implications for the reform of governance policies.

Retraction Note: Public–private partnerships for energy transition: studying role of economic change and energy restructuring over the time

Retraction Note: Public–private partnerships for energy transition: studying role of economic change and energy restructuring over the time

A comparative model for financial advisory standardization in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa

The development of a theoretical model for harmonizing local and international product standards for Nigerian exports Financial inclusion remains a significant challenge in Nigeria and across Sub-Saharan Africa, with millions of individuals, particularly in rural areas, lacking access to formal financial systems. Financial advisory services play a critical role in addressing this challenge by helping individuals understand and effectively use financial products such as savings, credit, and investments. However, the lack of standardization in the delivery of these advisory services has hindered their effectiveness, resulting in inconsistent practices and limited reach, especially among the unbanked population. This review proposes a comparative model for the standardization of financial advisory services in Nigeria and other Sub-Saharan African countries. It seeks to examine the current landscape of financial advisory services, comparing Nigeria’s approach with successful models in countries such as Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa. The model emphasizes key components of standardization, including financial literacy programs, digital advisory platforms, and microfinance initiatives, which are critical to reaching underserved communities. By analyzing case studies, such as Kenya’s M-Pesa platform, which has significantly advanced financial inclusion through mobile money and advisory services, the review identifies best practices that can be adapted to Nigeria’s context. The comparative analysis highlights the importance of leveraging technology, particularly mobile platforms, to provide accessible and scalable financial advisory services. It also underscores the need for public-private partnerships, regulatory support, and tailored programs that address the unique socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of Nigeria and other Sub-Saharan countries. While digital infrastructure remains a challenge in rural areas, the success of mobile banking and advisory platforms in countries like Ghana demonstrates that technology can play a transformative role in financial inclusion. Challenges such as cultural resistance, economic disparities, and infrastructure gaps are discussed, emphasizing the need for a flexible yet standardized approach to advisory services. Additionally, the review outlines the critical role of regulatory frameworks in ensuring that financial advisory services are consistent, transparent, and accessible to all segments of the population. The review advocates for a standardized advisory model tailored to Nigeria’s specific needs, drawing lessons from successful models across Sub-Saharan Africa. Such standardization, supported by regulatory reforms and technology integration, has the potential to bridge the financial inclusion gap, empowering individuals and fostering economic growth. The review also calls for regional collaboration in Sub-Saharan Africa to promote knowledge-sharing and create unified strategies for advancing financial inclusion across the continent.

ANALYZING THE DETERMINANTS OF BOND MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

<span>This study examines the key factors influencing the development of Nigeria’s bond market using time series data from 1981 to 2022. While employing quantitative methods, the study identifies a strong long-term relationship between key economic variables and bond market development. Major findings highlight the critical roles of inflation, fiscal deficit, foreign direct investment, and per capita income in shaping market growth. The study provides practical policy recommendations, including measures to boost market liquidity, improve transparency, and promote public-private partnerships for sustainable bond market development. These findings contribute significantly to understanding the dynamics of emerging bond markets and their potential for economic development in Nigeria.</span>

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT: FROM THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOUSING MARKET UNDER THE TERMS OF FINANCIAL LEASING

In the article, a study was conducted on the consideration of the advantages and possibilities of implementing the process of digitalization of the construction sector in the context of strategic management, taking into account the possibilities and need for effective interaction and interconnection of the state and business structures, taking this into account when developing effective mechanisms for its implementation in order to provide the population with housing on terms of financial leasing. The purpose of the article is the development of theoretical approaches and the development of practical recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of strategic management of the construction sector in the context of its digitalization, outlining the relationship with the real estate market, taking into account the prospects of providing the population with housing under the terms of financial leasing. The methodological basis of the article is a number of methods that ensure the reliability of the obtained results and conclusions, in particular, such as: monographic, logical, descriptive-analytical, analysis, synthesis, system approach, theoretical generalization, observation, quantitative and qualitative comparison. The article examines the digitalization of the construction sector of Ukraine in the context of strategic management as a vital necessity to ensure recovery in the post-war and post-war periods, as an important stage in the development of infrastructure and the economy in general. Attention is focused on the importance of developing a program of actions taking into account the implementation of digitization mechanisms, taking into account the interrelationship and dependence of the effective functioning of the economy on the level of development of innovative technologies, regulatory and legal support, the field of education, in particular higher education, and the development of public-private partnerships. The advantages and disadvantages of digitalization of the construction sphere of Ukraine are considered, taking into account the challenges that this sphere faces in modern business conditions. The role of digitization in the housing market under the terms of financial leasing and the main aspects in which digital technologies change this market are determined.

Marketing research as a source of competitive advantage formation

Subject. The article is devoted to the assessment of the impact of marketing research on the results of industrial activity in shipbuilding. Objectives. The aim is to determine the logic of marketing research and assess the degree of influence of obtained results on the effectiveness of strategy implementation and competitiveness of an industrial company. Methods. The research rests on conceptual provisions defining the marketing paradigm of industrial development, which is based on the information component that ensures the improvement of marketing activities. Results. We presented the results of a marketing research (survey), which is based on a questionnaire, using the Likert scale. The sample is deterministic, 400 people were interviewed. The study shows that the lack of marketing competencies among staff (45%), focus on production (55%), marketing costs avoidance (62.5%) are the main reasons for the lack of marketing management. The paper underpins the influence of the conducted research on marketing effectiveness and marketing management efficiency. Conclusions. The marketing paradigm of shipbuilding management confirms our hypothesis about the need for further development of marketing competencies, building a system of public-private partnership, which will contribute to the strategic development of shipbuilding and increase the efficiency of industrial activities.

NAVIGATION IN E-GOVERNMENT: THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE FORMATION OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into electronic government (e-government) systems is revolutionizing public administration by enhancing efficiency and improving service delivery. However, the adoption of AI technologies in this context also raises complex legal challenges, particularly concerning intellectual property (IP) rights. Traditional IP laws, which were developed with human authorship in mind, struggle to accommodate the unique characteristics of AI-generated content. This article examines how AI is reshaping the legal framework for IP protection within e-government systems, highlighting the implications and challenges that arise from this technological shift. The primary aim of this study is to explore the role of AI in the formation of IP law frameworks within e-government, focusing on how current laws address—or fail to address—the challenges of AI-generated content. The methodology includes a comprehensive literature review, analysis of legislative documents, case studies, and a benchmarking analysis to compare approaches across jurisdictions. Additionally, expert interviews provide insights into practical considerations and emerging trends in the field. The results indicate that while some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, are actively adapting their IP laws to address AI's impact, most existing frameworks remain inadequate for protecting AI-generated works. Divergent approaches across countries reveal a lack of international harmonization, which complicates cross-border collaboration and legal enforcement. The analysis also highlights the importance of public-private partnerships and sector-specific IP protections, which can address the unique needs of different e-government applications. From a forward-looking perspective, the study underscores the need for flexible, AI-specific IP protections that promote innovation while safeguarding IP rights. International cooperation will be essential for establishing consistent standards, facilitating global e-government initiatives, and supporting the responsible use of AI in public services. By fostering a balanced and adaptive IP framework, policymakers and stakeholders can help build a resilient digital ecosystem that accommodates future advancements in AI technology.

Public-Private Partnership Model of Correctional Institution: A Comparison Study in Various Countries

Public-Private Partnership Model of Correctional Institution: A Comparison Study in Various Countries

THE ROLE OF REGIONAL RURAL BANKS (RRBs) IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PRATHMA BANK, UTTAR PRADESH

Rural development is a cornerstone of India's socio-economic progress, as a significant portion of the population resides in rural areas where agriculture and small enterprises drive the economy. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), established to bridge the credit gap in these regions, play a crucial role in promoting financial inclusion, enhancing agricultural productivity, and fostering sustainable rural development. This paper examines the multifaceted contributions of RRBs, with a specific focus on Prathma Bank in Uttar Pradesh, which has emerged as a vital institution in the rural banking landscape. The research highlights how Prathma Bank has effectively catered to the financial needs of marginalized farmers, women entrepreneurs, and small business owners through innovative lending products and microfinance initiatives. By promoting self-help groups (SHGs) and providing access to essential financial services, Prathma Bank has empowered rural communities, improved livelihoods, and stimulated local economies. Furthermore, this study analyzes the challenges faced by Prathma Bank, including high levels of non-performing assets (NPAs), limited technological infrastructure, and the need for enhanced financial literacy among rural populations. It underscores the importance of leveraging technology and expanding outreach to ensure sustainable development in rural areas. The findings suggest that while Prathma Bank has made significant strides in promoting rural development, strategic interventions and policy reforms are necessary to address operational challenges and maximize its impact. Recommendations include strengthening risk management frameworks, expanding product offerings, enhancing governance, and fostering public-private partnerships. This paper concludes that RRBs like Prathma Bank are not only pivotal in facilitating access to credit but also play an essential role in the holistic development of rural economies, making them indispensable to India's growth narrative

Enhancing Network Management Practices in East Africa: A Comprehensive Review

Network management is an integral component of the region’s rapid urbanisation, huge population growth, and technological advancements in East Africa. However, the smooth operation of East African networks is hindered by inadequate infrastructure, complex rules, and cyber-security issues. Both conventional and contemporary technologies are included in the regional network architecture, with mobile networks and fibre optic cables predominating. Among the difficulties are issues with spectrum distribution and regulatory discrepancies, and network management methods differ greatly between carriers. Strategies such as Kenya’s National Optic Fibre Backbone Infrastructure and Rwanda’s Smart Kigali programme are successful initiatives that demonstrate effective ways to develop infrastructure and urban management. Particularly inventive models such as Uganda’s Village Phone programme and Kenya’s M-PESA platform create digital inclusion and economic power. Public-private partnerships facilitate infrastructure development and technology adoption. Network management strategies for Eastern Africa could include the development of rural connectivity projects, policy change for regulatory harmonisation, the use of advanced technologies, capacity-building programmes, and cross-border interactions. This review examines the situation of mobile networks, internet connections, and data centres, as well as other telecommunication network infrastructure, focusing on their existing strong points, weaknesses, and possibilities for further enhancement. Analysing systems of regulations: We used all recently published material (2004–2014) from various highly reliable databases. The findings suggest that adequate measures of network management are required to propel economic growth, digital inclusion, and deeper regional cooperation in East Africa. East African nations may utilise several strategies such as infrastructure development, legislative reforms, technology adoption, capacity building, and collaboration to produce reliable and inclusive communication networks, which will contribute to sustainable development. Keywords: Enhancing, Network, Management, Communication, Cybersecurity, Innovation, East Africa

Impact of Public Private Partnership on the Development of Critical Infrastructure in Nigeria during the Fourth Republic

The use of Public Private Partnership (PPP) for the provision of critical infrastructure became imperative in order to reduce cost, absorb risk, improve quality, guarantee effective service delivery and obtain value for money. However, the extent to which the use of PPP in the provision of critical infrastructure in Nigeria during the fourth republic has not been established due to lack of access to necessary data. This is the gap that this study intends to bridge by providing necessary information on the impact of PPP in the development physical infrastructure within the period under review. Therefore, the main objective of the study is to examine the impact of PPP in the development of road, rail and water transportation in Nigeria during the fourth republic. Methodologically, the paper adopts a qualitative approach for the purpose of obtaining the required materials through the contents analysis of documents from the Ministry of Transport, Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE), Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP), National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and National dailies. The findings of the study reveal that the impact of PPP in the development of road, rail and water transportation during the fourth republic in Nigeria have not be quite impressive due to poor maintenance culture, poor funding, lack of accountability and evading due process in contract award .Therefore, the study recommends for the use of cost benefit analysis in ensuring value for money, replacement of obsolete equipment, increase in budgetary provision and compliance with the provisions of Public Procurement Act in contract award.