Public-private Partnership Model Research Articles

A Study on the Dynamic Evolution Paths of Social Risks in PPP Projects of Water Environmental Governance—From the Vulnerability Perspective

The Chinese economy is transitioning from high-speed development to high-quality development, and water environmental governance is a key factor promoting economic transformation. Due to low returns and high investment in China’s water environmental governance, the PPP (public–private-partnership) model is often adopted. However, the PPP model has historically faced challenges adapting to local conditions in China, leading to social risks in the PPP projects of water environmental governance. To reduce these risks, this paper takes a vulnerability perspective, employing the system dynamics simulation method to explore the dynamic evolution process of social risks in the PPP projects of water environmental governance. The main results show the following: (1) the external manifestations of social risks during the construction and operation periods vary significantly, exhibiting notable fluctuations; (2) during the construction period, there is a surge in social risks followed by a returns to lower than normal levels, then a gradual upward trend; during the operation period, social risks initially decrease to a lower level before gradually increasing; and (3) city class, relevant legal systems, and resource reserves emerge as critical factors influencing vulnerability and social risks. The higher the city class, the lower the project vulnerability; the soundness of the legal system for PPP projects can effectively reduce vulnerability and social risks; sufficient resource reserves can reduce social risks. Based on the above findings, this paper proposes several suggestions aiming to reduce the vulnerability and social risks in PPP projects, optimize the process of water environmental governance, and further promote the sustainable development of water environmental governance and the high-quality economy of China.

Why Are PPP Projects Stagnating in China? An Evolutionary Analysis of China’s PPP Policies

The Public–Private Partnership (PPP) model has significantly contributed to global infrastructure and public service provision. The evolution of the PPP model closely aligns with policy directives. China’s PPP policy evolution has included five stages: budding (1986–2000), fluctuating (2001–2008), steady (2009–2012), expanding (2013–2018), and stagnating (2019–present). This study employs bibliometric analysis and co-word analysis to examine 407 policies enacted by the Chinese government from 1986 to 2018. By extracting policy text keywords at various stages and constructing a co-word network matrix, this study delineates the distinctive characteristics of Chinese PPP policies across different epochs. It can be found that critical areas such as “government credit”, “contract spirit”, and “power supervision” are still underappreciated. The challenges confronting China’s PPP model are multifaceted, stemming from policy gaps that have led to substantial project difficulties. Although the government proposed a new mechanism for franchising in 2023, the new mechanism is only for new PPP projects, and the difficulties of existing PPP projects have not been solved. This study advocates for enhancements in project bankability, regulatory clarity, institutional environment improvement, contract spirit defense, and the development of the PPP-REITs model to address these issues.

Chinese organic rice transition spatial econometrics empirical analysis.

Based on the integrated model of Super-SBM model, spatial Durbin model (SDM) and Grey neural network model, this paper analyzes the panel data of various provinces in China from multiple angles and dimensions. It was found that there were significant differences in eco-efficiency between organic rice production and conventional rice production. The response of organic rice to climate change, the spatial distribution of ecological and economic benefits and the impact on carbon emission were analyzed. The results showed that organic rice planting not only had higher economic benefits, but also showed a rising trend of ecological benefits and a positive feedback effect. This finding highlights the importance of organic rice farming in reducing carbon emissions. Organic rice farming effectively reduces greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide and methane, by improving soil management and reducing the use of fertilizers and pesticides. This has important implications for mitigating climate change and promoting soil health and biodiversity. With the acceleration of urbanization, the increase of organic rice planting area shows the trend of organic rice gradually replacing traditional rice cultivation, further highlighting the potential of organic agriculture in emission reduction, environmental protection and sustainable agricultural production. To this end, it is recommended that the Government implement a diversified support strategy to encourage technological innovation, provide guidance and training, and raise public awareness and demand for organic products. At the same time, private sector participation is stimulated to support the development of organic rice cultivation through a public-private partnership model. Through these measures, further promote organic rice cultivation, achieve the dual goals of economic benefits and environmental benefits, and effectively promote the realization of double carbon emission reduction targets.

Status and Development of Agricultural Public-Private Partnership Program Implementation in China

<p>As the initiator of the Belt and Road Initiative, the Chinese Government’s goal in agriculture is to promote the sustainable development of agriculture throughout China and the world. One of the feasible ways to realize this goal is to adopt the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model. This study aims to analyze the current status of agricultural PPP projects in China and their impacts. This study utilized the Ministry of Finance database to collect 2014 to 2022 data on agricultural PPP projects in China. The collected data were organized and analyzed to analyze the current situation and return mechanism of Chinese agricultural PPP projects. The results show that China’s agricultural PPP projects are less attractive than other sectors, government and social-private sector cooperation is less sustainable, and laws and regulations and risk assessment are not well developed. Therefore, this study proposes to promote the development of agricultural PPP projects by standardizing the law, improving the return mechanism, and strengthening the risk assessment. Thus, it further promotes the sustainable development of agriculture and plays a certain positive role.</p>

Critical Success Factors for the Implementation of Public-Private Partnerships in Zimbabwe's State Universities

A weakness of the extant Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) literature to date has been its normative approach to the subject, creating in effect, a 'one size fits all view' of the preconditions or Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for the implementation of PPPs yet they vary with the context and sector. This study challenges the existing prominent CSFs model for the implementation of PPP which it perceives to be broader and biased towards economic infrastructure in rich industrial nations and excludes the realities of post-colonial third world countries. The research developed a refined sector-specific Educational Infrastructure Critical Success Factor Model (EICSFM) that will inform effective implementation of educational infrastructure PPPs in Zimbabwe state universities. Validated suggestions from research participants were compared to the existing model used to guide this study and results showed that some of the suggested CSFs for PPPs in Zimbabwe state universities tallies with this extant widely accepted CSFs model for PPPs, whereas some differ. The new suggested emerging sector-specific CSFs for effective implementation of PPPs in state universities include; the need for state universities to have absolute autonomy, the establishment of institutional PPP Committees, state universities to be creative and aggressive, vibrant leadership at state universities, universities to have good business orientation, the establishment of innovative PPPs models for educational infrastructure projects (social infrastructure projects), the creation of project bankability and attractiveness to investors, the need for political will and creation of trust. Comparing such suggestions to the extant CSFs model, the study concluded that even though some these preconditions for successful implementation of PPPs may be similar to some of the existing ones, their application is not similar but context-based. The study thus recommends governments avoid a ‘one size fits all’ perception and approach, but rather encompass sector-specific considerations when adopting and implementing PPPs as an alternative funding option for infrastructure development.

A comparative analysis of public-private partnership models in the field of higher education

Subject. This article discusses the issues of cooperation between higher educational institutions and enterprises of the real sector of the economy in Russia and foreign countries. Objectives. The article aims to identify institutional opportunities and constraints for the formation and implementation of projects based on the public-private partnership principles in the field of higher education in Russia. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of institutional, comparative, and content analyses. Results. The article highlights the main tasks related to the development of the system of public-private partnership in the field of higher education. Relevance. The results of the study can be taken into account when developing mechanisms for the implementation of State policy in the field of higher education.

International promotion of Japanese aging-related health services and products: Perspective of an international agency.

Asia is at a critical juncture of health development. The population is aging and shrinking. At the same time, the economy is developing rapidly. These two factors, which necessitate a new paradigm of health development: departing from dependence on Official Development Assistance (ODA) and transitioning towards a model with more involvement of industries (private sector), academia, and health care providers, the so-called public-private partnership (PPP) model. The Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) is studying the potential for broader application of the new concept for collaboration between Asian countries and Japan. In this article, the authors attempt to introduce the complete picture of a new health ecosystem advocated by Japan. We first look at the impacts of population aging and shrinking, followed by introducing two new approaches; regional and country-specific, with the involvement of ERIA. Then, the outcomes of the projects and Japanese technology, services and products relevant to the older population are introduced. Finally, based on the various projects and products, we focus more closely on the new health development model, the PPP model. We start from the theory and move to examine a tool for implementation, which is the formulation of a dialogue forum named the MEX (Medical Excellence X, where X can be substituted by the acronym of any participating country) project. The experience of these projects and case studies will benefit all ASEAN member countries and beyond. ERIA finds that the facilitation works of the Institute catalyze the progress. ERIA will remain committed to helping the endeavors initiated by Japan for the benefit of all.

Exploring the Critical Risk Factors of Public–Private Partnership City Hospital Projects in Turkey

Governments face challenges in delivering essential public services due to their limited funds. This has led to an increasing reliance on the Public–Private Partnership (PPP) model, an alternative financing model involving a long-term collaboration between the private and public sectors to provide public services. Turkey, as a developing country facing financial limitations, has embraced the PPP model to address urgent public needs. Over the past decade, the Turkish Government has extensively utilized the PPP model, particularly in executing city hospital projects. However, investors have faced challenges in project execution due to various risk factors. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to explore the critical risk factors associated with PPP city hospital projects in Turkey. In this context, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify potential risks related to PPP city hospital projects. A questionnaire survey was implemented to assess the probability of occurrence and the severity of the impact of these risk factors. The collected data underwent analysis to determine the priority of these risk factors. The findings revealed that the top five most critical risk factors in PPP city hospital projects in Turkey are “foreign exchange rate fluctuations”, “inflation rate volatility”, “high finance costs”, “fiscal issues”, and “economic crises”. Conversely, “unavailability of equipment” was identified as the least significant risk factor. The insights gained from this research can offer valuable guidance for prospective investors interested in participating in PPP city hospital projects in Turkey and other developing countries with similar conditions.

Public-private partnership effect on the company technology innovation-empirical and theory: evidence from China

ABSTRACT As China’s economy enters the ‘new normal’ operational stage, the widespread adoption of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model has engendered substantial transformations in infrastructure investment and financing practices, progressively moving towards standardization. This study employs indicators such as Research and Development (R&D) investments and the number of patents held by publicly listed companies to assess their innovation performance. Employing a Differences-in-Differences (DID) empirical methodology, and utilizing the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) trend-matching technique to establish experimental and control groups, we empirically investigate whether participation in PPP projects exerts an influence on the innovation investments of listed companies and whether it results in a detrimental crowding-out effect. The empirical findings of our analysis demonstrate that engagement in PPP projects leads to a reduction in the innovation investments made by listed companies, thereby exerting a significant impact. Additionally, the magnitude of the crowding-out effect on innovation is positively correlated with the number of PPP projects, though the effect is not particularly pronounced or statistically significant. This study further conducts an in-depth comparative analysis of the innovation levels observed within state-owned enterprises and private firms. It subsequently proposes targeted solutions aimed at enhancing the innovation capacities of both state-owned and private enterprises.

Public–Private Partnership (PPP) in Road Infrastructure Projects: A Review of Evolution, Approaches, and Prospects

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are a widely used procurement method for constructing, maintaining, and operating roads, constituting an alternative to the traditional public works model (TPW). This is because the efficiency of the PPP model has been highlighted over the TPW model. This study carried out a bibliometric analysis of 734 public articles from Scopus on PPPs in road infrastructure projects between 1993 and 2022. The results allow us to identify the general characteristics of the research; the most relevant articles; the most productive journals; and the most prolific authors, institutions, and countries and their main international cooperation networks, as well as to detect the main current research topics, which are: financial management, costs and pricing systems, privatization of transport infrastructure services, and sustainability. Consequently, this study provides a comprehensive overview of research on PPPs in road infrastructure projects over the last 30 years. This can reinforce and complement previous bibliometric analyses on PPPs in road infrastructure projects.

Funding of Special Education in a Depressed Economy: Sociological Perspective

Funding is very critical for the sustainability of special education. Funding aids in the realization of special educational objectives. Funding of special education is affected under depressed economy. This paper looked at the concept of funding, concept of depressed economics and the concept of alternatives sources. This paper also discussed various alternatives sources of funding options available for special education in a depressed economy. Relying on secondary data that were collected from print and online publications, the paper identified public private partnerships (PPPs), non-governmental organisations (NGOs), international development agencies, community partnership, donations from individuals and charitable organisations, endowment funds, old boy association partnership as some of the alternatives sources of funding available for funding of special education in a depressed economy. Based on this, the paper recommended that special education managers should embrace public private partnerships (PPPs) model, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) strategy, international development agencies strategy, community partnership strategy, donations from individuals and charitable organisations strategy, endowment funds strategy and old boy association partnership strategy to raise more fund to administer the special education institutions in the economy depressed era.

Public-Private Partnership for Treatment of Congenital Heart Diseases: Experiences From an Indian State.

Background: Treatment of congenital heart disease (CHD), being the most common congenital anomaly, puts immense financial burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and contributes significantly to infant mortality. We report experiences of treatment of CHD in the Indian state of West Bengal by a public-private partnership (PPP) model. Methods: Under the Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram, the government of the state of West Bengal in India launched a program called the "Sishu Sathi Scheme" to provide free treatment to children who need heart surgeries, irrespective of economic status. Treatment was provided in selected private hospitals and some public hospitals in a reimbursement model where government compensated the hospitals. Data were collected on such procedures from 2013 to 2022 and analyzed. Results: A total of 27,844 patients with CHD received treatment under the Sishu Sathi Scheme from August 2013 to December 2022. The average number of patients per year was 3,093. Detailed data of procedures from January 2016 to December 2022 showed a total of 22,572 procedures (6,249 device interventions, 4,840 cardiac catheterizations, and 11,483 surgical interventions). The in-hospital mortality of surgical procedures and catheterization lab procedures were 5.2% and 0.9%, respectively. Conclusions: A large number of patients with CHD were successfully treated under a PPP in the state of West Bengal in India. In spite of its inherent challenges, this model is of special relevance in LMICs where access and affordability for treatment of CHD always remain a challenge.

Legal view on the concept of optimum models of public-private partnership in the security sector of Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of public-private partnership in the security sector of Ukraine. It was established that public-private partnership is the highest form of interaction (cooperation) between the state and society, characterized by the involvement and exchange of resources provided by the non- state sector in order to increase innovation and efficiency in the public sector, as well as the development of certain areas.
 Attention is drawn to the fact that despite the fact that the Law of Ukraine «On Public-Private Partnership» does not single out the security sector as an area where interaction between the state and society is possible, the analysis of current legislation in the defense sphere and daily practice shows that the security sector is also sphere of implementation of public-private partnership. It is specified that a) the security of the state is a good that is necessary for the proper and full functioning of society; b) the sphere of state security contributes to the provision of public interest, which determines the need for proper interaction of the private and public sectors; c) the field of security, within which the public-private partnership is implemented, includes cyber security, public safety, protection of critical infrastructure facilities, border security and territorial integrity of Ukraine, etc.
 It is established that the study of public-private partnership models is impossible without taking into account the experience of the United States of America (Anglo-American legal system) and the European Union (Romano-Germanic legal system). It was concluded that the most optimal models of public-private partnership in the security sector for Ukraine are 1) implementation of priority projects in the field of infrastructure of local and state importance through the tender procedure (practice of the United States of America); 2) attraction of state assets by private companies, which makes it possible to implement many joint projects in the field of security (practice of the European Union); 3) contract for management and operation (of the European Union); 4) concession agreement.

Collaboration in a Partnership for Primary Health Care: A Case Study From Papua New Guinea.

In low- and middle-income countries, public-private partnerships (PPPs) are often used to support the delivery of primary health care (PHC). We explore the processes of collaboration in a corporate social responsibility investment in PHC that was delivered through a PPP model in Western Province, Papua New Guinea, in 2009-2018 to strengthen PHC services. Qualitative interviews were conducted with stakeholders in the PPP (N=20). Key program documents were also reviewed. Data were coded using a general inductive approach, and Actor-Network Theory (ANT) was used to frame the analysis. Four dominant themes emerged: (1) interpersonal relationships accelerate collaboration, (2) collaboration requires time, (3) formal governance structures encourage collaboration, and (4) internal change disrupts collaboration. The research provides insight into the role of collaboration for more efficient, effective, and impactful design and implementation of PPP for PHC. It makes suggestions for how ANT may be used when designing PPPs and for the ongoing management of relationships between partners. We found ANT to be a useful framework to conceptualize the complex dynamics between the "actors" within the PPP and to identify opportunities for improvement where structural changes may be made to circumvent issues that may compromise effective collaboration. Collaboration is key to the success of PPPs for PHC. We found collaboration is not formulaic but is driven by actors, relationships, time, and governance. ANT can assist in designing, understanding, and managing the complex relationships between stakeholders of a PPP, who often come with diverse agendas, experiences, values, and perspectives.

Bridging the gap? Evaluating the effectiveness of Punjab's public–private partnership programmes in education

The study examines the effectiveness of Punjab's Public Private Partnership (PPP) programmes in Education in improving value-added math, English and Urdu test scores for grade four pupils. The use of an instrumental variable (IV) approach was possible to assess the impact of PPP schooling on student achievement for two (out of four) PPP programmes. Using the IV approach, the study finds that of the various PPP models being implemented in Punjab, only the private school subsidy programme has a positive, statistically significant association with math student achievement, with students scoring 0.5 standard deviations higher than public school students. However, an Oster (2019) bias adjustment procedure suggests the magnitude of the effect may be overstated. This study finds no evidence that PPP schools are more effective than public schools at improving learning outcomes for socio-economically disadvantaged students.

Planning a Risk Management System for PPP projects to Increase the Competitiveness of Business Structures

This article addresses the critical need for effective public-private partnership (further - PPP) models amidst economic, social, and political challenges in Kazakhstan. The results of the study are aimed at improving the identification of risks for making informed decisions. It delves into scientific achievements relevant to assessing business activity and nurturing entrepreneurial culture. Employing comparative analysis, the research examines domestic PPP practices, drawing insights from statistical data. The findings emphasize PPP's role in ensuring national economic competitiveness, with legislative improvements positively impacting growth. The analysis of foreign practices critically examines the evolution of public-private partnership (PPP) development in Kazakhstan by juxtaposing it with the experiences of leading nations. The United Kingdom has demonstrated successful partnership models based on transparency, clear terms, and mutually beneficial relationships, serving as an example for Kazakhstan in enhancing collaboration between the public and private sectors. The SWOT analysis identifies inefficiencies, stressing the importance of transparent project teams and systematic risk management. Sectoral insights highlight a decline in private sector involvement, emphasizing the need for regulatory improvements and risk reduction in PPP implementations. The study emphasizes PPP's indispensable role in Kazakhstan's socio-economic development, advocating for continuous reforms and advanced risk management. The proposed PPP project management algorithm aims to foster efficiency, address challenges, and stimulate economic activity, paving the way for sustainable infrastructure development.

Public-private partnership as an institution contributing to the integration of the economy of the Donetsk People's Republic into the economy of the Russian Federation: methodological aspect

Subject. With the entry of the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) into the Russian Federation, it has become highly important to study the mechanisms of interaction and interpenetration of the two economies contributing to the formation of a single state. To implement this task, it is of paramount importance to adjust institutions, including the institution of public-private partnership (PPP). Objectives. To study the system of relations of public-private partnership and to find a model of public-private partnership which will fit the current state of the production forces in the DPR and contribute to the corresponding integration process. Methodology. The core principles of economic theory that address issues related to public-private partnership, the development of PPP relations, its forms, and models serve as the theoretical and methodological foundation of this study. The study is based on the dialectical method, which made it possible to identify inconsistencies within the public-private partnership system and suggest solutions to resolve them. This will ensure the integration of the DPR economy into the economy of the Russian Federation. The results of the study were substantiated by means of the retrospective analysis of the practice of public-private partnership relations in the Russian Federation, the DPR, and in foreign countries. Such analysis allowed validating the most effective mechanisms and models of PPP appropriate for the current circumstances in the DPR and the Russian Federation, encompassing the context of the special military operation. Results and discussion. As a result of the study, it was concluded that there are different methodological approaches to defining PPP. Scientists and practitioners tend to use a pragmatic approach and characterise PPP in the context of specific projects, which allows them to implement its specific models and mechanisms. On the other hand, a lack of thorough analysis of socio-economic relations within PPPs makes it difficult to search for an effective model of relations between the state and business. Therefore, the authors studied the subject within a socio-economic approach. This made it possible to develop a concept of public-private partnership relations which will fit the current circumstances, challenges, and threats (in which the economy of the DPR is functioning) and contribute to the integration of the economy of the DPR into the economy of the Russian Federation.

Світовий досвід державно-приватного партнерства для фінансування соціального житла

In the current socio-economic environment, the issue of providing vulnerable population with affordable and accessible housing has become acute, requiring the public authorities to invest heavily in this area. This problem is relevant not only for Ukraine, where many residential buildings were destroyed as a result of military aggression, but also in other European countries, as quarantine restrictions have caused significant damage to their economies. Another reason for the growing demand for social housing is urbanization, migration, and growing social inequality. The solution to this problem is complicated by the fact that the growing demand for social housing increases the necessary costs for territorial communities, which they cannot always fully cover with budget revenues. On the other hand, private investors need a return on their investments, so they cannot finance social housing projects on their own. As a result, the public-private partnership model has become one of the ways to finance social housing. The purpose of the article is to analyze various public-private partnership mechanisms to provide financing for the construction and allocation of social housing. Since 1980s, public private partnership (PPP) is gaining global popularity as a viable alternative to public funding for building and financing infrastructure projects. PPP is a means to effectively deliver projects in the public sector because it emerges against the backdrop of financial constraints and management capacity in the public sector to support largescale infrastructure projects. PPP not merely means a way to accomplish financial problems by bringing private capital, but it also aims to bring private sector efficiency and best practices in delivering infrastructure. Although, focus of the current debates is primarily on economic infrastructure, but investment on social infrastructure has received surprisingly little attention and it is predicted to continue growing. Governments have a central role in policies and regulations to provide a transparent and fair 'investment field', as well as providing payments to private parties. In investing, the private sector actually requires stability, predictability and a framework that supports their investment in social infrastructure. Meanwhile, the private sector has a role to provide expertise in building social infrastructure efficiently and has added value in innovation. It is recommended to implement a modified PPP model in Ukraine to include international public and private partners as financial donors to compensate for lack of the national budget resources at the moment.

Reviewing Airport Privatization: An Experience of India

This study has reviewed the airport privatization scenario in the Indian context. It has examined the circumstances of airport infrastructure under the Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) model. The Government of India (GoI) is justifying the development of airports through PPP mode due to their necessity to provide standard services and efficiency of the projects. However, the deficiency in investments and viability gap are being levy in the form of development. It has synthesized several works of literature. It looks at the historical changes and the ways that evidenced the changes. It has reviewed the developing scenario of airport PPP in India. During the 1990s economic liberation, the activities of PPPs emerged in the airport and aviation of India. India has 24 years history of airport PPPs. This study aims to provide a review of airport PPP experience in India. PPPs in the Indian airport industry are examined in sound regulation. The Government of India has adopted PPP schemes instead of going into full privatization of airports. Since the 2000s, PPP models have been adopted in the development of new airports and the reformation of operational and nonoperational airports. In the year 2006, Indira Gandhi International Airport, (IGIA) in Delhi, and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA) in Mumbai were partially privatized. After the successful implication of PPPs, in the airport infrastructure the numbers are growing. In the year 2020, six airports were privatized through the PPP model by Adani Enterprises. To date, there are 21 airports in the pipeline of privatization.

The Success of Public Private Partnerships with Transparency and Accountability Principles

Harsh debates on the restructuring of public administration and the failures of states have continued for decades, Public Private Partnership (PPP) suggests a different function to the state as an application of the "New Public Management" approach, for solving some of these debates. Although PPP can be briefly defined as the provision of public services by the private sector, its complex relationship structure and risks behind this definition do likely make the model unsuccessful. In pursuit of the best model, international organizations and mechanisms, including the OECD, the UN, and the European Commission, have attempted to apply some models of successful examples, procedures, and laws. Some studies learning from faulty designs and experiences have focused on what should not be. As a result, the critical success factors seem to be the most proper tool to improve the PPP method. This study focuses on providing support information for countries trying to design and develop a PPP model. Afterward, it deals with the performance-measured PPP applications in the world in the context of transparency and accountability and reveals the significance of the principles of transparency and accountability in the success of the PPP model.