Public-private Partnership Model Research Articles

Does forestry public-private partnership promote the development of China’s forestry economy?

In 2016, China began to introduce the public-private partnership (PPP) model in forestry to explore the promotion and modern development of the nation’s forestry industry. Based on the New Governance Theory, this study explores whether PPP, as an essential investment and financing model, can impact China’s forestry economy. Based on provincial-level panel data from 2011 to 2020 in China, this study examines the effects of PPP on China’s forestry economy using the difference-in-differences (DID) model. This study tests the robustness of the effects using a multi-stage propensity score matching-DID model and explores the mechanism of the effect. The relevant results are threefold. 1) PPP in forestry can significantly enhance China’s forestry economy. 2) PPP in forestry can enhance the forestry economy through industrial structure and technological innovation effects. 3) Although forestry PPP has effectively promoted economic growth in forestry, the initial implementation process will have a negative ecological impact. This study provides a scientific basis for promoting forestry PPP and improving China’s forestry economy’s high-quality and sustainable development.

Turning black to green: Circular economy of industrial carbon emissions

Industrial carbon emissions represent both a problem and an opportunity. As part of carbon capture and utilization (CCU) strategies, they can be used as raw materials to produce value-added products. Depending on the final product, the CCU approach could delay, reduce, or completely eliminate carbon emissions to the atmosphere. Although technically feasible, the barriers to commercial sustainability of such low-carbon or net-zero circular economy models are not sufficiently explored in the literature. To bridge this gap to a certain extent, I will discuss five key areas where circular economy-based CCU ecosystems producing net-zero synthetic fuels face challenges: supply-chain security, value-chain innovation, stakeholder cooperation, supply–demand market dynamics, and policy and regulation. To overcome some of these challenges, I will share opinions on how collaboration between government, private investors, and industries could help in developing relevant policies to close cost gaps in the short- and medium-term. Finally, I will explain how public–private partnership models could be used to pool resources, share risks, and how regulatory de-risking could be used to promote alignment between regulation and private investor for circular economy-based CCU projects for producing net-zero methanol.

Public-private partnership models for rehabilitation service delivery: A scoping review.

Public-private partnership (PPP) for the delivery of health services is known to improve access to healthcare, yet little is known about its utilisation for rehabilitation services, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As a first step to generating evidence to develop a PPP model for physiotherapy service delivery in South Africa, our study mapped and described available research evidence on PPP models for rehabilitation services in the global literature. The Arksey and O'Malley framework guided our scoping review. Published research on rehabilitation and PPP was searched in five databases from 2000 to August 2022 using keywords, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Boolean terms. Two reviewers independently completed the titles, abstracts and full-text screening of the articles and data extraction from the included articles. A narrative synthesis was conducted, and summaries of the findings are reported. Nine articles were included from a total of 137 obtained from the evidence searches. Of these, five were from Australia and the others from Hong Kong, Denmark, Bangladesh and the Netherlands. All the included articles showed evidence of PPP models for physiotherapy service delivery. Our study suggests that PPP models for physiotherapy service delivery exist, particularly in high-income countries (HICs). It also highlights limited research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). There is a need for primary studies to generate further evidence and develop innovative PPP models for rehabilitation services for the populations who need them most as part of efforts towards improving access to healthcare in LMICs.

Public-Private Partnership For Food Security in India Through PM-Poshan Scheme

Food, water and shelter are the elementary prerequisite for human survival and their well-being. Food provides the necessary nutrients to fuel the body’s functions; access to adequate quantity of safe and nutritious food is a fundamental human right. However, India still faces challenges in ensuring food security for all its citizens leading to malnutrition, dehydration, and various health issues. Food security in India is a crucial issue that affects millions of people, particularly those living in poverty. The Government has implemented various measures to address this issue, including enactment of the National Food Security Act 2013. Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (PM-Poshan) earlier known as Mid-Day Meal Scheme is a great measure to tackle the problem of malnutrition among children. The program is based on a multi-sectoral approach involving the health, nutrition and sanitation sectors through community-based monitoring and behaviour change communication. The Government has allocated significant funds for the program and has also partnered with various stakeholders through public-private partnership model (PPPs). Still, there are significant gaps and loopholes in the implementation of these policies. This article brings out the intermediatory role of Akshaya Patra under the PPP Model to overcome the emerging challenges towards the implementation of this scheme.

MODERN MODELS OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN THE FIELD OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

The relevance of the article is determined by the need to study models of public-private partnership that are successfully implemented in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries to take into account their positive aspects in establishing cooperation between vocational (vocational-technical) education institutions with state and non-state partnership entities in Ukraine.
 Objective: based on the research results, to identify modern models of public-private partnership in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries, to find out their peculiarities and positive aspects for use in establishing cooperation between similar partnership entities in Ukraine.
 Methods: studying legislative, regulatory documents, empirical data - to determine models of public-private partnership in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries; analysis and synthesis, generalization of views on the investigated problem - to clarify the peculiarities of public-private partnership models in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries; drawing conclusions.
 Results: based on the analysis of legislative, regulatory documents, and empirical data, modern models of public-private partnership in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries have been identified, their peculiarities and positive aspects for use in establishing state-private partnership in the field of vocational (vocational-technical) education in Ukraine have been clarified.
 Conclusions: modern models of public-private partnership in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries have been identified: social-normative, focused on ensuring the quality of vocational education and training; resource-oriented, characterized by the presence of an investment climate, verified databases, contractual relations; institutional-communicative, focused on the development of interaction of educational service providers in the field of vocational education and training with the labor market to improve knowledge, skills, competences, qualifications. It was found that there is high activity in the implementation of public-private partnership projects in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries, which allows government authorities to invest in infrastructure development, support fundamental research, improve educational programs, etc., and businesses - to achieve their own goals in terms of increasing profitability, growth of charter capital value.

Study of major solar energy mini-grid initiatives in Zambia

Solar mini-grids hold the promise of providing sustainable electricity to the 600 million people without access to electricity mostly across rural Africa. However, solar mini-grids are in their infancy and face a number of sustainability challenges. This paper provides a critical study of the financial, technical, environmental, and social sustainability of five major solar mini-grids in Zambia, viz., 48 kW Magodi mini-grid in Lundazi, 52 kW Katamanda mini-grid in Chipangali, 28 kW Chitandika mini-grid in Chipangali, 24 kW Muhanya mini-grid in Sinda (all in the Eastern Province of Zambia) and 32 kW Chibwika mini-grid in Mwinilunga in the North Western Province of Zambia.None of the five solar mini-grids is fully sustainable financially and technically. Economic tariffs that can sustain both capital and operational expense are mostly unaffordable to rural people due to their low-income levels. Challenges of lack of technical support, poor operations, and maintenance are also major causes of unsustainability. All solar mini-grids are running on an ad-hoc and/or pilot basis without a well-thought-out plan of operations and business model. The specific challenges facing the Zambian mini-grids include (i) incorrect sizing of the mini-grids during the planning stage, (ii) use of substandard components and/or lack of technical support, (iii) inefficient operation of the mini-grid by a government agency or the community without adequate technical support, (iv) wastage of subsidies being provided to the private sector without aligning it with diverse interests and expectations, and (v) ad-hoc and inappropriately structured tariff plans.For both technical and financial efficiency, the involvement of the private sector is cardinal. A well-thought-out public-private partnership model for the construction, operation, and maintenance of solar mini-grids is needed. In place of an up-front subsidy as being given currently, smart subsidies which should align the interests and expectations of the government, the private sector, and the clients should be developed.

Evaluating Collaborative Public–Private Partnerships

Problem, research strategy, and findings Public–private partnership models designed to facilitate greater collaboration have become increasingly popular. Scholarship on these partnerships has shown that they rely less on contracts and more on trust between partners, engage private partners early to allow for participation in project visioning, and prioritize shared decision making. However, there is a need to further define collaborative partnerships and distinguish them from more conventional models. In addition, research into the impacts of collaborative partnerships within planning processes is limited, and additional insights into their administrative structures, management, and internal dynamics is needed. I respond to these gaps by analyzing the collaborative co-creation public–private partnership formed to plan a smart city in the Quayside district of Toronto (Canada). Drawing on interviews (N = 35), participant observation, and document analysis, I found that those qualities of the Quayside partnership typical of collaborative partnership models reduced governmental oversight, facilitated conflicts of interest, and afforded the private partner substantial power. The challenges precipitated by the partnership structure were amplified through its application in a smart city context, where the private partner was a technology corporation with expansive resources and ambitions. Based on these findings, I argue that collaborative partnerships pose significant risks of privatizing planning processes and that these risks are heightened when asymmetries between partners are particularly stark. Takeaway for practice Planners should not allow a desire for greater collaboration to overshadow the necessity of divisions between public and private roles, because tension between the two is vital to partnership success. If seeking deeper collaboration, planners should ensure that responsibilities are clearly detailed in contracts to avoid ambiguities or conflicts of interest. This is especially important in projects where power differentials between partners are too significant to rely solely on trust instead of contracts.

Cost Benefit Analysis of Public Construction Projects under PPP Operation Mode

<p>The public-private partnership (PPP) model that the state vigorously promotes is becoming a focus of stabilizing growth and adjusting structure. However, the application of the PPP model in public construction projects in China is still in its infancy. When the government makes project decisions, how to clarify the project risks, requirements and opportunities undertaken by all participants and weigh the external benefits brought by the PPP model has become an urgent problem to be solved to promote the reform of public service projects in China. Starting from practice, this paper reviews the relationship between school infrastructure investment and student performance involved in new school projects and the pros and cons of introducing the PPP model in the education field under the PPP framework. By comparing new PPP schools and non-PPP new schools in Victoria, Australia, the case is analyzed in multiple dimensions, it is concluded that there are indeed differences in operating expenditure and education performance between PPP schools and non –PPP schools. PPP schools have higher operating expenses than non-PPP schools and their educational achievements are also more prominent. The cumulative curve shows that the PoF of PPP school project operating expenditure is 48.37%, slightly higher than 48.05% of non-PPP school project. According to conclusion of this case data statistics, the introduction of the PPP model is explained to increase school infrastructure investment and promote better educational outcomes to a certain extent. School projects under the PPP framework can promote good educational achievements and provide theoretical support and countermeasures.</p>

Cross-country analysis of the institutional support for public-private partnership

Subject. We consider the development of the public-private partnership system in Russia and foreign countries. Objectives. The purpose is to review effective models of public-private partnership that are widespread abroad, to assess the prospects for their implementation in Russia. Methods. The study employs methods of institutional and statistical analysis. Results. The study unveils a reference group of countries (Canada, France, Japan, the Republic of Korea), where successful institutional development of public-private partnership requires detailed study; formulates proposals to support public-private partnership in Russia at the national and regional levels. Conclusions. Success in the interaction of the public and commercial sectors in Russia depends on the development of by-laws for individual industries, in which projects are implemented on the basis of public-private partnership.

Data Compliance Dilemma and Optimization Path for Public-Private Partnership Model in Digital Governance

The problems of digital governance public-private partnership under the pressure of data compliance supervision and law enforcement have accelerated in terms of the collaborative relationship of subjects, risk-benefit distribution model, official planning and execution effectiveness and governance capacity. Moreover, the characteristics of data and compliance requirements have formed a new two-way risk transmission phenomenon in digital governance cooperation, and the means of risk avoidance through contracts are gradually failing. Against the background of relatively unsound development norms, defective cooperation models and insufficient supply of governance capacity, three major development dilemmas of tripartite game, model imbalance and insufficient effectiveness have been formed. The imbalance of benefits, risks and responsibilities will shackle the development momentum of public-private partnerships. The supervision, collaboration and development of public-private partnership in digital governance, on the one hand, need efficient top-level design, integrated planning and implementation measures. On the other hand, there is a need to clarify the boundaries of authority and responsibility of subjects, and to regulate their behavior in order to adapt to the dynamic legislative and regulatory environment of digital security. In order to solve this dilemma, we need to propose strategies to strengthen coordination, improve rules, innovate systems, regulate internally and externally, optimize the model, and take into account incentives from the legislative, judicial and compliance levels.

Principal Risks Associated with Public-Private Partnership Projects in Uganda

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have been adopted globally to reduce funding gaps amidst an increasing need for public infrastructure. However, they are prone to several risks. Little attention has been paid to this crucial phenomenon in Uganda, despite the rising interest in the use of the PPP model. Through a questionnaire survey with PPP experts in Uganda, 34 principal risks were identified of which the top 10 are construction completion, government corruption, construction cost overrun, land acquisition, delay in project approval and permits, high financing cost, operation cost overrun, inadequate tender competition, procurement risk, and inability to service debt risk. Most of these were found to arise from inadequate experience in PPPs, the complexity of the PPP model, high levels of corruption and the immature domestic financial market. The knowledge of these risks can guide PPP contract negotiations and potential investors in their investment decisions, especially the objective assessment of PPP projects.

Development of Waqf Objects through Public Private Partnership (PPP) as a Means of Infrastructure Development for the Public Interest

Waqf as an amaliyah service should be an instrument to improve the welfare of the wider community. Various waqf cases in the Religious Courts can be a reflection for the future so that the objects that have been pledged can be fit for their intended purpose. With a public private partnership (PPP) scheme, existing waqf objects will be more optimally developed. To follow up on efforts to develop waqf objects, research was carried out using a type of normative legal research that relies on related principles and norms. The legal materials used are primary legal materials in the form of decisions and statutory regulations related to waqf and PPP. Meanwhile, the secondary legal materials used are journals and books on waqf law, PPP, and land acquisition for development in the public interest. The results of the research found that so far efforts to develop waqf objects are still very minimal, on the other hand, there are also government provisions through Law 2/2012 PTBPUKU which require citizens to surrender their land rights if they are affected by construction for the public interest. This provision is in line with Law 41/2004 concerning Waqf which requires that waqf objects can be used for public purposes as long as they obtain permission from the Minister through the waqf body. Apart from that, in the context of development for the public interest and development of waqf objects, the government often uses the PPP model to financially optimize waqf objects. The most ideal scheme to use in increasing waqf objects can be carried out in the form of PPP in the form of BOT, BOOT or ROOT. Its use and designation are adjusted to the permits and designation of the waqf pledge as stated in statutory regulations and sharia principles.

Development of medicines for rare diseases and inborn errors of metabolism: Toward novel public-private partnerships.

Medicine development for rare diseases, including inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) is challenging. Many academic innovations fail to reach the patient, either by stranding in the translational stage or due to suboptimal patient access related to pricing or uncertain effectiveness. Expanding and solidifying the role of the academic in public-private partnerships (PPPs) may present an innovative solution to help overcome these complexities. This narrative review explores the literature on traditional and novel collaborative approaches to medicine development for rare diseases and analyzes examples of PPPs, with a specific focus on IEMs. Several academic institutions have introduced guidelines for socially responsible licensing of innovations for private development. The PPP model offers a more integrative approach toward academic involvement of medicine development. By sharing risks and rewards, failures in the translational stage can be mutually absorbed. If socially responsible terms are not included, however, high pricing can impede patient access. Therefore, we propose a framework for socially responsible PPPs aimed at medicine development for metabolic disorders. This socially responsible PPP framework could stimulate successful and accessible medicine development for IEMs as well as other rare diseases if the establishment of such collaborations includes terms securing joint data ownership and evidence generation, fast access, and socially responsible pricing.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Public Private Partnership (PPP) Models in China: A Comparative Study

This conceptual research study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Public Private Partnership (PPP) models in China through a comparative analysis of case studies. PPPs have gained prominence in China as a means of infrastructure development and service delivery, and this research seeks to assess the performance and outcomes of different PPP models in sectors such as transportation, energy, healthcare, and education. By analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of these models, the research aims to provide insights into which models are most effective in different contexts. The findings of this research will inform the design of PPP policies and regulations, procurement guidelines, performance evaluation mechanisms, and transparency measures in China. The study also contributes to the existing body of knowledge on PPPs by providing a comparative analysis of case studies specific to the Chinese context.

Сравнительная характеристика моделей финансирования инвестиционных проектов акционерных обществ

The article considers the role of investments in the modern economy. A comparative analysis of the models of financing investment projects of joint-stock companies is carried out: equity financing; debt financing; mixed financing. The main parameter of the effectiveness of the investment project, which is the net present value of the cash flow of shareholders who purchased additionally issued shares, has been analyzed. The effectiveness of financing from borrowed funds is calculated, as well as the calculation of mixed financing. The optimal scheme of financing the investment project was determined by selecting the ratio of the share of borrowed and own funds, taking into account the financial capabilities of the economic entity, the interest rate on the loan and the rate of return on equity. The advantages and disadvantages of each model are noted. The indicators of net present value of different financing schemes are given. The model of mixed financing is considered the most effective, it is implemented through the involvement of both legal entities and individuals in the investment project, and, in some cases, of the state. It is emphasized that the reasonable attraction of financing sources and their rational use, developing an effective capital structure contribute not only to the development of the organization's activities, but also increase its competitiveness and investment attractiveness. Conclusions are drawn about possible implementing the model of public-private partnership. Graphs of indicators of the net present value of shareholders and enterprises in different models of financing investment projects of joint-stock companies are presented.

Influence of Organizational Structure on Learners' Achievement at Public and Public-Private Partnership Model Adopted institutions

he present study attributed to determining the influence of organizational structure on learners' achievement. For this purpose, a public and public-private partnership model adopted by schools was considered. A quantitative, descriptive approach was followed, and a survey technique was used. The study was delimited to Punjab province and also delimited to public elementary schools, and the PPP model adopted FAS and EVS schools. The multi-stage random sampling procedure was followed to choose the sample. The sample was comprised of 652, including 506 Heads from Public schools and 146 Heads from PPP model-adopted schools. The researchers developed a questionnaire, validated before the actual collection of data. It was concluded that different parameters of the organizational structure of both types of institutions influence learners’ achievement. A fully developed organizational structure of schools leads to better learners’ academic achievement and results in improved performance of schools. Therefore, it was recommended that efforts should be made to develop a better organizational structure.

Strengthening the competitiveness of the lentil seed system of Nepal: A value chain approach

A value chain approach is the most viable and pragmatic strategy to develop an effective, inclusive, competitive and sustainable seed system for many crops globally. This study was conducted in the Kailali, Dang and Siraha districts of the Terai and Inner Terai regions of Nepal to map and thoroughly analyze the value chain of the lentil seed system. Primary data were collected through a household survey, key stakeholder interviews and focus group discussions. Altogether, 300 lentil grain-producing and 100 seed-producing farmers were selected for the study. Descriptive statistics, value chain mapping, stakeholder price spread calculation and return on investment were the major tools for the study. Conventional cultivation practices along with incidence of biotic and abiotic stresses ensured non-significant differences in yield, income and benefit-cost ratio (B:C) between local seed users and improved seed users, resulting in a distorted demand pull chain and eventually leading to the lamentable lentil seed system. Total value addition from farm gate to end user was 63.84% of the total retail price. Seed conditioners and processors contributed 28.38% of total value addition. Return on Investment (ROI) per total cost was higher for seed-producing farmers (59.3%). However, ROI per added cost was higher (214.8%) for retailers followed by seed conditioners and processors (96.37%). The total price spread along the chain was 45.21% of the total consumer price, revealing the inefficient marketing system. Scaling up the major factors behind improved seed adoption, like package of practices, use of a specialized production area, the development of stress resilient varieties, technical assistance, training, and subsidy schemes based on production and efficient market system development, can economically benefit lentil-producing farmers, thereby reinforcing the major pulling force of the lentil seed value chain. Appropriate infrastructure, government prioritization, a coordinated policy environment and innovative public-private partnership models across the seed value chain are necessary for overall sectoral growth.

Study on Slum Redevelopment and It’s Delay Factors in PPP Model: State of Art Review

Slum redevelopment is a difficult and complex process that needs a multidisciplinary approach involving government organizations, non-governmental organizations, the corporate sector, and the community. Governments have increasingly invited private financiers and investors to take care of public provisions, making public-private partnerships (PPPs) the new perspective for the development of the public sector. Slum reconstruction efforts are being carried out successfully and effectively through the Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), Slum Networking Programme (SNP), and Slum Improvement Programme (SIP). There are numerous PPP types and delivery models, but unclear policies and regulations, a lack of funding, the complexity of the project structure, problems with resettlement and relocation, difficulties with land acquisition, problems with technical and design aspects, and corruption all cause delays in the implementation of PPP models for slum redevelopment. For slum redevelopment efforts to succeed, overcoming these delay reasons is imperative. Keywords: PPP (Public Private Partnership), Public Housing, Slum, Redevelopment.

Anaerobic Digestion (AD) Based Waste Management in Nepal: Technologies and Implementation Modalities

Developing countries are still facing severe challenges for providing access to clean energy, managing waste and struggling to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) targets. Anaerobic Digestion (AD) based waste management technologies have great potential for addressing these challenges. Public Private Partnerships (PPP) are the key government's policy and strategic directions for promoting biogas as a multi-beneficiary's product and services in Nepal. Nepal's biogas promotion PPP model and technologies in domestic biogas sector have been replicated in many African and Asian countries. AD based Gobar Gas Company (GGC 2047 model) and Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) based technologies have been promoted for domestic and large applications respectively in wider scale. Comprehensive review and analysis using technological and implementation progress results through government interventions revealed that with the potential of 1.1 million of domestic biogas 433,173 systems have been installed. Quantification of outcomes of AD based technologies revealed that in addition to the energy access to more than 1.8 million people, these significantly contributed for production of gas amounting 456,282 m3 and substituted equivalent 15,578 nos. of LPG cylinders and 2229.91 tons of fertilizer daily. Under Carbon Development Mechanism (CDM), Total 21.20 million USD have been earned as carbon revenue from this sector, which has played significant role for earning revenue from carbon financing. Similarly, Developing Carbon Program for Large Scale Biogas through ITMO (Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes: a new carbon mechanism) is under way. Overall, biogas sector is contributing for country' s energy security and circular economy through replacement of fossil fuels and chemical fertilizers along with the waste management.

A selectivity index for public-private partnership projects in the urban water and sanitation sector in Latin America and the caribbean

The rapid urban development, the Agenda 2030, the climate change adaptation and the COVID 19 crisis highlight the need to increase investment in public infrastructure and improve water supply and sanitation services. For this, an alternative to traditional public procurement is the participation of the private sector under the public-private partnership (PPP) model. The objective of this article is to develop a tool based on critical success factors (CSFs) that allows for evaluation during early stages of the convenience of developing a PPP project for W&S in urban areas of Latin America and the Caribbean. The index was developed based on literature review (779 variables), review of cases (20 variables) and expert opinion to assign them an estimated value of importance. The results were analysed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, selecting 17 main variables grouped into 6 CSFs, the most relevant of which are Convenience, Certainty, Leadership, Attraction, Performance and Reliability. The application of this index allows an early assessment of the feasibility of a PPP project and/or the selection of the alternatives with the best chances of success. On the other hand, this study contributes to the international discussion on the most relevant elements related to the success of PPP in W&S projects.