Public-private Networks Research Articles

Building Trust to Save Lives in a Metro Manila Public-Private Network of Care: A Descriptive Case Study of Quirino Recognized Partners in Quezon City, Philippines

ABSTRACT At an overcrowded government multi-specialty hospital serving the most densely populated area of Metro Manila, inward referrals of women in a moribund state and high volumes of low-risk maternity cases added to significant overcrowding and quality challenges in the maternity wards, resulting in high rates of maternal and neonatal death and near-miss. This case study of the public-private Network of Care, Quirino Recognized Partners (QRP), describes a series of pragmatic steps taken to build and maintain the network, particularly: building trust through agreements with private and public birth centers within a ten-kilometer radius, rolling out antenatal use of a clinical and socio-economic risk scoring tool, reaching out to potential clients, and establishing clear communication channels and protocols for care. These actions, consistent with the schematic of an effective Network of Care, helped decongest the hospital, build rapport and teamwork among health providers, and improve maternal and neonatal outcomes throughout the network. The purpose of this descriptive case study was to explore how QRP was established to solve for particular contextual problems, especially congestion and poor maternal and neonatal health outcomes, with express attention to how actions taken related to the domains of Networks of Care. Data collected through semi-structured interviews with relevant health care and other workers, institutional documents, observations, and field notes were interpreted through the domains of Networks of Care and reported through rich description.

Core outcome set measurement for future clinical trials in acute myeloid leukemia: the HARMONY study protocol using a multi-stakeholder consensus-based Delphi process and a final consensus meeting

BackgroundAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults and has an unacceptably low cure rate. In recent years, a number of new treatment strategies and compounds were developed for the treatment of AML. There were several randomized controlled clinical trials with the objective to improve patients’ management and patients’ outcome in AML. Unfortunately, these trials are not always directly comparable since they do not measure the same outcomes, and currently there are no core outcome sets that can be used to guide outcome selection and harmonization in this disease area. The HARMONY (Healthcare Alliance for Resourceful Medicine Offensive against Neoplasms in Hematology) Alliance is a public-private European network established in 2017 and currently includes 53 partners and 32 associated members from 22 countries. Amongst many other goals of the HARMONY Alliance, Work Package 2 focuses on defining outcomes that are relevant to each hematological malignancy. Accordingly, this pilot study will be performed to define a core outcome set in AML.MethodsThe pilot study will use a three-round Delphi survey and a final consensus meeting to define a core outcome set. Participants will be recruited from different stakeholder groups, including patients, clinicians, regulators and members of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. At the pre-Delphi stage, a literature research was conducted followed by several semi-structured interviews of clinical public and private key opinion leaders. Subsequently, the preliminary outcome list was discussed in several multi-stakeholder face-to-face meetings. The Delphi survey will reduce the preliminary outcome list to essential core outcomes. After completion of the last Delphi round, a final face-to-face meeting is planned to achieve consensus about the core outcome set in AML.DiscussionAs part of the HARMONY Alliance, the pilot Delphi aims to define a core outcome set in AML on the basis of a multi-stakeholder consensus. Such a core outcome set will help to allow consistent comparison of future clinical trials and real-world evidence research and ensures that appropriate outcomes valued by a range of stakeholders are measured within future trials.

Public sector organizations and agricultural catch-up dilemma in emerging markets: The orchestrating role of Embrapa in Brazil

Abstract How can an emerging economy, beset by political, economic and resource challenges, jump-start the technology catch-up process in the agricultural sector and then forge an ecosystem to facilitate the continual generation and dissemination of innovations? Equally important, how can it maintain the viability and salience of its catch-up initiatives subsequent to the entry and inevitable dominance of multinational companies? We answer these questions by studying catch-up in Brazil’s soy seeds sector over four decades (1973–2015). In an environment of political and economic uncertainty, Embrapa, a public sector organization, forged partnerships to first develop absorptive capacity and innovation capabilities, and then build an ecosystem of diverse organizations to generate and disseminate catch-up outcomes to farmers and other end users. Embrapa also developed critical tacit knowledge and complementary assets that – along with its emphasis on environmental sustainability and protecting national interests – helped maintain its salience even after the entry and market dominance by multinational agribusinesses. In addition to demonstrating critical roles for public sector organizations and public private networks in technological catch-up in an emerging economy’s agricultural sector, our study calls into question the prevalent notion of technological catch-up as a rush to reach the technological frontier at any cost.

A Dynamic Model for Analysing Partisan Political Corruption in Local Government: the Spanish Experience

Partisan political corruption behaviour has not been properly examined in the academic literature. Accordingly, the main aim of this paper is to determine the nature of the relationship between corruption and political ideology, doing so via a novel dynamic partisan approach which will enable us to measure the influence of the passage of time on the likelihood of the existence of political corruption and to determine whether this likelihood is stronger or weaker in progressive vs. conservative governments. This approach will also allow us to determine the influence of the different explanatory factors, among which are the creation of networks with related private companies by means of reiterative contracts, public-private agreements and other public-private networks, addressed in such a way that private companies with specific interests, political factors (political fragmentation and gender) and the long-term neighbourhood effect are all considered. Survival analysis is applied to 747 cases of political corruption that occurred during the period 2002- 2014 in Spanish local government. Our findings show that a significantly larger number of cases have been identified of corruption by conservative than by progressive parties. Moreover, the cases identified of corruption by conservative parties remain undetected and unprosecuted for longer.

Example 3: The Dutch ‘polder model’

Abstract The Dutch are known for their ‘polder model’, a form of consensus decision-making and cooperation despite differences. In line with this longstanding tradition, the Federation for Health has transformed itself from a national public health association into a national public-private network that strengthens the foundation for health actions at the widest scale possible. More than 70 organisations have joined the network. Amongst them organisations like public health institutions, professional societies, healthcare insurers, private companies, and health start-ups. Instead of calling for regulation or legislation, the Federation for Health promotes the incorporating of the ‘right’ incentives in healthcare and society at large. Examples are the advocating for a national prevention agreement, the development of a new business model based on health (instead of disease), and the advocating for a national digital health agenda. The Federation for Health is using the following tools: Sharing of informationDevelop common groundDevelop an all-inclusive advocacy strategyBroaden the vision to non-health-related areas (e.g. social domain, housing, education, businesses)Collaborate outside the field of health (building bridges)

Education Policy Networks: The Co-Optation, Coordination, and Commodification of the School-to-Prison Pipeline Critique

This study utilizes social network visualization and content analysis of policy reports to explore the changing structure and function of a network of organizations, including government agencies, philanthropies, think tanks, advocacy groups, research centers, and edu-businesses active in school discipline policy formation at the federal level from 2000 to 2014. This study illuminates the mechanism by which the state, working through a complex public-private network of education policy actors, co-opts more radical demands to address the school-to-prison pipeline, coordinates interests across a range of social forces with particular attention to law enforcement, and commodifies the school-to-prison pipeline critique into marketable products and services for schools and school districts.

DA CADEIA DE AFEIÇÃO À DESFILIAÇÃO: CRIADOS DOMÉSTICOS EM SÃO PAULO NOS ANOS 1920

Este artigo analisa os usos, e os abusos, que se fez de dois dispositivos jurídicos presentes nas legislações luso-brasileiras por mais de três séculos - a Tutela Dativa e o Contrato de Soldada – suporte legal de uma prática de longuíssima duração no Brasil, o de criar filhos alheios como criados domésticos. A hipótese dessa pesquisa é que a rede público-privada de criadagem que se formou no Brasil desde a Colônia entra em crise nos anos 20, porque não era mais capaz de cumprir suas funções de assimilar a infância pobre e trabalhadora, como fez no passado, e de responder às expectativas das famílias migrantes que mobilizavam o trabalho de todos os seus membros, e esperavam das famílias protetoras mais do que casa e comida como paga pelo trabalho dos filhos

From quasi‐markets to public–private networks: Employers' engagement in public employment services

AbstractThis article explores the implications of creating a role for private‐sector partners in public employment services (PES), rather than creating quasi‐markets. It focuses on how the engagement of employers in public–private networks with local government can enhance employment opportunities for disadvantaged welfare recipients but may require a further shift in local public services. The theory relates to contractual arrangements versus network modes of public–private partnerships. Based on surveys among employers and welfare recipients, and interviews with politicians, managers, and frontline workers in five Dutch municipalities, the article provides detailed evidence on innovative and promising cases of public–private networks in employment services. It shows that, under certain conditions, vulnerable jobseekers are better served by a network involving employers than by the standard supply‐driven approach that predominates in quasi‐markets. It also reveals that public and private partners have yet to fully embrace the implications of the network approach for their respective roles. The article contributes to the theoretical debate on public–private partnerships in the context of PES, reflecting on public–private networks as a policy design that could help improve employment opportunities for disadvantaged jobseekers.

Strategic guidance in 'leading-edge' clusters for sustainable business success in future markets

Sustainable business success in a complex and rapidly changing environment strongly relies on systemic and integrative approaches, key to strategically aligned future-oriented research, technology development and innovation (RTDI) activities at multiple levels, from business to networks or clusters to political governance level. We present an integrated, forward-looking and outward-looking approach using a combination of strategic policy intelligence and management tools, which aims at effectively addressing today's complex challenges arising at the various levels. Our case study, the German 'leading-edge' cluster MicroTEC Sudwest - an industry-driven, public-private RTDI network with about 350 actors - shows, how politically formulated grand societal challenges can be turned in future market opportunities and business models, and, vice versa, how networks of innovation actors can influence the larger innovation ecosystems towards supporting the development of sustainable economies and societies. Addressing the full 'knowledge triangle' of research, innovation and education is important in this regard.

농촌지역의 재난관리 민관조직 연계방안 연구

본 연구에서는 농촌의 재난관리 특징 및 현황을 파악하고 이를 통해 농촌의 재난관리를 위한 민 관 조직의 협력방안을 연구하였다. 농촌의 재난관리 현황을 파악하기 위해서 농촌 주민과 지방자치단체 재난관리 공무원을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문조사 결과 공무원과 주민 모두 재난관리 활동의 문제점이 주민참여가 부족하고 참여 부족의 이유로 주업무로 인한 시간부족 때문이라고 답하였다. 이러한 설문조사의 분석결과를 통해 농촌의 재난관리의 SWOT분석 및 전략을 도출하였다. 본 연구의 최종결과로 재난관리의 민 관 네트워크 체제의 5가지의 유형과 2가지의 운영방식을 도출하여 총 10가지의 재난관리 민 관 조직 연계방안을 도출하였다. 해당 결과를 활용하여 향후 해당 농촌지역에 특성에 맞는 농촌 재난관리 민 관 네트워크 운영방안을 설정하여야하며, 이를 적용하기 위한 각 운영방안에 대한 심도 있는 추가 연구가 필요하다. In this study, the characteristics and the status of disaster management in rural area were analyzed. Through this study, we tried to find ways to cooperate with public and private organizations to manage disaster in rural areas. In order to understand the current state of disaster management in rural areas, we surveyed the residents and disaster management officials of local governments. As a result of the survey, both public servants and residents answered that it is difficult for residents to participate in disaster management. This is due to lack of time due to agriculture as the main business. The SWOT analysis and strategy of rural disaster management were derived through the analysis of these surveys. In addition, five types of disaster management network and two types of operation were proposed. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the management plan of the rural disaster management public-private network in the rural area. Further research is needed in depth on each of the operational measures in the future.

Success factors for agricultural biogas production in Sweden: A case study of business model innovation

As government officials, policymakers, and the general public increasingly express their concern about global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions, scientists search for alternative sources of vehicle fuel and electric power. One sustainable energy source that shows considerable promise is biogas produced from organic waste. For various reasons, biogas plants in Sweden struggle with profitability. This is especially true for agricultural biogas plants. Suggestions on how to deal with this problem include the use of business model innovation (BMI) to develop agricultural networks and to implement new strategies for arranging, producing, and marketing farm-produced biogas. This qualitative study, influenced by grounded theory, identifies and examines the success factors in an agricultural network in which biogas is produced at four farms in Sweden with distribution by pipeline to a refinery for purification and conversion to vehicle fuel. Fourteen interviews were conducted with various individuals in this network: farmers, a local politician, municipal employees, and external consultants. Of the six success factors identified in the network for farm-produced biogas, the long-term perspective on profitability was found most important. The six factors were used to create a conceptual business model framework for such networks that adds new value propositions while retaining the original value propositions. We propose that long-term government subsidies and other incentives can make farm-produced biogas profitable, not only in social and environmental terms but also in economic terms. Our main conclusion is that BMI can be used to create public-private networks that invest in farm-based biogas production. Such investments can stimulate rural development and provide new business possibilities for SMEs in the agricultural sector. This study also shows that BMI that takes a long-term perspective can result in high-value environmental and social benefits as well as financial profitability.

Managing Trade Conflicts in the ICT Industry: A Case Study of EU–Greater China Area

Trade policy is formulated through a rather complex decision-making process that involves two-way interactions between actors in public and private sectors. Such interactions are of particular importance in resolving trade controversies in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. Focusing on the conflicts between the EU and its trading partners in the Greater China Area regarding certain innovation policies in this high-tech industry, this Article underscores how catch-up strategies adopted by latecomer economies in East Asia may implicate the world trade order in recent years. Loosely built upon the insights of public-private network theory, this Article identifies key variables—economic, legal, and political considerations—most pertinent to the EU s strategies to manage these claims. By unpacking these underlying factors that turn on truces or peace in trade conflicts, this Article contributes to the scholarly debate by indicating possible direction in which the stream will flow inside the trade policymaking process.

Why companies fail to respond to climate change: Collective inaction as an outcome of barriers to interaction

The urgent need to combat climate change is now globally accepted. Collective action at a global level is the key ability to respond to the threat of climate change. No individual company alone has the necessary resources and capabilities to tackle the unprecedented challenge of climate change. Companies need to engage in give-and-take exchange relationships with other companies to address climate change. Research on how companies interact with each of their counterparts to respond to the challenge of climate change is limited. Existing research on climate raises questions about 1) how companies interact in response to climate change and 2) why companies fail to craft collective responses to climate change? In an attempt to shed light on these questions, we use the network approach as a theoretical perspective to account for the ever increasing connectivity and interdependence in the business landscape and theorize on the consequences these phenomena may have for the study. The study is based upon an empirical investigation of public-private networks in Germany. Findings indicate that companies fail to collectively respond to climate change due to the multiplicity of interests of actors involved in the network which is aggravated by 1) economic reasoning; 2) weak actor bonds; and 3) differing perceptions of the rules of the game. As such, the present study contributes to our understanding of collective responses to the ever evolving challenge of climate change.

Policies of fear and local resistances

In this text, I begin with maintaining that the use of fear as an instrument of population control is a constitutive element of Neoliberal governance. Also, I suggest that current violence, because of its characteristics, is more easily observable and understandable in local environments, which would explain that the most important resistances also come from these spaces. For this purpose, I analyse the case of the state of Guerrero, in Mexico, focusing on the surge and path of the Regional Organizer of Community Authorities (Coordinadora Regional de Autoridades Comunitarias, CRAC) and, more recently, in the same territory, the forceful disappearance of 43 students in Ayotzinapa and the forms of mobilization and organization that followed this tragedy. I attempt to point out the consistency in the policies of fear by public-private networks, which connect legal and illegal circuits, as well as the strategies used to overcome fear, display resistance and, mainly, build power and politics from the margins.

English

This paper contributes to an understanding of the development of governance networks in well-defined space-time contexts. The first aim is to highlight features of public-private networks in tourism, under the perspectives of integration and managerialization, and to deduce general principles from the case study of «sistema turistico locale Sardegna Nord-Ovest». In particular, a set of variables to measure the level of integration among participants and the managerialization of a network, seen as pre-conditions of network performance, are identified on the basis of the literature. The second aim is to analyse the evolution of such partnerships, in light of the recent economic crisis, through comparison between performances measured at two moments in time over a three-year period: from the constitution to the renewal (2008-2011), and after two and half years from the renewal of the partnership (2012-2014). The empirical investigation, carried out using a personal interview approach, reveals that the choices of institutional design and process management are more important than the lack of resources for network success and that some contextual factors, such as the 'relationship capital', affect stability of networks. In wider terms, this paper promotes reflection on the impact of the recent socioeconomic crisis as well as on the strategies that, in such a context, can attenuate negative effects and enhance network stability and effectiveness. Key words: Public governance, governance networks, integration, managerialization, evolution, crisis.

Regional network governance and sustainable tourism

Effective governance has been identified as one of the most important factors in sustainable tourism implementation. As governance structures are increasingly becoming network-based, attention needs to be diverted to the effectiveness of partnerships in achieving sustainability in tourism. Evaluating the effectiveness of regional tourism governance in Cyprus by considering regional tourism organisations’ (RTOs) public–private network involved exploratory research whereby semi-structured interviews with key tourism stakeholders were performed. Findings reveal that network governance-related challenges interact with region-specific characteristics, inhibiting the effectiveness of regional tourism governance in implementing sustainable tourism. Specifically, RTOs represent a weak form of governance and their effectiveness in implementing sustainable tourism is limited by the continuing dependence on foreign tour operators, a system of mutual favours which complexifies the nature of tourism planning and a growing emphasis on economic interests further fuelled by recent austerity measures imposed in Cyprus. The paper concludes that network governance cannot be considered separately from the socio-cultural, economic and environmental factors of the context in which it is studied and proposes that further research reflects the horizontal relations across regional, national and global networks.

Policy framework conditions to foster “system innovation” with some illustration from an international perspective

“System innovation” is a multi-actor process that entails interactions between firms, consumers, policymakers, universities, supply chain actors, societal groups, media etc. In recent years, policymakers have shown growing interest in the role of innovation for addressing ‘grand challenges, such as climate change, energy security, transport and resource efficiency, food safety, obesity, environmental sustainability. This interest has given rise to a debate about ‘system innovation’, large-scale transitions and socio-economic transformations, due to the realization that addressing grand challenges may require shifts to new systems in energy, food, mobility, and housing. System innovation is difficult to manage and steer, for it is an open, uncertain and complex process, involving multiple social groups and co-evolution between various system elements, many of which are outside the immediate control of policymakers. Furthermore, the state is not one actor, but fragmented across different domains (e.g. public sphere, private sphere, civil organisations, government) and levels (e.g. international, national, local). Policymakers cannot bring about these processes on their own, but need to invite all the aforementioned actors to work together through strategical public-private partnerships, demonstration projects, scenario workshops, vision building, public debates, and network management. So, in early phases of system innovation, policymakers tend to act as facilitator, stimulator, and chain manager. In later phases, when there is more clarity about the best technology, market demand, and infrastructure requirements, other policy instruments (e.g. regulations, standards, taxes, subsidies, financial incentives) tend to become more important, aimed at widespread deployment and uptake. Furthermore, national innovation systems (NIS) (i.e., education and training systems, science base, intellectual property rights, university-industry knowledge exchange networks, venture capital availability) provide important generic contexts in which countries address system innovation. It would be useful if future research would develop more dynamic understandings of NIS and investigate if and how NIS need to change to facilitate system innovation (e.g. through mission-oriented R&D, changes in incentive structures for academic researchers).

Innovation in services related to public policies to reduce greenhouse gases: the clean development mechanism in landfills

This article analyzes the constraints on innovating public services in the context of the clean development mechanism (CDM). We use two methodological procedures: First, the public-private innovation networks in services (ServPPIN) concept is used to identify the stakeholders involved in the CDM projects in Sao Paulo, Brazil (Bandeirantes and Sao Joao landfills); the second procedure is carried out by adapting the social carbon methodology (SCM) indicators. SCM is a specific instrument used to evaluate the social and environmental co-benefits of carbon market projects. The proposed indicators were presented to and discussed with the stakeholders. The use of evaluation indicators facilitates the recognition that opportunities for service innovation are related to the establishment of new institutional and organizational arrangements. These new arrangements involve municipal governments, concession-holders, and the communities surrounding the landfills. In order to attain positive results they have to be able to work together, thus making the best use of their combined potentials.JEL Codes: O33, Q52, Q55, Q56

Public-Private Contractual Networks and Third Partiess Rights The Contracting State as a Challenge for Private Law

In public-private partnership, the question of a third party's rights always was and still remains very controversial. On the one hand, public law has elaborated extensively on third parties' rights over the years. Solutions range from the two-step approach (Zweistufentheorie) to the extensive use of constitutional rights to the requirement of a compulsory written consent. On the other hand, under private contract law, third parties are almost completely barred from having any legal influence on the contract as a matter of principle.Today, as we see more and more public-private partnerships under private law, any politically imprinted influence of the administration within a private law contract causes great confusion, in particular regarding third parties' rights. While some insist on the purity of traditional private law doctrine, others insist on the use of public law arguments on the grounds that the state (even if party to a contract) does guarantee basic rights including freedom of contract to private parties, but does not profit from these basic rights itself.In this context, I will examine three leading cases of the Swiss Federal Court in order to reveal that the Court does not follow any of the traditional approaches or any of the approaches proposed so far. In fact, the Court pragmatically realigns private law, simultaneously considering the political dimensions of the cases on the one hand, and the nature and function of private law on the other.

"Cool" governance of a "hot" climate issue: public and private responsibilities for the protection of vulnerable citizens against extreme heat

In cities in temperate climate zones, the elderly, disabled and socially deprived are most vulnerable to extreme heat, as witnessed by increased mortality rates during heat waves in Europe and North America. Many cities, however, lag behind in the protection of vulnerable citizens against heat stress, an issue gaining importance in the face of climate change, ongoing urbanization and an ageing population. This raises questions as to who bears responsibility for the protection of these vulnerable citizens. Should they protect themselves, or is this a collective responsibility? Which public and private organizations could take on this collective responsibility? This study explores potential governance arrangements between public and private actors by analysing the perceived responsibilities and their underlying considerations of public and private actors through two multi-stakeholder workshops and one focus group held in two Dutch cities. Furthermore, the study looks into what can be learned from ten foreign cities where a heat stress policy has been implemented, with respect to the concrete shaping of responsibilities and how trade-offs in considerations are dealt with. The research reveals that because of conflicting considerations there is disagreement as to who bears responsibility for the implementation of health care measures, and it shows how this might be resolved through differentiated approaches for an active outreach to vulnerable citizens. We conclude that "cool" governance suggests extensive public responsibilities throughout the policy process, but that policy implementation needs public–private networks tailored to these differentiated approaches.