Public Policy Priorities Research Articles

Integrating health and social care in Brazil

Abstract Integrating health and social care is now a high priority for public health policy in high-income countries. It has received much less attention in low and middle-income country (LMIC) settings. There is particular value in assessing the potential to integrate care services for older adults, given the speed of population ageing in LMICs. The presentation provides findings of process and impact evaluations of novel local government initiatives to integrate care for older people in Brazil (drawing on a study co-funded by the UK MRC and CONFAP Brazil). Programa Maior Cuidado (PMC) was established in the Brazilian city of Belo Horizonte in 2011. It is jointly managed by the departments of health and of social assistance and involves close community-level collaboration between health posts and neighbourhood social service centres. A key element of PMC is the provision of paid trained lay carers to support family care for dependent older people in socially vulnerable families. We will present findings on the implementation process and operation of PMC, as well as its effects on the following outcomes of interest: reduced unnecessary hospitalisations, enhanced health status for older people and reduced care burden for family carers. Quasi-experimental analysis using spatial-based Propensity Score Matching shows promising results in terms of increasing planned attentions as well as access to rehabilitation services, which confirms the ability of the Program to improve interface with health services avoiding unplanned unnecessary attentions We will examine the implementation of similar interventions in other Brazilian cities, including Fortaleza and Contagem, and will study the role of national and international processes in dissemination, knowledge sharing and agenda-setting. Key messages The presentation provides findings of process and impact evaluations of novel local government initiatives to integrate care for older people in Brazil. Programme under evaluation lead to interesting outcomes of interest: reduced unnecessary hospitalisations, enhanced health status for older people and reduced care burden for family carers.

Inequalities in the burden of female breast cancer in Brazil, 1990\u20132017

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women and the leading cause of cancer death among females worldwide. In recent decades, breast cancer death rates have been stable or decreasing in more developed regions; however, this has not been observed in less developed regions. This study aims to evaluate inequalities in the burden of female breast cancer in Brazil including an analysis of interregional and interstate patterns in incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates from 1990 to 2017, and mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR), and their association with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI).MethodsUsing estimates from the global burden of disease (GBD) study, we applied a spatial exploratory analysis technique to obtain measurements of global and local spatial correlation. Percentage changes of breast cancer incidence, mortality, and DALYs rates between 1990 and 2017 were calculated, and maps were developed to show the spatial distribution of the variables. Spatial panel models were adjusted to investigate the association between rates and SDI in Brazilian states.ResultsIn Brazil, while breast cancer mortality rate have had modest reduction (−4.45%; 95% UI: −6.97; −1.76) between 1990 and 2017, the incidence rate increased substantially (+39.99%; 95% UI: 34.90; 45.39). Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates in 1990 and 2017 were higher in regions with higher SDI, i.e., the most developed ones. While SDI increased in all Brazilian states between 1990 and 2017, notably in less developed regions, MIR decreased, more notably in more developed regions. The SDI had a positive association with incidence rate and a negative association with MIR.ConclusionSuch findings suggest an improvement in breast cancer survival in the period, which may be related to a broader access to diagnostic methods and treatment. This study also revealed the inequality in breast cancer outcomes among Brazilian states and may guide public policy priorities for disease control in the country.

ВПЛИВ ТІНЬОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ НА ПОДАТКОВУ СИСТЕМУ КРАЇНИ

Проблема тіньової економіки є глобальною для всього світу, але серед європейський країн Україна є серед лідерів, тому детінізація економіки країни має стати головним пріоритетом державної політики. Визначено фактори, які впливають на тінізацію економіки. Встановлено, що тіньова економіка країни тісно пов’язана із рівнем розвитку її податкової системи, можливостями уникнення оподаткування і, як наслідок, недоотриманням надходжень фінансових ресурсів до державного бюджету країни. Здійснено оцінку втрати бюджету через ухилення від податків. Розраховано податковий коефіцієнт та його складники. Визначено, що високий рівень тіньової економіки та суттєві обсяги податкових втрат внаслідок її функціонування призводять до зменшення фінансових можливостей держави та провокують бюджетний дефіцит, що є характерним для України. Запропоновано низку практичних заходів, спрямованих на зниження тіньового сектору економіки країни.

Coronavirus Human Infection Challenge Studies: Assessing Potential Benefits and Risks.

Human infection challenge studies (HCS) have been proposed as a means to accelerate SARS-CoV2 vaccine development and thereby help to mitigate a prolonged global public health crisis. A key criterion for the ethical acceptability of SARS-CoV2 HCS is that potential benefits outweigh risks. Although the assessment of risks and benefits is meant to be a standard part of research ethics review, systematic comparisons are particularly important in the context of SARS-CoV2 HCS in light of the significant potential benefits and harms at stake as well as the need to preserve public trust in research and vaccines. In this paper we explore several considerations that should inform systematic assessment of SARS-CoV-2 HCS. First, we detail key potential benefits of SARS-CoV-2 HCS including, but not limited to, those related to the acceleration of vaccine development. Second, we identify where modelling is needed to inform risk-benefit (and thus ethical) assessments. Modelling will be particularly useful in (i) comparing potential benefits and risks of HCS with those of vaccine field trials under different epidemiological conditions and (ii) estimating marginal risks to HCS participants in light of the background probabilities of infection in their local community. We highlight interactions between public health policy and research priorities, including situations in which research ethics assessments may need to strike a balance between competing considerations.

May Measurement Month 2018: an analysis of blood pressure screening results in Georgia.

May Measurement Month (MMM) is aimed at raising public awareness about arterial hypertension—the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in the population. Screening was carried out at 200 sites on a national scale. More than 500 volunteers, including doctors (80%) and medical students (20%) participated in the screening. To familiarize them with the research tools and standard blood pressure (BP) measurement method, their training was conducted by the Georgian Society of Hypertension in Tbilisi and other large cities. Social and mass media, medical societies, and other stakeholders were actively involved in the recruitment process. A total of 10 756 people were screened. The mean age of participants was 53.1 years (SD 16.1). Males—67.9%, females—32.1%. One hundred percent were White. After multiple imputation, the number of hypertensive patients was 6.037 (56.1%) and out of them 4950 were aware and 4701 (77.9%) were on medication, 1336 (22.1%) were not taking a medication. Of those taking antihypertensive medication, 38.2% had controlled BP. In spite of non-randomized selection and certain restrictions with respect to extrapolation of the results, MMM comprehensively reflects an urgent problem and major gaps in the health system. Based on the above, its importance is extremely valuable for identifying public health policy priorities.

Pharmacist-led cardiovascular risk prevention in Western Canada: a qualitative study.

Preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is a public health and policy priority, including for employers. A novel CVD risk management programme that included medication management was delivered by pharmacists to employees of a Canadian university. This qualitative study describes the experiences and perceptions of participants who received individual health consultations in this programme. A qualitative study design using free-text responses was adopted. Data (5658 words) came from evaluation surveys completed by 119 programme participants were iteratively coded and thematically analysed. We identified four themes characterising participant experiences of pharmacist-led CVD prevention. Theme one was labelled self-efficacy because personalised health information and advice on CVD risk factor management empowered participants to make improvements for their health. Participants expressed a range of positive responses about the longer consultations, supportive communication and safe setting of their pharmacist-led encounters; hence, Theme two is labelled pharmacists' interpersonal skills. The wider context of the programme included a number of enabling factors (Theme three) that either supported or limited participant engagement in the programme. A number of changes to behaviour and health measures were identified and participant suggestions to expand and continue the programme further contributed to perceptions of positive programme impact (Theme four). This study raises questions about how external resources and broader determinants might enable, or hinder, future programme success and sustainability. It also highlights the need for greater understanding and communication of the importance of primary prevention and the role of pharmacists in CVD risk reduction and workplace health promotion.

VET market prognostications two decades later: using ‘big data’ to compare omens with outcomes

ABSTRACT Publishing the results of thoughtfully designed research projects allows contemporary investigators to revisit the findings years later. The willingness of academics to make specific predictions about the impact of introducing user-choice principles into a state vocational education and training market has enabled comparisons to be drawn using extensive statistical collections. These data sets do not cover each of the forecasts; for example, employer reactions to increased marketisation can only be inferred. However, extensive information has been recorded on the training provider and student responses. The jurisdiction under study has a long history of centralised government decision-making and bureaucratic regulatory control; which allows for a substantial level of confidence in the causal relationship between public policy implementation and outcomes observed in the vocational education and training market. By making data-driven comparisons between what was hypothesised and the results over a long period of time, it is re-affirmed that good research is relevant and can assist governments in achieving their intended public policy priorities.

STATE REGULATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS IN UKRAINE

The article deals with the social and economic development of rural areas as an important component of social and regional policy. It is noted that in the terms of a transformational economy, it should be based on new principles of organizational support and financing, support for integrated rural development, attracting investment resources, based on the needs of the rural population. It is determined that one of the main causes of the crisis in the Ukrainian countryside is the loss of state control over the processes of socio-economic development of rural areas. It is investigated that the most important precondition for overcoming the crisis is the creation of an effective system of state regulation in the rural sector of Ukraine. The formation of self-sufficient (in particular in financial terms) territorial communities of rural areas is proposed is one of the ways of socio-economic development of rural areas. It is analyzed that the state policy of Ukraine in the field of local self-government is based on the interests of residents of territorial communities and provides for decentralization of power, i.e. transfer of large amounts of power, resources and responsibilities from local governments to local authorities. This policy is based on the provisions of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the best world standards of public relations. The focus of research is state regulation of rural development processes – the main priority of public policy in the vector of European integration of Ukraine's foreign policy. Increasing the importance of solving the problems of rural areas requires a change of state orientation in the direction of increasing the investment attractiveness of rural areas, introduction of structural adjustment of rural economic infrastructure to balanced multifunctional development, formation of organizational and economic tool for risk management and safety of rural development. It is established that one of the main conditions for the effective functioning of local budgets is to ensure the formation of sufficient financial resources for their independence and autonomy in order to meet the needs of the rural population.

Actual aspects of state policy of digital development in Ukraine at the present stage

The article is devoted to some aspects of state policy of digital development. The coherence level of the goals established in the normative-legal acts concerning the rating position of Ukraine according to the international indices characterizing the development level of digital economy and society, information and communication technologies introduction, is estimated. The purpose of the paper is to study the key priorities of public policy in the field of information and communication and digital technologies at the present stage, the consistency of the policy goals, the effectiveness of certain directions of public financial policy (especially investment) to stimulate the development of this area, with the appropriate analytical presentation of its results. The conclusions on the realism and prospects of achieving the planned rating goals in the short term are argued. Emphasis is placed on the risks of government implementation of the state policy of digital development caused by the identified differences in its target indicators established in the regulations of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, as well as the importance of preventing them in policy development in the medium and long term. Basing on the analysis of cumulative volumes of capital investments and the created gross value added (both in the economy of Ukraine as a whole and in the information and communication and digital technologies field), the conclusions on the contribution of this area to the creation of gross value added by the domestic economy, taking into account the amount of financial resources aimed at capital investment in 2010-2018 were made. A comparative analysis of investment activity of economic entities in the information and communication and digital technologies field, which was provided by both budgetary and non-budgetary sources is given. Based on the revealed disagreements between the government’s declared priority for the development of this sector and the volumes and shares of the financial resources of the state and local budgets actually aimed at its development, the opportunities for increasing of the effectiveness of the state’s investment policy in the information, communication and digital technologies field in the future are indicated.

Professional secondary education system in Ukraine: legal supply

Problem setting. Nowadays the content of secondary education in Ukraine does not take into account individual characteristics of the students and it is not focused on the formation of creative potential and system of knowledge by interests, the educational process is overburdened with secondary factual material and is overly regulated. It necessitates the search and implementation of new approaches to organization of educational process in high school. One of such approaches is career counselling for secondary school students that provides thourough and specialized general education, access to quality education in accordance with the individual skills and needs of the student youth.Recent research and publications analysis. The problem of career counselling for secondary school students in Ukraine has become the subject of research by Ukrainian scholars. In particular, theoretical and conceptual foundations of career counselling training were investigated by N. Bibik, M. Burda, S. Volyanskaya, O. Adamenko, V. Kizenko, A. Samodrin, B. Fedorishin, G. Vashchenko, M. Goncharov, N. Dmitrenko.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The introduction of specialized secondary education is one of the priorities of public education policy. Therefore, it is advisable to investigate the legal bases for introducing career counselling for secondary education system in Ukraine within the science of public administration.The aim of the article is to analyze the legal support for the introduction of career counselling for secondary education system in Ukraine.Paper main body. According to Article 53 of the Constitution of Ukraine everyone has the right to education. However, the deterioration of indicators of competitiveness and the innovative attractiveness of secondary education system in Ukraine need a thorough reform within the framework of the Concept of Implementation of the State Policy for the Reform of General Secondary Education “New Ukrainian School” for the period up to 2029. The aim of the reform of the education system in Ukraine is to create the conditions for personal development and creative self-realization of every citizen of Ukraine, to create generations capable of learning throughout life, to create and develop the values of civil society.In accordance with the objectives of the first phase of implementation of the Concept (2017 – 2018), a new Law of Ukraine “On Education” was adopted, Article 10 of which defines three levels of secondary education: primary education lasting four years; basic secondary education lasting five years; specialized secondary education lasting three years. At the third stage of the Concept implementation (2023 – 2029), it is planned to introduce a specialized level of secondary education – a process of individual and differentiated learning, the basic ideas of which are the education of students in grades 10 – 12 by: interests; competencies; plans for self-realization.According to the Law of Ukraine “On Education”, obtaining a specialized secondary education involves two directions:– academic – specialized education based on the combination of the content of education which is defined by the standard s of secondary specialized education, and in-depth study of individual subjects taking into account the abilities and educational needs of education recipients focusing on continuing education at higher levels of education;– professional – labor market oriented specialized education based on a combination of educational content defined by the standard of secondary specialized education and a professionally oriented approach to learning taking into account the abilities and needs of students.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies.1. The crisis and the challenges of the problem have led to the reform of the content of secondary education in Ukraine on the basis of competent and personally oriented approaches to learning; orientation to the acquisition of skills necessary for successfu students self-realization in their professional activity.2. One of the directions of modernization and improvement of the secondary education system in Ukraine is to ensure the acquisition of appropriate qualitative skills and competences at school needed for work, innovation and active citizenship through the introduction of a specialized link education. The content of career counselling for secondary education involves the introduction of the process of individual and differentiated learning of students in grades 10 – 12 by interests, competencies and plans for self-realization.3. The legal basis for career counselling for secondary education system in Ukraine is the Constitution of Ukraine, the Laws of Ukraine “On Education”, “On Complete General Secondary Education”, the Concept of the implementation of state policy in the field of reforming general secondary education “New Ukrainian School” for the period up to 2029. For the effective reform of the general secondary education with the introduction of the career counselling component it is necessary to implement the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On comprehensive general secondary education”, to develop and adopt the new Law of Ukraine “On Vocational Education”.The subject of further scientific research in this area will be the content and forms of organization of specialized education in secondary school.

WAYS OF INFLUENCE ON INNOVATION AND INVESTMENT POTENTIAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES AND ASSOCIATIONS

Introduction. The constant development of agricultural enterprises ensures their competitiveness and efficiency. Priority areas of economic growth are formed taking into account world experience and enshrined in relevant government documents. The growth of innovation and investment potential of agricultural enterprises is a priority of public policy. The purpose of scientific research is to develop areas of influence on the innovation and investment potential of agricultural enterprises and their associations. Results. The main consequences of the innovative direction of the agrarian enterprise development are outlined. The connection between capacity building, development and the level of enterprises competitiveness is characterized. The expediency of taking into account the new requirements for creating the enterprise potential in the process of their innovative development is substantiated. The necessity of using systemic and structural approaches is proved in the process of researching the innovative potential of an agricultural enterprise. The conditions for the formation of profits of agricultural enterprises are described. The compromises are outlined that should be taken into account by the managers of agricultural enterprises in the process of technical and technological selection. The impossibility of using outdated organizational and managerial production tools in modern economic conditions is substantiated. The shortcomings of the existing approaches to the formation of the organizational structure of the agricultural enterprise are noted. Innovative types of enterprises are characterized. The role of staff in the innovative development of the enterprise is noted. The main trends are outlined and ways to attract investment in agriculture are proposed. Conclusions. Insufficient domestic investment resources necessitate the intensification of investment processes in agriculture. Investment support does not play a decisive role at this stage of development of the domestic agricultural sector. Innovative support of agricultural enterprises is characterized by negative interdependencies: insufficient funding leads to a decrease in production, which is the result of declining investment attractiveness of agricultural enterprises. Keywords: investments, innovation and investment potential, agricultural enterprise, innovative development, investment attractiveness, competitiveness.

MODERN ASPECTS OF YOUTH EMPLOYMENT IN THE LABOR MARKET OF UKRAINE

The article deals with the problems of young people as one of the most vulnerable categories of the population in the Ukrainian labor market. Transferring young people from education to the labor market involves a number of difficult stages: the formation of personality; finding yourself and your place in life; obtaining general knowledge in school and other educational institutions; acquisition of social communication skills and experience; the first attempts to create your own family, etc. The asymmetries currently prevailing in the Ukrainian labor market significantly exacerbate the problem of employment in general and among young people in particular due to obstacles such as lack of experience and skills of professional adaptation, social immaturity and insecurity, mismatch of the first job level and quality of professional knowledge, the inconsistency of the first requests with real professional responsibilities, etc. All this significantly increases tensions in the labor market in the youth segment, which is an open, mobile, active, focused, progressive resource that learns quickly and easily adapts to change. The current segment of youth employment in Ukraine is primarily characterized by: low level of economic activity of the youngest age group; high unemployment, which decreases in older age groups of young people; structural imbalance between labor supply and demand; a significant level of informal employment, etc. According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, in 2018 the level of economic activity among people aged 30-34 was 83.3%, aged 25-29 - 79.6% and was higher than the average among the population aged 15 - 70 years (62.6%). At the same time, among people aged 15-24, this figure was only 33.7% (in comparison, in the EU-28 the level of economic activity of young people aged 15-24 in 2018 was 41.7%). Maintaining a low level of economic activity of the younger generation in the labor market is a consequence of a combination of the productive sector development problems of the Ukrainian economy and the specifics of the youth segment of the labor market, in particular: limited employment opportunities, lack of professional knowledge, slow development of youth entrepreneurship, low effectiveness of mechanisms to stimulate youth involvement in labor activity. Implementing an active youth employment policy using transparent and effective mechanisms to encourage employers to hire young people, motivate young people to work and overcome stereotypes of employers about their low professionalism should become a priority of public policy in the near future. Keywords: youth, youth labor market, employment, economic activity, labor force, labor resources, state regulation, unemployment.

ASHA Sets 2020 Advocacy Priorities Targeting Workload, Reimbursement, and More

You have accessThe ASHA LeaderASHA News1 Mar 2020ASHA Sets 2020 Advocacy Priorities Targeting Workload, Reimbursement, and More Jeffrey P. ReganMA Jeffrey P. Regan Google Scholar More articles by this author , MA https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.AN10.25032020.65 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favorites ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In In this era of unprecedented polarization and uncertainty, it is more important than ever that lawmakers and policymakers across the country understand the value of audiologists and speech-language pathologists. Despite the political cacophony, ASHA has hit the ground running this year, building on last year’s successes and aggressively advocating on behalf of the professions in several key priority areas. ASHA’s 2020 Public Policy Agenda guides our advocacy efforts. This member-driven and member-written resource—approved by the Board of Directors—sets ASHA’s top public policy priorities in schools, health care, early intervention, and professional practice. In schools, ASHA is advancing new legislative language to promote manageable workload, reduce excessive caseload, and streamline documentation burdens for our school-based members. We are also fighting for fair and equitable wages, as well as increased access to and funding for the services we provide. In health care, ASHA continues to advance several initiatives that would protect and expand comprehensive coverage of and payment for services provided in a variety of health care settings. We are also working to ensure fair productivity and documentation standards, and that emerging health care delivery systems and new payment models include our services. It is essential to preserve licensure and certification requirements for the professions, protect the professions’ defined scopes of practice, mitigate workforce shortages, and support a robust, diverse graduate and undergraduate student population. ASHA is working to expand state adoption of the new Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology Interstate Compact, and to advance congressional initiatives that would diversify the student population in graduate audiology and speech-language pathology programs. ASHA also recognizes a commitment to the 40 million Americans who have a communication disorder. We are working on several initiatives designed to benefit the patients, clients, and students our members serve. This diverse objective includes supporting the preservation of Medicaid eligibility and benefits, ensuring that families have objective information with which to make informed decisions about treatment and care, and promoting devices and technologies that are safe for consumers. The 2020 Public Policy Agenda recognizes the pivotal role that ASHA members play as advocates for the professions, and highlights resources for members who want to stay informed and get involved, including the 60-Second Advocacy Update, ASHA Take Action, and ASHA-PAC. Author Notes Jeffrey P. Regan, MA, is ASHA director of government affairs and public policy. [email protected] Advertising Disclaimer | Advertise With Us Advertising Disclaimer | Advertise With Us Additional Resources FiguresSourcesRelatedDetails Volume 25Issue 2March 2020 Get Permissions Add to your Mendeley library History Published in print: Feb 28, 2020 Metrics Downloaded 314 times Topicsasha-topicsleader_do_tagleader-topicsasha-article-typesCopyright & Permissions© 2020 American Speech-Language-Hearing AssociationLoading ...

ІМПЛЕМЕНТАЦІЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ЗМІШАНОГО НАВЧАННЯ ПРИ ВИКЛАДАННІ ІНОЗЕМНИХ МОВ У ВИЩІЙ ШКОЛІ

Among public policy priorities on the development of higher education in the context of European integration of Ukraine the problem of constant educational quality improvement, modernization of educational process, introduction of educational innovations and information technologies are identified. An application of innovative methods of English teaching becomes relevant and is of great practical importance, especially in the context of Ukraine’s competitive presence in the international educational arena. With the reformation of foreign language teaching in higher educational institutions, lecturers create new opportunities for the implementation of didactic principles of individualization and differentiation of learning. The introduction of Blended learning technologies in Ukrainian universities is a new pedagogical approach that involves a combination of active use of streamlined on-line training and traditional classroom communication. The article covers examples of blended learning implementation in models of foreign language teaching at higher educational institutions. A use of blended learning model that combines elements of traditional and distance learning in different proportions is proposed. Different models of blended learning presented by foreign researchers are considered and generalized, models that can be integrated into the traditional educational process at higher educational institutions are proposed. The advantages and disadvantages of the blended learning system are analyzed and systematized.

The Minimum Income Standard and equivalisation: reassessing relative costs of singles and couples and of adults and children

AbstractEquivalence scales, used to compare incomes across household types, strongly influence which households have low reported income, affecting public policy priorities. Yet they draw on abstract, often dated evidence and arbitrary judgements, and on comparisons across the income distribution rather than focusing on minimum requirements. Budget standards provide more tangible comparisons of the minimum required by different household types. The Minimum Income Standard (MIS) method, now established in several countries, applies a common methodological framework for compiling budgets, based on public deliberations. This article draws for the first time on results across countries. In all of the four countries examined, it identifies an under-estimation by the OECD scale of the relative cost of children compared to adults, and, in three of the four, an under-estimation of the cost of singles compared to couples. This more systematically corroborates previous, dispersed evidence, and helps explain which specific expenditure categories influence these results. These results have high policy relevance, showing greater proportions of low income households to contain children than standard income distribution data. While no single equivalence scale can be universally accurate, making use of evidence based directly on benchmarks such as MIS can help inform public priorities in tackling low income.

Woman in the diplomatic service: history, problems and prospects

Problem setting. Today, one of the priorities of the European policy direction is the effective implementation of such a principle as gender equality. Ensuring and ensuring the equal participation of women and men in socially important decisions, equal opportunities for them to combine professional and family responsibilities, preventing gender-based violence, and ensuring that women have a real opportunity to participate in diplomacy, including embracing high-level positions are one of the most important goals that modern democracies must fully achieve. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The topic of gender equality in their works was considered by such scholars as: O. Zakharova, T. Martsenyuk, V. Kobylyatska, E. Makarenko, G. Rudenko, T. Zonova, S. Khabibullina and others, but the current state of women’s participation in the diplomatic life of Ukraine scientists have considered superficially. Target of research. The purpose of this article is to consider the historical development of the principle of gender equality of women in relation to their participation in the diplomatic life of states, as well as to determine the current state and problems of compliance with this principle in Ukraine and identify ways to solve them. Article’s main body. Ukraine has ratified the main international instruments on equal rights and opportunities for men and women, namely the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and acceded to the UN Millennium Declaration and committed itself to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Defining for itself the provision and implementation of gender equality as one of the priorities of public policy. At the national level, gender equality is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine, the Labor Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men”, the State Program for Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men until 2016 and other legislation. The prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of sex was also included in the new law on civil service. However, the statistics and realities of our state say otherwise, as the number of women diplomats in high positions differs significantly from the number of men who hold them. The main reasons for this situation are traditional gender stereotypes, cultural customs, insufficient attention of foreign policy institutions to ensure gender equality and more. Of course, our state needs a modern revision and an effective legislative and practical solution to this issue. In this article, the authors review the historical development of the establishment and implementation of the principle of gender equality in different countries, namely the direct participation of women and their high positions in the performance of diplomatic functions in the diplomatic service; the opinions of scholars who express the positive impact of women’s participation in the diplomatic sphere, as well as the arguments of those who do not agree with this position; the current state of the quantitative indicator of women in positions in diplomatic missions of Ukraine, including in high positions, is studied; the modern directions of our state concerning the effective decision of a gender problem and full realization of this principle are analyzed; Obstacles that affect the implementation of a balanced gender policy in Ukraine are identified and some ways to solve them are suggested. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The authors came to the conclusion that the involvement of as many women as possible in the diplomatic service of Ukraine will ensure the effective implementation of gender equality and will indicate real reforms in the diplomatic sphere. Stereotypes about women’s weakness and vulnerability must be a thing of the past, as history has repeatedly shown strong women capable of changing their own country or even world trends. Therefore, for our country, the active encouragement of women to diplomatic work will only demonstrate the desire of a democratic state to seek new and innovative in this area. It is with the active participation of women in all world processes, including in diplomatic life, that we will be able to guarantee equality in society, peace and cohesion in different countries of the world.

РОЗВИТОК СЕКТОРАЛЬНИХ ТЕОРІЙ У ДОСЛІДЖЕННІ СТРУКТУРИ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article is devoted to sectoral theories of economic structuring, their evolution and development. It is emphasized that in the study of structural patterns of development of the national economy the theory of three sectors is widespread. International organizations use a three-sector model to characterize the country's economy and compare it with others, distinguishing between the agricultural, industrial and service sectors. The essence of the theory of three sectors in the process of civilizational development of society within the phase triad "pre-industrial – industrial – post-industrial" is highlighted. The evolution of the main provisions of the theory of three sectors and the contribution of A. Fischer, K. Clark, J. Furastier to its development are revealed. The comparative characteristic of grouping of aggregated types of economic activity into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors and criteria of structuring of economy are presented. The role of each sector in the development of the country's economy is emphasized. Emphasis is placed on the heterogeneity of the tertiary sector and its role in solving the unemployment problem. It is proved that the reason for the growth of employment in the service sector is the increase in demand not so much for consumer as for production services. The structural changes taking place in the economy have led to the development of the theory of three sectors in the study of the structure of the economy, which went by a deeper study of the tertiary sector and its detail. The concept of post-industrial society is revealed, in which education, science, information become of paramount importance in the development of the country's economy. Five- and six-sector models of economic structuring are described. Within these models, the development of the knowledge economy was recognized as a priority of public policy. Three blocks of the state social and economic policy for development of economy of knowledge are defined. It is determined that the development of the sectoral structure of the national economy takes place against the background of dialectical laws, under the influence of dynamism and sustainability. It is proved that the change of relations between sectors is accompanied by profound qualitative changes in each sector, the structure of the economy as a whole, which translates it to a new level of development. Emphasis is placed on the need to identify growth poles in each sector of the national economy.

Inequality of opportunities: Interpretation, methods and problems of estimation

The topic of this research is the theory of equal opportunities and its application to the relationship between inequality and economic development. The relevance of the work is due, first, to the fact that inequality grows throughout the world, creating conditions for the growth of social tension; second, to the lack of general consensus on the direction of the relationship between inequality and economic growth; and third, to contradictory results of empirical studies on this issue. The main hypothesis of the study is that these theoretical and empirical contradictions can be resolved by dividing inequality into two components —inequality of opportunity and inequality of effort — and studying their impact on economic growth separately. The idea of distinguishing between inequality of opportunity and inequality of effort is a core part of the theory of equal opportunities. The paper briefly reviews the roots, development, and current state of the theory. Methods for measuring inequality of opportunities have been developed and tested on microdata from many countries, including Russia. Also, at the theoretical level, mechanisms of the negative impact of inequality of opportunities and the positive impact of inequality of efforts on economic growth have been identified. At the same time, there are very few empirical studies dealing with the relationship between inequality of opportunity, inequality of effort, and economic growth. In practical terms, studies of the inequality of opportunity are important because they shift the goals and priorities of public policy from equalizing outcomes to equalizing opportunities. This makes it possible to move towards a more just and rapidly developing society.

Violence at work in emergency care units: nurses' experiences.

Objectives:to understand the perception of nurses in emergency care units about the violence experienced at work.Method:qualitative study conducted through 21 individual interviews between November and December 2018 in two emergency care units in a city in Paraná. Symbolic Interactionism was adopted as the theoretical framework and the Thematic Content Analysis technique was used to evaluate the data.Results:from the thematic category experiencing psychological violence in the nurses’ daily work, it was evidenced that it was related to threats against their lives, cursing, humiliation, embarrassment, attempt to defame them, as well as pressure from subordinates. In the category experiencing physical violence in the nurses’ daily work, it was found that it was imposed through pushing, pulling hair, throwing objects, the presence of firearms and knives and, even, witnessing murder.Conclusion:nurses suffered acts of violence by external and internal people, from the emergency care units themselves. Managers, nurses and society need to look reflexively and critically at the violence that happens and implement actions to avoid them, thus providing a safe working environment for all involved and educate society in order to make the reduction of violence a priority in public policies.

Economy’s innovative technological competitiveness: Decomposition, methodic of analysis and priorities of public policy

Economy’s innovative technological competitiveness: Decomposition, methodic of analysis and priorities of public policy