Public Lighting Research Articles

Monitoring System for a Street Lighting Luminaire

This research work shows the development of a monitoring system for a public lighting luminaire laboratory prototype. This system allows to reduce the response time under different kind of faults, such as short circuits or the end of lifespan in some of the luminarie’s components. On the other hand, this development could contribute to improve pedestrian and vehicles safety on the roads. The proposed prototype has two Arduino develepment boards which were used for transmitting (TX) and receiving (RX) devices, respectively. Likewise, it requires luxes (lx) and current (A) sensors, a real-time module, an external memory and GSM modules. The Technical Regulation of Lighting and Street Lighting (RETILAP) states that is necessary to replace the luminaire light bulb when its efficiency is below 70%, which corresponds to 9113.066 lx, taking into account that nowadays is very important saving energy and using properly the environmental resources, due to the increasing of global warming negative effects.

Smart Public Lighting Control and Measurement System Using LoRa Network

The installation of smart meters in smart cities to monitor streetlights (SLs) provides easy access to measurements of electrical variables and lighting levels, which improves the operation of installation. The use of smart meters in cities requires temporary high-resolution data to improve the energy efficiency (EE) of SLs. Long range (LoRa) is an ideal wireless protocol for use in smart cities due to its low energy consumption, secure communications, and long range indoors and outdoors. For this purpose, we developed a low-cost new system and successfully evaluated it by developing three devices, namely the measure and control device for street lights (MCDSL), lighting level measurement device (LLMD) and gateway LoRa network (GWLN), based on the Arduino open-source electronic platform. This paper describes the hardware and software design and its implementation. Further, an algorithm has been developed to enhance the energy efficiency of public lights using MCDSL, the energy efficiency for street lights (EESL) algorithm, that use the illumination level measured on the same set of SLs with a dynamic control, which assumed different lighting levels throughout the night, and adjusted luminous flux based on the traffic intensity of pedestrians. It sends the acquired data through the LoRa low-power wide-area-network (LPWAN) to the cloud.

A Dynamic Programming Approach for the Decentralized Control of Energy Retrofit in Large-Scale Street Lighting Systems

This article proposes a decision-making procedure that supports the city energy manager in determining the optimal energy retrofit plan of an existing public street lighting system throughout a wide urban area. The proposed decision model aims at simultaneously maximizing the energy consumption reduction and achieving an optimal allocation of the retrofit actions among the street lighting subsystems, while efficiently using the available budget. The resulting optimization problem is formulated as a quadratic knapsack problem. The proposed solution relies on a decentralized control algorithm that combines discrete dynamic programming with additive decomposition and value functions approximation. The optimality and complexity of the presented strategy are investigated, demonstrating that the proposed algorithm constitutes a fully polynomial approximation scheme. Simulation results related to a real street lighting system in the city of Bari (Italy) are presented to show the effectiveness of the approach in the optimal energy management of large-scale street lighting systems. Note to Practitioners —This article addresses the emerging need for decision support tools for the energy management of urban street lighting systems. The proposed decision-making strategy allows city energy managers and local policy makers taking retrofit decisions on an existing public street lighting system throughout a wide urban area. The presented strategy can be implemented in any engineering software, providing decision makers with a low-complexity and scalable Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tool for the optimization of the energy efficiency and environmental sustainability of street lighting systems.

Automated intelligent public lighting system

Intelligent street lighting refers to public street lighting that adapts to movement by pedestrians, cyclists and cars. This type of lighting is different from traditional, stationary illumination, or dimmable street lighting that dims at predetermined times. Intelligent street lighting, also referred to as adaptive street lighting, dims when no activity is detected, but brightens when movement is detected. Apart from that in this model of intelligent street lighting the lights will be configured to interact with each other to inform further lights to turn on or off when activity is detected near them. This ensures that people always walk in well-lit areas but area where activity is not detected remains dark thus saving energy. The lights will also be fitted with sensors to detect available sunlight initially and only come into action when required instead of predetermined times, it will also have access to a web API that provides average sunrise and sunset times in the region to save energy by reducing usage of the sensor itself.

Walkability and healthy aging: an analytical proposal for small and medium-sized Brazilian cities

Evidence has shown that urban environments that discourage walking contribute to functional incapacity in the elderly. Various indices have been proposed to describe an area's walkability, combining different aspects of the built environment that promote (or inhibit) walking. However, due to problems with the quality and availability of data in Brazil, there is no walkability index to date applies to all cities of the country and that has been properly tested in the population. The current study aimed to propose a walkability index based on geographic information systems for a medium-sized city, with open-access data, and to test its association with functional incapacity in the elderly. The study used data from the urban area of a medium-sized Brazilian city to select a parsimonious set of variables through factor analysis. The resulting index was tested for its association with the capacity to perform activities of daily living that require more movement, in 499 elderly, using generalized estimating equations. The resulting walkability index consists of residential density, commercial density, street connectivity, presence of sidewalks, and public lighting. These variables comprised the first factor in the factor analysis, excluding only arborization which was retained in the second factor. The worst walkability score was associated with the highest functional incapacity score. Based on the results and their validation, the study suggests an easily applicable walkability index with great potential for use in action plans to adapt environments.

Models of Green Parks and Public Lighting Systems of Several Advanced Cities in the World: Visionary Recommendations For Ho Chi Minh City

Models of Green Parks and Public Lighting Systems of Several Advanced Cities in the World: Visionary Recommendations For Ho Chi Minh City

A Sampling-and-Discarding Approach to Stochastic Model Predictive Control for Renewable Energy Systems

The paper applies the scenario approach to stochastic model predictive control for renewable energy systems. First, the controllable and the (quasi-periodic) uncontrollable parts are decomposed. The latter is modeled by a Box-Jenkins system with appropriately chosen inputs. For the controllable part, a linear state space model is used with an affine state-feedback controller. Several numerical experiments are presented on a public lighting microgrid, e.g., about forecasting the energy balance, the effects of various controller parametrizations, reoptimization frequencies, and discarding unfavorable scenarios. The results indicate that even a low order, time-independent controller with a slow reoptimization frequency can be efficient.

Identification of the Problems Induced by the Informal Districts of the Commune of Ziguinchor (Senegal) and Analysis of their Social and Environmental Impacts

Ziguinchor, like the rest of African cities, has experienced rapid urbanization in this last years, determined by a strong demographic increase which is out of step with the urban planning capacities of the public authorities. That creates an expansion of informal districts. The creation and development of these informal districts are left to their own devices by the authorities, who refuse to condone the illegal occupation of the lands. These letters must resort to individual practices to face the problems of basic infrastructure, sanitation ... However, these unsuitable practices are sometimes likely to provide lasting solutions to the problems posed. They neither ensure an improvement of living conditions, but damage the environment of these neighborhoods. This article, based on the literary review, qualitative and quantitative surveys and interviews, aims to highlight the interactions between the problems induced by the informal districts of Ziguinchor city and their social and environmental consequences. The results show that informal districts suffer from a lack of public lighting, drinking water supply and sanitation; second, they reveal that the discharge of wastewater on the ground (90%) and the method of burning (87%) are the main methods for treating solid and liquid waste; and finally, they attest that physical and land insecurity, esthetic and olfactory nuisances as well as pollution of the groundwater are the impacts with which the populations of the informal districts are confronted.

Automated intelligent public lighting system

Automated intelligent public lighting system

Analysis of Traffic Accident Occurrence at Hazardous Road Locations: A Case Study in Tunisia

The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of factors linked to the geometric, roadway and traffic flow characteristics on traffic accident occurrence at Hazardous Road Locations (HRL) in the region of Sousse, Tunisia using longitudinal data of 52 HRLs for an 11-year monitoring period from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2014. The results of estimation of Negative Binomial model and the Random Effects Negative Binomial model reported that the different variables representing the presence of rural segment, the curved alignment, the visibility, the average daily traffic volume, the presence of public lighting, the number of lane, the presence of vertical/horizontal sign, the presence of drainage system, the presence of paved shoulder, the roadway surface condition, and the presence of major road were the main significant variables influencing accident occurrences. Therefore, the results could be useful for deciders in the transport sector in order to implement effective measures to improve road safety by adopting proper sound use practices, establishing efficient transportation systems and formulating appropriate traffic policies and legislation.

Işletmelerin Sermaye Yapıları ve Firma Değerleri Arasındaki İlişki - BIST Sınai Endeksinde Bir Uygulama1 (The Relationship Between Capital Structures and Company Values of Companies - An Application in the BIST Industrial Index)

Purpose: The existence and direction of the relationship between capital structure and firm value is one of the most debated issues in the financial world. This research was conducted to determine whether there is any relationship between the capital structure and firm value of the firms and, if any, the level and direction of this relationship. Design/methodology/approach: The sample of the study consisted of 111 companies whose data can be accessed from the companies operating in Borsa Istanbul (BIST XUSIN) Industrial Index. The data related to the companies subject to the research were taken from the official web addresses of Borsa Istanbul and the Public Lighting Platform and made ready for analysis by the researchers. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, panel unit root tests and panel regression analyzes were performed to achieve the aim of the study. Findings: As a result of the study, it was concluded that there was a positive correlation between the Active Profitability Ratio (AKO) and KVYK/TA and OZ/TA ratios, while a negative correlation was found between UVYK/TA and LNTB/OZ ratios. It has been concluded that there is a negative relationship between the return on equity (OKO) and the ratios of UVYK/TA, LNTB/OZ and TB/TA. It has been concluded that there is a positive correlation between the Profit Per Share (HBKO) ratio and the OZ/TA ratio, while there is a negative relationship between the KVYK/TA, UVYK/TA, LNTB/OZ and TB/TA ratios. Discussion: According to these results, it can be stated that capital structure ratios of firms affect the ratios representing firm values and established models give meaningful results. It has been determined that the use of debt in the capital structures of the firms included in the Borsa Istanbul Industrial Index adversely affects the firm value and the use of equity positively affects the firm value.

Design of a Monitoring System Applied to Solar Public Lighting Poles

Design of a Monitoring System Applied to Solar Public Lighting Poles

On / Off Optimization of Public Lighting Systems Depending on the Road Class

The technological change generated by LED technology in lighting implies nowadays the existence of an intense program to streamline / modernize street lighting. In addition to the introduction of new lighting devices, tele-management systems are a first step towards the intelligent city. However, the problem of connecting and disconnecting the public lighting system is not optimized yet. This paper proposes a solution to this problem: the optimization principle according to the road class and visibility level.

Quality Analysis of Street Lighting Protocol of Pematang Siantar City

Public Street Lighting (PJU) is part of the utilities needed by the community. Public road lighting is needed to improve traffic safety, environmental safety and public comfort when driving, especially at night. This study aims to determine the light intensity and level of public street lighting (PJU) in Pematang Siantar City, especially Jalan Sutomo. The condition of Jalan Sutomo, Pematang Siantar City is a one-way street. In calculating the luminance intensity ( lux ) of public street lighting, a digital lux meter is used. The type and power of the lamp used for PJU on Jl. Sutomo Pematang Siantar City is a 60 W LED lamp. The height of the PJU pole on Jl. Sutomo in Pematang Siantar City is 9 meters in average with an arm length of 2 meters. The distance between a row of PJU poles is approximately 50 meters, with a road width of approximately 10 meters. The laying of the PJU on Jalan Sutomo, Pematang Siantar City, is by facing each other on each side of the road using a 1 arm lamp post.

Assessment of mitigation measures contribution to CO2 reduction in sustainable energy action plan

The paper shows the process of the development of the sustainable energy action plan (SEAP) for the city of Zagreb and analysis of the interaction between measures, which are used for the reduction in energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The energy savings and CO2 reduction potential of measures are compared in a scenario and individual approach. Sectors of energy consumption listed in SEAP are buildings, transport and public lighting. The buildings sector is divided into public buildings, residential and commercial buildings. The transport sector is subdivided on public transport, public vehicles and private and commercial transport. Measures for CO2 emission reduction are selected by a discussion with relevant stakeholders and most effective measures from the previous SEAP. Mutual interaction between measures, which influences the total result of energy consumption and CO2 emissions reduction, is done through simulation in LEAP. In this way, it can be shown that measures have either synergetic, negative or neutral interaction between them. The analysis showed the negative interaction is prevailing and scenario approach resulted in 16.23% lower CO2 reduction potential than the individual assessment of each measure. It is recommended to use a scenario approach in the development of SEAP for the assessment of measures CO2 reduction potential. This will provide more efficient planning of measures for the reduction in CO2 emissions on a local level and avoid overestimating of the CO2 reduction potential when developing SEAPs.

Street lighting efficiency with particle swarm optimization algorithm following Indonesian standard

This paper aims the street lighting efficiency optimization of street lighting on Dr. Setiabudhi street, Bandung city. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to get maximum lighting efficiency values with constraints in the form of lamp height, the distance between lights, lamp power, type/width of the street, the average illuminance and minimum illuminance according to Indonesian national standards (SNI) standards. Parameter optimization to obtain optimal values based on global standards and Indonesian national standards (SNI) has been done. PSO using MATLAB® (R2017a, MathWorks Inc, USA) has produced a street lighting optimization model with the level of lighting efficiency twice higher than the evaluation of existing conditions. Testing the results of the PSO algorithm shows a difference of 9.7% higher than the DIALux evo (8.0, Ludenscheid, Germany) software design. The test results show that the PSO algorithm can be used to obtain optimum lighting efficiency from a public street lighting system following SNI.

Traditions and innovations in lighting of libraries

The libraries lighting systems development was shown with the changes of their functions when the new architectural directions appeared and the light role in the space formation was rethought. The main factors influencing the comfortable luminous environment creation - maximum natural light use, protection from insolation, color and texture of finishing materials - were considered on the examples of the well-known libraries. Special attention is paid to the Don state public library interior lighting theme in Rostov-on-Don.

School Inequalities and Urban Welfare: Going beyond Socioeconomic Status with Data Science

The fast-changing Brazilian urban reality segregates people in socio-spatial terms and distributes urban public resources unfairly, threatening student’s access to the structure of educational opportunities and causing school inequalities. Factors such as the existence of public lighting, open sewage and garbage accumulated around the homes, as well as electricity and water supply, sanitation, and the number of residents per bathroom, are discussed as predictors of school achievements as measured using their average IDEB (Basic Education Development Index) outcomes using Data Science methods. It was found that the resident/bathroom density and the household wall material indicators in a municipality have a higher correlation with its average school achievements than the average students’ socioeconomic status, relations that are clearly illustrated through bivariate choropleth maps across all the 5,388 Brazilian municipalities with available valid data. These results are compatible with research that reveals the presence of a “neighbourhood effect,” such that the distributional inequalities in infrastructure access and ultimately the notion of urban welfare reduces educational opportunities and engenders social inequalities, what is incompatible with the ideal of a sustainable society.

The gas companies in Spain, a long-run approach (1842–2018)

The article aims to analyse the evolution of gas companies in Spain from their starting point in the middle of the nineteenth century (when the business was limited to public lighting), up until the complexity of the present day. This process is divided into three main stages according to the general context of the sector. In each period, the profile of the companies will be established, as well as their market and the institutional constraints and strategies that were adopted by the companies to overcome those challenges. We found that most of the peculiar features of the Spanish case history were shared with other Southern European countries. Among others, we outline the delay and low dissemination, the scarcity and high cost of coal, the lack of capital, the technology and know-how and the strong presence of foreign companies.

Daytime or Overnight Deliveries? Perceptions of Drivers and Retailers in São Paulo City

This research aims to analyze the perception of logistics operators and retailers regarding freight deliveries in the city of São Paulo. Based on a survey applied to 100 logistics operators and 84 retailers, the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was used to investigate the logistics efficiency of off-hours deliveries (OHD) and to indicate issues when carrying out OHD. From that sample, noise appears as the most critical issue of OHD for retailers. From the results, most logistics operators and retailers prefer to deliver cargo at night. The advantages of making OHD are the ability to check/store goods, the accuracy in the delivery schedule due to traffic conditions, and the ease of parking a vehicle to offload goods. Public authorities should improve the infrastructure to receive goods, including public lighting conditions and sidewalks. The correspondence analysis method showed that the level of customer service quality depends on the punctuality of the trucks and the ability to check and store goods. Furthermore, by highlighting the logistics efficiency and issues related to daytime and overnight deliveries by carriers and receivers, it can guide public polices and initiatives of other companies, an aspect that has been lacking in the literature.