Public Houses Research Articles

‘Flash houses’: Public houses and geographies of moral contagion in 19th-century London

‘Flash houses’, a distinctive type of public house associated with criminal activity, are a shadowy and little-studied aspect of early 19th-century London. This article situates flash houses within a wide perspective, arguing that the discourses on flash houses were part of concerns about the threat of the urban environment to the moral character of its inhabitants. The article draws on an original synthesis of a range of sources that refer to flash houses, including contemporary literature, newspapers, court documents, and government papers. It demonstrates that flash houses were part of both popular intrigue about the perceived ‘criminal underworld’ and official concerns about the collusion between police officers and suspected offenders, since police officers allegedly frequented flash houses to gather criminal information. A detailed examination of this term reveals anxieties about the state of the metropolis, poverty, and criminality that were central to the early 19th-century consciousness. However, the discussion of flash houses in this context also demonstrates a powerful connection in contemporary minds between the physical spaces of the city and the risks that they posed to inhabitants' morals. While associations between the physical environment and morality have been drawn throughout history, flash houses represent a paradigmatic moment in this dialogue. This is because different moral concerns coalesced around the discourse on flash houses: anxieties about the criminal underworld, the potential for moral degradation of young people who frequented these spaces, and the corruption of police officers through contact with known or suspected offenders.

THE TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS IN TO ALL THE BOYS I’VE LOVED BEFORE MOVIE

The objectives of the study to find out the types of English slang words used and strategies in translating slang words from English to Bahasa uttered in “To All the Boys I’ve Loved Before” movie. The data were collected using the theory of Partridge and Bloomfield, and theories of translation strategies by Mona Baker. The result showed that there were 61 slang words were found in this movie. They were classified into 7 types of slang words namely cockney slang, public house slang, workmen’s slang, slang in theater, slang in art, slang in public school and university, and society slang. Society slang is the utmost type of slang used in the movie and other pop cultures. The translation strategies used were translation by more general word, translation by more neutral/ less expressive, translation by paraphrase using the related word, paraphrase using the unrelated word, translation using loan word, cultural substitution, translation by omission, and translation by illustration. In conclusion, the researcher mostly used translation strategy named translation by a more general word in this research which has been determined by analyzing each source of data.

“A Mixed Assemblage of Persons”: Race and Tavern Space in Upper Canada

This tavern story about an 1832 Saturday night on the town in Brantford, Upper Canada, addresses the complexities of racialized relations in “public places” generally and the tavern’s bar room in particular. It juxtaposes tavern-goers who engaged in “heterogenous” sociability with the “‘high pressure’ prejudice” of a “‘Yankee’” barkeeper. It challenges us to understand what such moments of multiracial public life meant in a society permeated by racialized thought and practice. There was a strange contradiction between White settlers’ marginalization of Black and First Nations peoples and the sometimes easy accommodation afforded them in the public houses. Although accommodation to people of colour was also illegally, and sometimes violently, denied, tavern stories complicate historical interpretations focusing on conflict. Without questioning these analyses, or the evidence supporting them, the stories suggest that something more subtle was also going on. They invite serious attention to the colony’s many taverns as sites where people chose to relax racial boundaries as often as they chose to enforce them. Maybe it was just the whiskey and the wine; without comparable work on other public spaces, the typicality of a tavern-based history will remain an open question. But because “Indians” as well as the “blacks and whites” all went there, the taverns show how race, as one socially constructed category, shaped ordinary, everyday human interactions.

The use of public houses as a collective representation of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland

Pubs have served as a collective representation through which the collective identity of ‘Irish society’ has been articulated during the crisis of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As such they offer a case study of how meaning making occurs in contemporary periods of social crisis. While the neoliberal era is widely interpreted as period involving a process of desymbolisation in which meaning giving traditions are undermined, in this period of social crisis long-established and authoritative narratives drawn from collective memory circulated to articulate the meaning of the pandemic for the collective identity in the sense of its nature, character, boundaries, ‘others’, and moral duties and sacrifices that membership implied. Highly stereotyped images of the sacred moral core of the collective as represented by publicans who embodied qualities of age and maturity, rural, cultural-nationalist identity and a post Land War ideal of community-oriented owner-proprieters appeared. Similarly conventional representations of the immoral enemies within, who threaten to morally and literally infect the community, can be seen in representations of venues and drinkers who embody youth, the urban crowd and mixing. The ‘other’ through which identity is articulated against was represented through Britishness, which was shown as the source of the undesirable aspects of modernity.

Metal/metalloid levels in hair of Shenzhen residents and the associated influencing factors

129 Shenzhen residents’ hair samples were collected and the metal/metalloid concentrations of Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe and Ni were detected. Meanwhile, the relationships between metal/metalloid contents in human hair and gender, age, seafood diet habit, smoking habit, as well as the housing type (dwelling environment) were analyzed. Results showed that the average content of Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe and Ni in human hair of Shenzhen residents was 0.76 ± 0.96, 0.10 ± 0.04, 5.25 ± 4.88, 0.25 ± 0.33, 0.60 ± 0.31, 13.84 ± 3.67, 2.82 ± 2.01, 196.90 ± 145.01, 12.20 ± 5.10 and 0.34 ± 0.32 μg/g, respectively. Compared with other regions at home and abroad, most metal/metalloids in Shenzhen residents were at a moderate level, and the highly toxic elements (i.e. Pb, Cd, As and Hg) didn’t exceed the upper limit of normal values in China. Statistical analysis showed that the young male people contained significantly higher (p < 0.05) level of Pb (in age group of 20–30 years old) and Fe (in age group of 20–40 years old) in hair than the female people. Smokers had significantly (p < 0.05) higher level of Cd (0.35 μg/g) but lower level of Zn (101.24 µg/g) than non-smokers (Cd: 0.17 μg/g; Zn: 252.63 µg/g). Hg and Pb contents in hair of Shenzhen people were positively related with the frequencies of seafood consumption and the age, respectively. Moreover, residents lived in private buildings (well decorated house) accumulated significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of Pb, Cr, Fe and Ni as compared with those lived in public rental house and village house (no decoration or simple decoration), suggesting that decoration material was also an important way for human exposure to heavy metals.

Memorials to John Snow - Pioneer in anaesthesia and epidemiology.

John Snow was an English physician and a founding father of epidemiology, whose name is inextricably linked with tracing the source of the 1854 cholera outbreak in Soho, which killed over 600 people. Despite his recommendation to remove the water pump handle and thus reduce the spread of cholera, his theory of faecal-oral transmission was not widely believed until after his death. Furthermore, he also pioneered substantial achievements in the development of anaesthesia. He studied both chloroform and ether, improving the accuracy of their delivery. In his obstetric practice, he achieved the feat of obtaining satisfactory analgesia with a safer technique and is remembered for administering chloroform to Queen Victoria, during the delivery of her last two children. There are several interesting and unusual memorials to Snow, ranging from replica water pumps, blue plaques and a public house named after him. The most recent new memorial was erected in 2017, in his home town of York, which commemorates his origins and his subsequent contribution to curbing the cholera outbreak. All the memorials commemorate his achievements, which remain relevant today. Public health and epidemiology expertise is required in the current world of the COVID-19 pandemic, where his legacy remains as important as ever.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN 1917-1940 ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE

The study of the periodization of the development of architecture of non-formal education institutions (hereinafter NFEI) combines the following aspects: pedagogical aspect (is the decisive one, according to the author), social, political, scientific and technical aspects that are inherent in the era. The author investigates the developmental periods of architecture of non-formal education institutions. The time limits studied in the article from 1917 to 1940 belong to the second stage of development of NFEIs and their architecture - the period of development and formation. Many scholars and educators note that in Ukraine the existence of non-formal education covers the following areas: extracurricular education; postgraduate education and adult education; civil education; school and student self-government; educational initiatives aimed at developing additional skills and abilities; universities of the third age that provide educational services to the elderly. Given the modern interpretation and combination into a single concept - "lifelong learning" - all forms of education, this article examines the formation of the architecture of additional education institutions for all ages, i.e. analyzes the conditions that led to the creation of appropriate architectural forms, and the main, according to the author, examples and characteristics. This stage of development of NFEIs and their architectural and typological links is the period after the First World War and the beginning of the Soviet Union era. The nature of functioning remains mainly compensatory and educational. During this period, a unique world-renowned system of extracurricular activities is developed. Educational institutions and institutions of additional education in public houses and public schools continue to function. Various professional associations were born in the Soviet Union, and clubs, houses, and palaces of culture began to be built for them. In addition, during this period in Ukraine, religious institutions are gradually losing their influence, and educational functions are transferred to other institutions: libraries, houses and palaces of culture and so on. The beginning of the youth movement, stations of young nature lovers are created. The organization of seasonal (summer) children's camps takes new pedagogical and ideological forms. At this stage, specialized institutions started to form that carried out extracurricular educational work in one specific direction: stations for young naturalists, young technicians, children's railways, children's theaters and cinemas, libraries, sports and music schools - specialized non-formal education institutions. Institutions of a wide profile continued to function and had an appropriate number of offices and workshops - clubs of various types.

Smashing Backdoors in and the Wandering Eye: An Introduction to Bartenders’ Experiences with Unwanted Sexual Attention while Working in the UK

Literature on unwanted sexual attention in the night-time economy has focused predominantly on patrons and ignores those who are employed in it. This paper draws on participant observations of, and interviews with, 10 current, and 5 former, bartenders’ engagement with unwanted behaviors at a public house. Data gathered will outline the common and infrequent forms of unwanted sexual attention and who the perpetrators are. I also remold the concept of ‘feisty femininity’ to reflect female bartenders’ combative strategies against male customers. I end with a suggestion for the implementation of specific training strategies for all employed in licensed venues.

China’s Housing Reform and Labor Market Participation

The 1994–1998 housing reform in China allowed state employees to buy their rented public houses at considerably subsidized prices. By exploiting housing reform as an exogenous change in homeownership and employing a differences-in-differences framework, this paper examines the effect of housing reform on labor market participation. Using the data from China Health and Nutrition Survey, we find that individuals who are affected by the housing reform are 15.1 percentage points less likely to participate in labor market after controlling for observables. We further find that married women are 18.9 percentage points more likely to drop out of labor market after the housing reform, while their male counterparts are only 10.0 percentage points less likely to participate in labor market after the reform. We also explore mechanisms through which the housing reform may affect married women more greatly. Family division of labor hypothesis suggests that, in an efficient family husband should act as the “breadwinners” and wife be a caregiver and responsible for raising the family. We test this hypothesis and find strong evidence that married women in fact spend more time in family chores after the housing reform. Our findings are robust to alternative estimations and functional misspecifications.

Total Repair Cost Simulation Considering Multiple Probabilistic Measures and Service Life

In this study, the total maintenance cost for public houses in South Korea was analyzed, and the effect of each repair process on the total maintenance cost was evaluated with probabilistic and deterministic methods. In the probabilistic method, quality of repair materials and construction skills were considered in the variability of extended service life through repair, while the deterministic method considered it by simple summation of repair step. The repair cost was analyzed considering the coefficient of variation (COV) of extended service life, so the reasonable total maintenance cost was able to be evaluated. Since the results through the probabilistic method provided a continuous cost line, a reasonable repair strategy was carried out by simply changing the intended service life of the structure. The repair cost was additionally analyzed with constant COV (0.15) of each repair process for considering various situations. The analysis results with a COV of 0.15 exhibited a slightly higher maintenance cost than those with current COV. The total maintenance costs can be adjusted if the initial repair timing is extended to the largest possible extent for the highest-repair-cost process since the total repair cost is dominated by the process with the highest repair cost.

Community-based participatory approach in cultural heritage reconstruction: A case study of Kasthamandap

Kasthamandap, a 7th -century structure, a traditional public rest house with social, cultural, and religious significance, completely collapsed during the Gorkha earthquake of 25th April 2015. The initial reconstruction plans of Kasthamandap were not satisfactory, as they contradicted the traditional construction system. Therefore, the public protested against the proposals and insisted on using traditional methods and materials with community involvement for maintaining its value and originality. This paper focuses on challenges and discusses the learning of a community initiative in rebuilding Kasthamandap. The paper presents an exemplary participatory heritage rebuilding process, a learning to heritage reconstructions for the future.

Changing the culture of drinking: the public houses in Carlisle before and after the introduction of The State Management Scheme in 1916

ABSTRACT Before the First World War, Carlisle, a city of 50,000 people, had a rich and varied social culture of public houses. War-time concerns, expecially relating to a large munitions factory at Gretna, prompted the creation of the Carlisle Experiment (later known as The State Management Scheme) which became an attempt, through government ownership and control of the breweries and public houses and through government-directed social engineering, including innovative pub-architecture and design, to change the drinking culture of the area. This paper contrasts, with detailed examples of architecture and design, the different drinking cultures in the city before and after the introduction of the Scheme.

The Reinvention of Sweden’s “Gothenburg System” in Rural Australia: The Community Hotels Movement

ABSTRACT In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a dozen small towns in rural South Australia began a unique social experiment: they imported an alcohol control model from Sweden designed to curb drunkenness, reform the pub and distribute profits for the benefit of the community. The innovative idea of local citizens owning and governing their hotel by committee, and doing away with the drive for personal profit, was an adaptation of the Swedish Gothenburg system. In Australia, it was put into practice in 1897 in the temperance town of Renmark on the River Murray, and other like-minded communities in South Australia followed suit over the next 50 years. This article tells the little-known history of these hotels and explains how and why ideas about the cooperative management of alcohol were found to be particularly compatible with the social and cultural history of South Australia. These Gothenburg experiments connected rural Australia with alcohol policies advancing the municipalisation and improvement of the public house and with progressive ideas of planned towns and garden cities that were being implemented in Sweden and Britain at the time.

The enhanced susceptibility of alcohol‐free and low alcohol beers to microbiological spoilage: implications for draught dispense

The spoilage of six alcohol-free (AFB, ≤ 0.05% ABV) and two low alcohol beers (LAB, ≤ 1.2% ABV) was assessed by challenge testing with microflora from draught beer. Spoilage of AFB and LABs was greater (2-5 x) than two ‘control’ premium lager beers (4.5% ABV). Measurement of spoilage by challenge testing was reproducible irrespective of the source of draught beer microflora (public house, date, or beer style). Spoilage was correlated with the level of ‘fermentables’ (glucose + fructose + maltose) in the product but was also dependent on the availability of micronutrients. The addition of ethanol (2-8% ABV) to three AFBs and a LAB resulted only in a modest inhibition of spoilage (collectively 24% at 8% ABV) and, it is suggested, that the complexity of the product composition provides protection. Given the vulnerability of AFBs and LABs to spoilage and susceptibility to microorganisms that are usually supressed by ethanol, it is strongly recommended that low or alcohol-free beer styles are not offered to consumers in the on-trade by conventional long line dispense systems. It is suggested that AFB and LABs in a draught format require innovative, hygienically designed stand-alone dispense systems that remove or significantly minimise the risk of microbiological contamination, growth and associated product spoilage. © 2021 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

The external renders of the early 20th century architecture

External renders are an essential part of the architecture of the first half of the 20th century. The aesthetic effect of such plasterwork was achieved by surface treatment, colouring or by using various filler components that acted with their colour or structure. The binder of the plasters was most often Portland cement which played an important role in the processing of plasters or surface finishes, and in addition, formed the functional properties of the plasters (hardness, durability, resistance to external conditions).This paper summarizes the results of a survey focused on the characterization of components used for the creation of external rendering taken from several architecturally significant buildings in the city of Brno dating back to the first half of the 20th century (villas, apartment buildings, public apartment houses). The survey into the collected samples performed by means of petrographic (light polarizing microscopy) and phase (powder X-ray diffraction) analysis revealed interesting information concerning the wide range of materials (components) used and the craftsmanship involved in their processing, all of which fundamentally influence the art-craft and utility properties of the buildings. The information gathered can serve as an important source of information for the renovation of early 20th century architecture.

Communicating complexity: interactive model explorers and immersive visualizations as tools for local planning and community engagement

Models that capture relationships between a variety of social, economic, and environmental factors are useful tools for community planning; however, they are often complex and difficult for diverse audiences to understand. This creates challenges for participatory planning and community engagement. Conducted in the community of Squamish (British Columbia, Canada), this study develops and examines tools for communicating outcomes of a community scenario modelling exercise to diverse stakeholders. These tools are ( i) a “model explorer” and ( ii) realistic, immersive visualizations. The model explorer is an online, HTML5-based tool that can be used to learn about the model, view community scenario maps, and explore potential outcomes of the scenarios. The visualizations are virtual environments that are navigated from the first-person perspective, and they were developed using a combination of ArcGIS, Trimble SketchUp, Adobe Photoshop, and the Unity3D game engine. A local government and community stakeholder focus group and public open house event were held to solicit feedback on the scenarios and tools. Findings of the research suggest that the two types of tools can be used in a complementary fashion, and tool integration can better harness their respective strengths in a manner that comprehensively communicates the implications of different development pathways to diverse community members.

Lung fibrosis in COVID-19 survivors: histone deacetylase inhibitors as a promising therapeutic strategy

Over the past twenty years, the world has witnessed several viral epidemics such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), influenza A subtype H1N1 virus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and more recently the novel SARS-CoV coronavirus 2, which caused the disease COVID-19. The latest epidemic proved to be the most destructive and claimed more than 2 million lives. Today's efforts to combat COVID-19 are focused on controlling the spread of the coronavirus and identifying effective treatment options. Meanwhile, an analysis of data regarding the long-term clinical consequences of previous coronavirus infections (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) shows that with the removal of the virus from the body, the pathological process in many cases does not end and can develop into long-term lung damage, in particular, fibrous interstitial disease or pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, pulmonary fibrosis can become an ongoing problem in patients recovering from COVID-19. Therefore, it is necessary now to determine the strategy of preventive measures both to counteract the development of pulmonary fibrosis in patients with COVID-19 during inpatient treatment, and to prevent its occurrence and progression in the long term. Although anti-fibrotic drugs such as pirfenidone and nintedanib have been shown to be effective in reducing the rate of deterioration in lung function, their results have not significantly improved patient recovery. In addition, the use of these drugs has been associated with serious side effects. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to consider the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACs) as an alternative epigenetic therapy strategy to prevent the development or progression of pulmonary fibrosis in recovered SARS-CoV-2 patients. (English) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] За последние двадцать лет мир стал свидетелем нескольких вирусных эпидемий, таких как эпидемии коронавируса тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома (SARS-CoV), вируса гриппа A подтипа H1N1, коронавируса ближневосточного респираторного синдрома (MERS-CoV), а недавно и нового коронавируса SARS-CoV-2, вызвавшего заболевание COVID-19. Последняя эпидемия оказалась наиболее разрушительной и унесла с собой более 2 млн человеческих жизней. Сегодняшние усилия в борьбе с COVID-19 направлены, в основном, на контроль распространения коронавируса и определение эффективных вариантов лече- ния. Между тем анализ данных, касающихся долговременных клинических последствий предыдущих коронавирусных инфекций (SARS-CoV и MERS-CoV), показывает, что с выведением вируса из организма патологический процесс во многих случаях не за- вершается и может перерасти в длительное поражение легких, в частности, фиброзное интерстициальное заболевание, или фиброз легких. Таким образом, фиброз легких может стать постоянной проблемой у пациентов, выздоровевших от COVID-19. Поэтому необходимо уже сейчас определить стратегию превентивных мер как по противодействию развития фиброза легких у пациентов с COVID-19 в период стационарного лечения, так и по недопущению его возникновения и прогрессирования в отда- ленной перспективе. Такие антифибротические препараты, как пирфенидон и нинтеданиб показали свою эффективность в сни- жении скорости ухудшения функции легких, тем не менее результаты их применения не дали существенного улучшения в выздоровлении пациентов. Кроме того, прием этих препаратов был связан с развитием серьезных побочных эффектов. В этой свя- зи, цель работы - рассмотреть возможность использования ингибиторов гистондеацетилазы (HDAC, histonedeacetylase) в каче- стве альтернативной эпигенетической стратегии терапии для предотвращения развития или прогрессирования легочного фиб- роза у выздоровевших пациентов с SARS-CoV-2. (Russian) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Problems of Biological, Medical & Pharmaceutical Chemistry is the property of Russian Physician Public House Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Endolysins and prospects of their use for the treatment of infections caused by polyresistent bacteria (review)

The rapid increase in the incidence of multidrug-resistant pathogens poses an important task for the scientific community to find new ways to combat such pathogens. This increase is due to the widespread use of antibiotics of the main pharmacological groups for the treatment of infectious diseases against the backdrop of the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic. One of the promising directions in this area is bacteriophages due to their effectiveness against resistant pathogens and safety of use. Nevertheless, bacteriophages have a number of limitations that hinder their widespread use. In this regard, studies of endolysins - enzymes synthesized at the end of the lytic cycle of bacteriophages and destroying the bacterial cell wall - are being increasingly actively pursued. This article describes the characteristics of endolysins, their classification and advantages in comparison with antibiotics and bacteriophages. The descriptions of research carried out in the world in the field of obtaining endolysin preparations are given. Developments for the production of monoand combined endolysins for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections are described. The effectiveness of this approach for the treatment of infections, including those caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens, and the prospects for further work in this direction are shown. (English) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Стремительный рост встречаемости полирезистентных возбудителей ставит перед научным сообществом важную задачу по по- иску новых путей борьбы с такими возбудителями. Этот рост обусловлен широким применением антибиотиков основных фарма- кологических групп для лечения инфекционных заболеваний на фоне не угасающей эпидемии COVID-19. Одним из перспектив- ных направлений в данной области являются бактериофаги ввиду своей эффективности в отношении резистентных возбудите- лей и безопасности применения. Тем не менее бактериофаги обладают рядом ограничений, затрудняющих их широкое приме- нение. В связи с этим все более активно ведутся исследования эндолизинов - ферментов, синтезирующихся в конце литическо- го цикла бактериофагов и разрушающих клеточную стенку бактерий. Дана характеристика эндолизинов, их классификация и описаны преимущества эндолизинов по сравнению с антибиотиками и бактериофагами. Приведены описания проводимых в ми- ре исследований в области получения препаратов эндолизинов. Рассмотрены разработки по получению моно- и комбинирован- ных эндолизинов для лечения ряда бактериальных инфекций. Показана эффективность данного подхода для лечения инфек- ций, в том числе вызванных полирезистентными возбудителями, и перспективность дальнейшей работы в этом направлении. (Russian) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Problems of Biological, Medical & Pharmaceutical Chemistry is the property of Russian Physician Public House Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Egy pub új élete

The creative industry sector in the United Kingdom holds a special place regarding cross disciplinary activities which supports collective and individual successes at a decisive level on the international market. Taking a redundant public house, which later functioned as a family home, adding another floor to create an artist's studio retains the local tradition for small footprint vertical developments and provides a studio space which benefits from its location and quality of natural daylighting. From a town planning point of view the streetscape is maintained, as is the historical message, whilst providing a creative place of employment.

İSTANBUL HALKEVLERİ GÜZEL SANATLAR VE TEMSİL ŞUBELERİNİN FAALİYETLERİ (1939-1951)

Kurtuluş Savaşı’ndan sonra gerçekleşen inkılâp hareketlerinin ortak amacı, Türk toplumunu her alanda çağdaş ve akılcı bir yöntemle modern bir toplum haline getirmekti. Bu amaçla 19 Şubat 1932 tarihinde “kültür kurumu” olarak adlandırılan halkevleri açıldı. 1932-1951 döneminde halkevleri; güzel sanatlar, temsil, dil ve edebiyat, spor, sosyal yardım, halk dershaneleri ve kurslar, kütüphane ve yayın, köycülük ile tarih ve müze şubesi olmak üzere toplam 9 şube ve bu şubelere bağlı birçok kol aracılığıyla faaliyet gösterdi. Güzel sanatlar şubesinin amacı; müzik, resim, heykel, mimari ve süsleme sanatları alanında amatör ve profesyonel unsurları bir araya toplamak, genç kabiliyetleri korumak ve bunların yetişmelerini sağlamaktı. Temsil şubesinin amacı da temsil sanatına istekli ve kabiliyetli üyelerden oluşan bir temsil grubu oluşturmaktı.&#x0D; İstanbul halkevlerinin güzel sanatlar şubeleri müzik faaliyetleri içinde daha çok Türk müziğine yönelik koro faaliyetleri ve konserler üzerinde durmaktaydı. Eminönü, Kadıköy, Şişli ve Beyoğlu halkevlerinin kendilerine ait orkestraları vardı. Sergi faaliyetleri resim ve fotoğraf ağırlıklı olup ülkenin ilk “diyaroma sergisi” nin açılışı bu dönemde Eminönü Halkevi tarafından yapıldı. Temsil şubelerinin faaliyetleri de piyes, bale, opera, revü, kanto, kukla-karagöz, meddah, hokkabaz, orta oyunu, sinema ve film gösterilerinden oluşmaktaydı.&#x0D; İstanbul’da 1932-1935 tarihleri arasında sadece İstanbul Halkevi faaliyet gösterdi ve 1935 yılında yeniden yapılandırmaya gidilerek halkevinin faaliyetlerine son verildi. Aynı yıl İstanbul’da Eminönü, Şehremini, Beyoğlu, Beşiktaş, Kadıköy, Üsküdar ve Şişli halkevleri açıldı. Bu halkevlerini 1938 yılında Fatih, Bakırköy ve Eyüp halkevleri, 1939 yılında Şile, 1940’da Sarıyer halkevlerinin açılması izledi. 1945 yılında Kartal, Yalova ve 1946 yılında da Çatalca, Beykoz ve Yeşilköy halkodaları halkevlerine dönüştürüldü.&#x0D; Bu çalışmada 1939-1951 döneminde İstanbul’da faaliyet gösteren 17 halkevine bağlı güzel sanatlar ve temsil şubelerinin faaliyetleri; “müzik, sergi ve temsil” alt başlıkları altında incelendi.