Public Houses Research Articles

Establishing the Global Feelings of People Who Sought Online Support Throughout the Covid-19 Pandemic

When the Irish self isolation support group became busy on Facebook throughout the Covid-19 pandemic it attracted over two thousand people who sought support from over 100 other countries. As a result of the group being created and led from Ireland the leaders decided to welcome all people from around the world who were not only seeking positive support within the group but who expressed their views about the happenings throughout the pandemic also. From then the group was renamed the International self isolation support group. Consequently, the group population grew from 3,342 members to 5, 558 members by late 2021. That meant that there were an extra 2,216 members from over 100 different countries outside of Ireland who were researched about their feelings about living through the pandemic. This paper establishes the global feelings of people from all countries other than Ireland who sought online support within the group throughout the covid-19 pandemic. By learning the opinions and feelings of people who sought support from all around the world at this time the researcher was able to discover what global support will be required by people internationally when unpredicted pandemics spread throughout the world. The results of this research within the International self isolation support group showed that people wished to be around more people in real life and wanted to support people during Christmas 2020 when many were alone for Christmas for their first time. It also became clear that people were nervous to be around public houses at times but wanted to have a real-life party at a time when the virus would not be considered harmful to them and others. There was evidence of anxiety and depression and feelings of being dictated to by various governments too.

The Spillover Effects of Public Attention and Real Estate Market: A Case Study from Shanghai, China

The real estate industry is closely linked to the national economy, and fluctuations in house prices have long been a major focus of public attention. This study explores the relationship between public attention and the real estate market, using public attention as a focal point. It systematically explains how public attention affects investment decisions in real estate. Taking Shanghai as a case, this study empirically examines the dynamic time-varying relationship between public attention and house prices, sales, investment and floor space completed by building a Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregression (TVP-VAR) model with data from 2011 to 2024.The research shows that the spillover index of house prices on public attention is positive and house prices acting as the sender of the shock, with rising house prices boost public attention. Conversely, the spillover index of public attention on house prices is negative, with public attention acting as the receiver of the shock. Based on the empirical results, it is recommended to incorporate public attention into the real estate market monitoring system, observe the real estate industry using multiple indicators, and enhance the regulation of online media to ensure policy transparency.

A randomized controlled experiment testing the use of virtual reality to trigger cigarette craving in people who smoke

Automated delivery of therapy in virtual reality (VR) has the potential to be used for smoking cessation. Most obviously, it could be used to practise and establish alternative reactions to smoking cues. The first step in treatment development is to show that VR environments can trigger sufficient cravings in smokers. We evaluated a new VR public house outdoor scenario with 100 individuals who smoked daily. Participants were randomly assigned to the VR scenario with smoking cues or a neutral experience in VR. The VR experiences were presented in a standalone VR headset. Before and after VR, we collected self-reported craving scores for cigarettes and alcohol using the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire (TCQ) and visual analogue scales (VAS). Physiological data were also collected. Compared to the neutral condition, exposure to the smoking cues led to a large increase in craving for a cigarette (TCQ β = 11.44, p < 0.0001, Cohen’s d = 1.10) and also a moderate increase in craving for alcohol (β=0.7,p=0.017,d=0.50)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(\\upbeta =0.7,\ ext{ p}=0.017,\ ext{ d}=0.50)$$\\end{document}. There were no significant physiological differences between the two conditions. These results provide good evidence that VR experiences can elicit strong craving for cigarettes. The programming can be part of developing a new VR cognitive therapy to help people reduce smoking.

IV. Das Einlager. Forderungsdurchsetzung in der Frühen Neuzeit zwischen Autonomie und Heteronomie

Summary In medieval and early modern Germany, the Einlager (lat. obstagium) was a widespread practice of private debt enforcement. Parties stipulated that in case the debtor defaulted, contractually agreed on persons, usually the debtor and/or sureties along with members of their retinue, would confine themselves to given premises, usually a public house, for as long as the debt was left unpaid. During that time, all costs for boarding and lodging were to be borne by the debtor. This legal institution was meant to increase the economic pressure on the debtor and keep him from pursuing his usual private and professional life. Voluntarily agreeing to the Einlager, publicly committing to a debt as well as submitting to slander should the debtor not turn himself in all hinged on contemporary codes of honour – the debtor vouched his personal honour when he took on him the possibility of the Einlager. At the same time, the Einlager itself was perceived to leave personal honour intact. This meant that it was popular in cases in which distraint for debt proved difficult; particularly noble debtors and cities found it to be acceptable. However, increasing economic pressure on an already defaulting debtor had always been viewed sceptically. During the course of the 16th century, criticism of the Einlager grew more intensive and new facets were added to it. Prolonged stays in pubs, sometimes in excess of a year, were now deemed detrimental to public as well as private morality. More importantly, the Einlager as a means of private, autonomous debt enforcement that used personal honour as a leverage point was increasingly perceived as a challenge to early modern concepts of territorial lordship, as it ignored governmental jurisdiction. Early modern German legislation addressing the issue introduced a new argument: It criticized that those employing the Einlager made themselves judges in their own causes. Assailed on all sides, the Einlager thus quickly fell into disuse around 1600. Only in a few northern German regions it was moderated by legislation and employed well into the 19th century.

Wood Construction Practices of the Dong Ethnic Group (Guangxi Province, China)

This exploratory multiple-case study aims to analyse the ecological design of wooden houses in Dong villages (Guangxi province, China). Residential and public Dong houses were investigated from ecological and cultural perspectives. The results show that topography (i.e., building near the river in a mountainous area) is the main factor influencing the Dong building construction process. It also affects the building layout decisions. The life cycle assessment was applied to collect general information about the exterior and interior design of the Dong settlements. For this, a range of pictures and historical facts (e.g., demand for fire ponds and balconies, ornament usage, etc.) was analysed. The study suggests fir timber as a basic ecological resource for wooden house buildings. Yet, it is highly flammable and increases the fire risk. A brief discussion on the cultural heritage of the Dong people and its influence on their building system was presented. The present findings can be used in future eco-design projects as a brief guideline for creating a traditional-style ethnic wooden house.

Landed estates and the place of public houses: Agricultural and industrial change in the English East Midlands, c.1860–1930

This article uses the records the Manvers and Portland estates in Nottinghamshire and north-east Derbyshire to consider the provision and management of licensed premises between the 1860s and 1930s. Using archival materials of land agents and solicitors, it examines the changing place of public houses in a range of local communities affected by agricultural decline and industrial change in the region. These include: small agricultural villages on the Manvers estate, where pubs were let with farmland; and, on the Portland estate, urbanising settlements and new colliery villages constructed in rural locations. The pub is presented as a place to see how agents balanced older social relations and responsibilities with the broader economic and social geographies remaking the region. The sale of estate pubs offers important insights into the process by which regional breweries assembled their own pub holdings, the legacy of which shaped the geography of drink well into the twentieth century.

Sarayköy Halkevi Building According to Presidential State Archive Documents

With this article, the Sarayköy Halkevi Building, which has not survived to the present day, has been included in the art and architectural history inventory for the first time based on the documents of the Presidential State Archives. The text of the article consists of five sections in general terms. In the introduction section, information about the general course and sections of the article is given, and in the second section, the phenomenon of public houses in general and the establishment process of public houses are mentioned. In the third section, which can also be considered as a catalog, the establishment of Sarayköy Halkevi and the architectural features of the Halkevi building are mentioned. In the fourth section, comparisons are made with other public house buildings that have survived / not survived to the present day, and in the conclusion section, the original value of the study is mentioned.

Language, violence, and media: Translating Russia-Ukraine 2022–2023 war from Arabic to English

Reporting a situation of war is an intricate activity that requires balance. An attempt not to uphold this balance can have an implication not only on the parties involved in the war but also on the report. This paper examines Arabic-English reports of the Russia-Ukraine 2022-2023 war, considering how the target text orients towards peace. The study has a tripartite footing in translation, media, and peace linguistics, drawing insights from Holmes/Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies. The English translation has been carried out by two purposively selected media organizations, Asharq Al-Awsat and Qatar News Agency, which primarily report in Arabic. We have chosen two media houses in order to evaluate the peace linguistic implications of target texts in private and public media houses, the result of which can draw more attention to this research area. Ten reports on the Russia-Ukraine 2022–2023 war were randomly downloaded for the study from two websites, Asharq Al-Awsat and Qatar News Agency), all in Arabic (source text) and English (target text) versions. The Source Text (ST) versions were duly screened for expressions that describe violence or peace. Such expressions constitute the focus of examination in the Target Text (TT) so that we can identify how they have been translated, which leads to their peace linguistic effect. The study finds an under-reporting (or under-translation) of a violent situation of the war in the target text via lexical omission with the intent of either promoting peace or taking sides with one of the warring parties. At other times, there is neutralization of violence in the text so that the key lexical items suggesting violence are replaced with innocuous ones. The study concludes that the TT is more interested in amplifying the statement of violence attributed to Ukraine's ally and, at the same time, backgrounding their statement of peace. On the contrary, violence attributed to Russia is often neutralized via the use of inadequate lexemes to report events.

Living in public rental housing is healthier than private rental housing a 9-year cohort study from Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study

Housing tenure is an important aspect to determine health. However, even though renters tend to have more socioeconomic disadvantages than homeowners, mortality risk between private and public renters compared with homeowners remains unclear. Japanese public rented housing, such as the Urban Renaissance Agency, has been developed for supplying an adequate living environment since 1950s. This study aimed to examine the mortality risk among older Japanese residents living in private and public rented houses compared with those living in owner-occupied houses using 9-year follow-up data. This study drew upon a 9-year follow-up of participants in the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study, a population-based cohort study of Japanese independent adults aged ≥ 65 years. Mortality from 2010 to 2019 was analyzed for 44,007 respondents. Housing tenure was defined by a questionnaire. Cox regression models were used for calculating the hazard ratio for mortality. Bonferroni correction was used to account for multiple testing between rental houses. Overall, 10,638 deaths occurred during the follow-up period. Compared with housing owners, all rental housing groups had a significantly higher risk of mortality. Among renters, participants who lived in public rental housing had the lowest risk of mortality even after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, health status, social status, and environmental status. Multiple testing among renters with Bonferroni correction showed that public renters had 0.80 times (95% CI 0.72–0.89) lower mortality risk than private renters. Although Japanese older adults living in public rental housing had a higher mortality risk than homeowners, this risk was lower than that among private renters. A positive neighborhood environment based on well-planned urban development may have contributed to this result. The results suggest that planned urban development lowers the risk of mortality in older renters in Japan.

ISSUES OF EXTRACURRICULAR EDUCATION ON THE PAGES OF «THE RUSSIAN SCHOOL» JOURNAL

In the second half of the XIX – early XX century extracurricular education was actively developing in Russia. It was aimed at educating the adult population and included organization of public libraries, public houses, public universities, Sunday schools and other cultural and educational institutions. Periodicals were one of the key ways to promote progressive ideas of the intelligentsia and people’s education. Among the large number of pedagogical journals of that period, “The Russian School” journal deserves special attention, articles on the problems of extracurricular education were regularly published on its pages. The purpose of the study is to study comprehensively the issues of “The Russian School” journal, stored in the funds of the scientific reference library of the State Historical Archive of the Chuvash Republic. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that on the basis of a historical source, such as a periodical, the materials on the theory and practice of extracurricular education are characterized. Materials and methods. A significant source of research is the materials of the periodical press, namely the pedagogical journal “The Russian School”. The research used the method of content analysis, as well as synthesis, analogy, systematization and the principles of historicism, objectivity, consistency and concreteness. Study results. Based on the analysis of the content in various issues of the journal, one can see an active discussion of the role and importance of extracurricular education in the country’s socio-economic development, accentuating the key tasks of adult personal development and education, considering organizational and thematic aspects in the work of new extracurricular institutions. Special attention is paid to the reflections of various authors on extracurricular education on the pages of the journal, since they contributed to this process understanding by a wide range of the public. Conclusions. “The Russian School” journal is a good source, because, firstly, it contains specific factual material, and, secondly, it reflects the views of contemporaries on the problem of extracurricular education development. It also provides correspondence from the field on the state and development of extracurricular education, as well as it contains a variety of information, including theoretical articles, practical materials and statistical data.

The impact of introducing alcohol-free beer options in bars and public houses on alcohol sales and revenue: A randomised crossover field trial.

The study aimed to estimate the impact of introducing a draught alcohol-free beer, thereby increasing the relative availability of these products, on alcohol sales and monetary takings in bars and pubs in England. Randomised crossover field trial. England. Fourteen venues that did not previously sell draught alcohol-free beer. Venues completed two intervention periods and two control periods in a randomised order over 8weeks. Intervention periods involved replacing one draught alcoholic beer with an alcohol-free beer. Control periods operated business as usual. The primary outcome was mean weekly volume (in litres) of draught alcoholic beer sold. The secondary outcome was mean weekly revenue [in GBP (£)] from all drinks. Analyses adjusted for randomised order, special events, season and busyness. The adjusted mean difference in weekly sales of draught alcoholic beer was -20L [95% confidence interval (CI) = -41 to +0.4], equivalent to a 4% reduction (95% CI = 8% reduction to 0.1% increase) in the volume of alcoholic draught beer sold when draught alcohol-free beer was available. Excluding venues that failed at least one fidelity check resulted in an adjusted mean difference of -29L per week (95% CI = -53 to -5), equivalent to a 5% reduction (95% CI = 8% reduction to 0.8% reduction). The adjusted mean difference in weekly revenue was +61 GBP per week (95% CI = -328 to +450), equivalent to a 1% increase (95% CI = 5% decrease to 7% increase) when draught alcohol-free beer was available. Introducing a draught alcohol-free beer in bars and pubs in England reduced the volume of draught alcoholic beer sold by 4% to 5%, with no evidence of the intervention impacting net revenue.

Pelaksanaan Kewenangan Pemerintah Daerah Dalam Upaya Rehabilitasi Pasca Bencana Gempa Bumi Di Nagari Kajai Pasaman Barat

Natural disasters seem to be daily events and news in Indonesia, and even the world. Various forms of disasters have caused enormous losses, both moral and material losses. The earthquake that occurred on February 25 2022, centered in Talamau District, West Pasaman Regency, was a major disaster. As the epicenter of the earthquake, Talamau District was the worst affected area. It was recorded that 25 people were killed and 465 people were injured, 14 of whom were residents of East Pasaman. Apart from immaterial losses, the earthquake that occurred in West Pasaman Regency also resulted in material losses such as heavily damaged public facilities, schools and houses of worship (mosques). Due to this disaster, thousands of West Pasaman residents are waiting for development assistance from the government, however the expected assistance is still being delayed before it can be realized immediately by the Regional Government. This problem needs to be formulated into two problem statements. First, how is the implementation of regional government authority in post-earthquake rehabilitation efforts in Nagari Kajai, West Pasaman Regency? Second, what are the obstacles to implementing Regional Government Authority in post-earthquake rehabilitation efforts in Nagari Kajai, West Pasaman Regency? This research is a type of normative legal research or doctrinal legal research. The results of this research show that as a form of disaster management, the West Pasaman Regional Government carries out rehabilitation activities, one of these activities is providing assistance to repair houses for people affected by the disaster. This development is carried out through three systems, namely: independent reinbuce, facilitator reinbuce, and self-sufficiency. In an effort to exercise its authority to carry out post-disaster rehabilitation, the Regional Government encountered obstacles, including APIP's finding that there was an error in collecting data on houses of disaster victims which required data collection again, which took quite a long time and the regional financial capacity was inadequate.

Conversion Option on the Implementation of Balanced Occupation Concept Within the Framework of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 02 of 2022 Concerning Job Creation

&lt;em&gt;By issuing it and displaying regulations related to the concept of balanced housing, the criteria for implementing balanced development have also changed. The publication of the Perppu Ciptaker and its derivative regulations, namely PP No. 12 of 2021 relating to implementation and residential areas, provides another alternative for developers who cannot construct simple houses or flats with conversions in the form of funds for the construction of public houses. The research method to be used is the normative juridical qualitative method. A new alternative for developers is regulated through Perppu Ciptaker, namely, payment of conversion funds for the construction of public houses. Housing with balanced housing is built utilizing conversion funds as an alternative to the requirement to build subsidized simple housing. These funds can be managed or come in the form of grants from development actors. A fee is assessed to the Agency for the Acceleration of Housing Implementation (AHIC) for the conversion (BP3). To speed up the delivery of inexpensive public housing for working class individuals, the federal government established BP3. Land is provided, simple houses and public flats are built, infrastructure, services, and public utilities are developed, and housing is managed and invested using the money BP3 receives&lt;/em&gt;

The alembic and the coffeepot. The brandy house in 18th century Italy

ABSTRACT This article contributes to the discourse on “public houses” in the early modern period by introducing into the debate a type of establishment widely spread in Italy: the so-called bottega da acquavitaio (brandy house). Initially serving as pharmaceutical workshops associated with acquavite (brandy) distillation, these stores eventually acquired characteristics of public houses. With the introduction of colonial beverages in Europe, these shops undergo a transformation in merchandise, taking on distinctive features such as the extensive sale of coffee. Drawing upon a micro-historical approach, we present a case study centered on Turin to investigate this phenomenon. Our analysis illustrates that, in the 18th-century Italian context, distinctions between the brandy house and the coffeehouse are not straightforward. On the contrary, these shops were places where traditions and novelties intertwined, actively participating in the definition of modern European public drinking patterns.

Washington Irving's Public House of Spirits

Washington Irving's Public House of Spirits

Visualising Heritage: using 3D immersive technologies to innovate, document and communicate rich narratives for HS2

The University of Bradford has established wide-ranging skillsets and capabilities as Visualising Heritage that have been built around expertise with 3D imaging for human bioarchaeology and for contextual understanding of archaeological sites, landscapes, heritage structures and associated artefacts. This paper reflects upon how these have been put to use during enabling works for HS2 and also the potential of this work for analysis, public engagement and legacy. The main focus of this paper covers 3D digital documentation of the world's first railway roundhouse designed by Robert Stephenson at Birmingham Curzon Street, together with immersive content that helps to tell the story of its discovery and exposure. We discuss 3D modelling that helps to link both to the original architectural drawings and to the broader narratives for understanding changes to the design of the building during its working life. We also contextualise its place within the historic environment relative to the Principal Building – the original Curzon Street terminus for the London and Birmingham Railway, the Eagle and Tun public house and the former Park Street Cemetery. As HS2 embarks upon the post-excavation phase, we also discuss the potential that recent investment from the Arts and Humanities Research Council in 'Capabilities for Human Bioarchaeology and Digital Collections' offers, building upon our pioneering 3D work at the object scale with 'Digitised Diseases', to bring within reach the potential for high throughput digital capture. This streamlines high fidelity 3D capture for key human bioarchaeology exemplars as legacy assets that would otherwise be lost to future study as they are destined for reburial.

Rite of the Waters: procession through the Campanhã Washhouses

This article aims to reflect on the invisibility of women's work. We focus on two interconnected themes: the devaluation of domestic work as a de facto job; and the neglect of public washhouses, which were spaces for women to meet and work in the past. Initially, Chloé's research discussed the public wash houses in Porto in order to cover their history, their impact on women's lives and their current state of deterioration. Gabriela's research reflected on the relationships and developments between domestic labour and performance art in an amalgam of repetitions, deviations and accumulation. As a result of the Des/oriente project, there was a combination of these two areas of knowledge that gave rise to new multidisciplinary research carried out in two distinct areas: fine arts and architecture. The project in question aimed to realise narratives in the public space in the parish of Campanhã in Porto with activations by local artists. In practical terms, the research materialised in a performance held in three washhouses where we were able to reactivate these spaces in an artistic way while also exploring different narratives about domestic work. It was possible to once again create a place for meeting and sharing in these spaces. Cover image: Rite of the Waters: procession through the Campanhã Washhouses, Act I, Presa Velha, 2023. Photo - Katana Studio

Effect of Dining Service Quality and Persuasion on Intention to Revisit with Lifestyle as a Moderating Variable Among Consumers of Alessa Public House Cafe in Binjai City

This research aims to analyze effect of dining service quality and persuasion on intention to revisit with lifestyle as a moderating variable among consumers of Alessa Public House Cafe in Binjai City. The type of research used by the author is associative research with a quantitative approach. In this research, the population is all consumers who have visited Alessa Public House Cafe in Binjai City. Sampling technique in this research used purposive sampling. Population size of this study is not yet known with certainty and this study contained 27 statement items, so the number of samples taken is 135 respondents (27 x 5). Data analysis uses multiple regression analysis. The research results show that dining service quality has a significant effect on intention to revisit among consumers of Alessa Public House Cafe in Binjai City. Persuasion has a significant effect on intention to revisit among consumers of Alessa Public House Cafe in Binjai City. Lifestyle has no significant effect on intention to revisit among consumers of Alessa Public House Cafe in Binjai City. Lifestyle is able to moderate dining service quality on intention to revisit among consumers of Alessa Public House Cafe in Binjai City. Lifestyle is unable to moderate persuasion on intention to revisit among consumers of Alessa Public House Cafe in Binjai City. Keywords: Dining Service Quality, Persuasion, Intention to Revisit, Lifestyle

The spoilage of lager by draught beer microbiota

Why was the work done: To determine whether the susceptibility of lager to microbiological spoilage is determined by composition, microbiota or both. To assess beer spoilage by a consortium of yeasts and bacteria from draught beer rather than pure laboratory cultures. How was the work done: Four draught beer styles - cask ale and keg lager, ale, and stout – were sampled twice in five different public houses in four different locations. The beers were forced by static incubation at 30°C for four days. ‘Challenge testing’ with an inoculum of heterogeneous microorganisms from the forced samples was used to assess the spoilage of ten commercial lagers by the increase in turbidity at 660 nm. The same approach was used to evaluate the role of nutrients in beer spoilage by forcing with the addition of yeast extract or vitamins (thiamine and riboflavin). What are the main findings: The ten lagers varied in susceptibility to spoilage ranging three-fold from the least to most spoilable. Average spoilage of the beers was comparable for microorganisms from lager, keg ale and stout but ca. 50% greater with microorganisms from cask ale. The ranking of spoilage of the 10 lagers was similar for microbiota from cask ale, keg ale and stout but less so from lager. Spoilage was influenced by beer composition and was inversely related to beer pH and level of free amino nitrogen. The addition of yeast extract stimulated spoilage of the least spoilable lager but the addition of vitamins B1 and B2 had little or no effect. Spoilage was extensive at 30°C, measurable at 12°C but imperceptible at 2°C. Why is the work important: The oft-quoted statement that beer is ‘robust to microbiological spoilage’ is a fallacy. All ten lagers were spoilt by draught beer microorganisms, but some were more spoilable than others. It is suggested that spoilage may be reduced by lowering beer pH and curbing the availability of nutrients for microbial growth. Whilst (as would be expected) beer storage at 2°C suppresses microbial growth, storage at 12°C (as practiced in UK public house cellars) allows spoilage microorganisms to grow in beer. Although the threat of microbial spoilage in the brewing process is managed by good manufacturing practices, draught beer is vulnerable and requires more focus and commitment to hygienic practices to assure quality.

Cumhuriyet Devri Öncesinde ve Sonrasında Eğitim ve Öğretim Alanında Ülkemizde Yaşanan Gelişimlerin İncelenmesi

A special importance has been attributed to education in Turks since the earliest times. Since the earliest times, different educational methods have been tried using various methods and techniques. Under the reasons why such importance is given to education in Turks, it comes from the perception of education both as an individual and as a duty to one's own state in everyday life. According to the Turkish educational tradition, education starts in the family, continues at school and develops on the axis of the environment owned. Since the first Turks preferred a nomadic lifestyle in the period up to the Uighurs, trainings were generally carried out on horses, obas, tents. With the transition of the Uyghurs to a settled life, educational institutions were established in an architectural sense, a national alphabet was developed like the Göktürks, and literacy mobilization was carried out. Our people have committed their feelings and thoughts to obelisks. In the process after the Uyghurs, the madrasa method was adopted. This method was continued by the Ottoman State with its institutions and organizations in all aspects until the Tanzimat period, and it enabled the bureaucrats and statesmen of the Republic of Turkey, which will be established in the future, to grow up. It should be noted that with the Tanzimat era, schools and institutions providing a new style of education and training were opened in the country. In the educational model that Turkey inherited from the Ottoman Empire, there was a system that raised different individuals and applied different educational methods. The new education system, on the other hand, wanted to build an educational model of a national character. In order for the innovations to be made to have an impact on the public, all existing education systems had to be united under one roof. For this purpose, education and training activities were combined. One of the sharpest attempts made to bring the country to the level of contemporary states was made with the establishment of a new alphabet and the adoption of international numerals. After that, there are many developments and progress activities made in the field of education and training with a revolutionary character. The revolution of letters has definitely and irrevocably determined where the direction of the country will be. With the adoption of Latin letters instead of Arabic letters, which Turkish society has been using for a thousand years in general, new and different literacy-teaching schools and courses such as public houses, public schools and national schools have been opened, and a completely integrated and oriented education model has been developed for the West. Key Words: The Tanzimat Era, the Republican Era, Education and Training