Puberty Period Research Articles

Apocynin-tandospirone derivatives demonstrate antioxidant properties in the animal model of schizophrenia

Antipsychotic medications based on the dopamine hypothesis possess limited effects for negative symptoms and cognitive impairments of schizophrenia. Growing body of evidence suggests that redox dysregulation contributes to the pathophysiology of the illness. We synthesized new chemicals using apocynin and tandospirone as leading compounds, and tested their antioxidant properties. The new compounds (A-1, A-2, A-3, and A-4), olanzapine (OLA), and clozapine (CLZ) were examined in terms of the ⋅OH radical decreasing activity and the effects on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation induced by X-irradiation in human lymphoma U937 cells. The effects of these drugs, given around the period of puberty (postnatal days; PD 49 to 62), on glutathione (GSH) levels, as well as the number of parvalbumin (PV)-positive γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons were evaluated in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats transiently exposed to MK-801 in the neonatal period. A-2, A-3, A-4, OLA, and CLZ decreased intracellular ⋅OH and OCl−. The novel compounds reversed the decrease in GSH concentrations and reduction of PV-positive neurons in the mPFC in the model rats. CLZ only decreased GSH levels while OLA did not show a significant effect on either measure. These findings suggest that the new compounds derived from apocynin and tandospirone elicit antioxidant properties, and may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of schizophrenia and its spectrum disorders.

Neuroendocrine aspects of formation depressive disorder in adolescents

Objective — to study levels of serotonin, melatonin and cortisol in adolescents with depressive and depressive­anxietybehavioral disorders.Materials and methods. Research was conducted on the basis of the PsychiatryDepartment of SI “HCCA NAMN of Ukraine”. Examinations involved 140 patients with depressive disorders and 128 patients with depressive­anxietydisorders. The following investigational methods were used: clinical and psychopathological, pathopsychological, neurohormonal and statistical.Results. It has been established that clinical variants of depression in children in the period of puberty have gender- and age-related differences. The manifestation of the first depressionepisode in early school age, and especially in the prepuberty, is a predictor of depression at subsequent pubertystages. Depressive symptoms in adolescents were associated with internalization and externalization of clinical manifestations. It has been proved that the course of a depressive disorder in children during puberty is launched by the development of a number of neurobiological disorders ­ an increase in the level of cortisol, the dysregulation of neurobiological systems responsible for the development of affective pathology (serotonin, melatonin), somatic and neurologicalweakness.Conclusions. The obtained data suggest the dysregulation of neurohormonal exchange in patients with depressive and depressive­anxiety behavioral disorders. The low excretionlevel of melatoninand rhythm violations in its production can result in the desynchronosis and maladjustment of a child. The nature of changes depends on the nosology and has gender specificities. It has been established that regardless of the nosological form of a depressive disorder, mental disorders in the most of adolescentsare accompanied by the increased serotonin levels, and in the group of patients with depressive disorder of behavior with the reduced melatoninexcretion as well.

Sexual Abuse in Adolescent Girls and Boys with Mild Intellectually Disable

Introduction: The problems of girls and boys with mild intellectually disable (MID) increases with age gradually. Due to the emerging changes, puberty is a significant period for adolescents with MID. The aim of this study to investigate sexual abuse in girls and boys with mild intellectually disable in the puberty period. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study. The statistical population consisted of all boys and girls with mild intellectual disabilities between the ages of 12 and 16 from exceptional public schools and their mothers in Yazd, Iran. 300 MID adolescents (150 girls and boys each) were selected by multi-stage sampling. To study sexual abuse, a self-designed questionnaire was used. The questionnaire comprised two sections. Kuder-Richardson coefficient obtained for boys and girls with MID turned out to be 0.80 and 0.84, respectively. Using frequency, percentage, and correlation coefficient (p<0.05). Data were analyzed with SPSS 24. Results: In this study, 2.67% (n = 4) of girls and 4% (n = 6) of boys with MID were abused. Also, their psychological and physical signs of sexual abuse were assessed (depression: girls,0.75% (n = 3), boys, 33.33% (n = 2), aggression: girls,0.75% (n = 3), boys, 66.66% (n = 4), avoiding certain adults, 0.50% (n = 2), boys, 33.33% (n = 2), sleep and eating disorder, 0.25% (n = 1), boys, 16.66% (n = 1) . Some of their parents pointed that their children had not received training in this area. There was a significant positive correlation coefficient between the mother's educational level and receiving training by schools and family with sexual abuse knowledge (p<0.05). Conclusion: The irrational reaction of families, the community, and the lack of adequate training lead to an increasein sexual abuse in such individuals. Hence, training these young individuals seems essential both before and during puberty.

Rapid Decrease in HDL-C in the Puberty Period of Boys Associated with an Elevation of Blood Pressure and Dyslipidemia in Korean Teenagers: An Explanation of Why and When Men Have Lower HDL-C Levels Than Women.

Low serum high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and high blood pressure are linked to each other and are recognized as independent risk factors of cardiovascular disease and dementia. HDL can cross the blood–brain barrier to remove amyloid plaque and the blood–testis barrier to supply cholesterol for spermatogenesis, but LDL cannot. During the teenage period, between 10 and 19 years of age, the systolic blood pressure (BP) increased gradually to 7.9% in boys (p < 0.001), but not in girls (p = 0.141). The boys’ group showed a remarkable decrease in the total cholesterol (TC) and HDL-C from 10 to 15 years of age (p < 0.001). After then, the TC level increased again at 19 years of age to the previous level (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the HDL-C level at 19 years of age in the boys’ group was not restored to the previous level at 10 years of age. The girls’ group maintained similar TC (p < 0.001) and HDL-C (p < 0.001) levels from 10 to 19 years of age. These results suggest there was a remarkable difference in cholesterol consumption, particularly in the HDL-C level between boys and girls during the pubertal period. Correlation analysis showed an inverse association between the HDL-C level and SBP in boys (r = −0.133, p < 0.001) and girls (r = −0.065, p = 0.009) from 10 to 19 years of age. Interestingly, only the boys’ group showed an inverse association with the diastolic BP (r = −0.122, p < 0.001); the girls’ group did not have such an association (r = −0.016, p = 0.516). In conclusion, the boys’ group showed a sharp decrease in the HDL-C level from 10 to 15 years of age, whereas the girls’ group showed an increase in the HDL-C level during the same period. These results explain why men have a lower serum HDL-C level than women in adulthood.

The Extent of Premarital Sex Practices among Secondary Schools Adolescents in Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, South Eastern Nigeria

Aims: This study aimed at determining the extent of premarital sex practices among secondary school adolescents in Ikwo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. Its objectives were to reveal the extent at which secondary school students engage in premarital sex in the area and how such practices can propel risky behaviors among them.&#x0D; Study Design: The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study.&#x0D; Methodology: Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 844 secondary school adolescents for the study. Information was retrieved from the field through questionnaire administration. Means and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while the chi-square statistical tool was used in testing the null hypotheses in the study.&#x0D; Results: The result showed that the premarital sex in the study was at low extent with the grand mean score x̅=2.26. However, the result indicated that 16% of the students engage in penetrative virginal sex, anal sex, oral sex and masturbation whereas 84% of the students do not.&#x0D; Recommendation: The study recommended among others that: All the head teachers and principals should play an active role by coming up with awareness program through seminar, rallies with strong guidance on dangers associated with premarital sex. Also, parents should always discus sex education with their children to be adequately informed with the right information about sex and the behaviour to adopt as they grow to puberty period to avoid engaging in premarital sexual practice at this early stage.

The transformation of emotional component of gender identity of adolescent girls

The subject of this research is the emotional component of gender identity of adolescent girls. The goal is to determine the specificity of transformation of the emotional component of gender identity of adolescent girls. The author meticulously analyzes the transformation of emotional component of gender identity of adolescent girls. Gender identity implies the internal dynamic structure that integrates separate aspects of personality, associated with perception of oneself as a representative of particular gender and self-regulation of the gender-role behavior. Research methodology is based on the cultural-historical theory of mental development of a person developed by L. S. Vygotsky, age periodization developed by D. B. Elkonin, conceptual positions in the context of studying gender problematic developed by E. P. Ilyin, V. E. Kagan, I. S. Kletsina, N. Y. Flotskaya, and other works.. The empirical basis includes 30 adolescent girls from the nuclear families. The age of respondents from the first to the fourth year of research was 12-13, 14, 15, and 16-17 y.o. respectively. This article is first to theoretically substantiate and provide empirical evidence of the existence of transformation of emotional component of gender identity of girls during their puberty period. The author determines the qualitative characteristics of emotional component of gender identity of girls at early, middle, and later stages of adolescence. The conclusion is made that the emotional component of gender identity of adolescent girls transforms throughout the earlier adolescence to later adolescence. Therefore, at the age of 12-13, teenage girls perceive their mother as exigent, while seeing the father as rather positive. At the age of 14, girls perceive the father as emotionally detached, indifferent, while the attitude towards the mother is unstable and changeable. At the age of 15, the father is perceived as antagonistic and emotionally detached, while the mother is also perceived as antagonistic and indifferent. By the age of 16-17, girls form attitudes towards themselves through the current and future social roles &amp;ndash; daughter, sister, mother, wife.

Выраженность клинических проявлений и значение витамина Д в развитии синдрома гиперандрогении в периоде полового созревания

The aim of the study was to study the severity of subjective and clinical manifestations, as well as the peculiarities of changes in the level of vitamin D in girls with hyperandrogenic syndrome in the dynamics of puberty. Examined 137 girls with hypenrandrogenic syndrome (HA) in the period of puberty. Clinical, hormonal, biochemical, X-ray research methods were carried out. All surveyed girls were divided by age into 3 groups: 12-13, 14-15, 16-17 years old. The first group (12-13 years old, n = 27) comprised 19.7% of girls, the second group (14-15 years old, n = 63) 46% girls, the third group (16-17 years old, n = 47) made up 34,7% of girls. The level of vitamin D was determined on a device “Finecare”.

Menopause as a stage of female development: psychoanalytic perspective

The object of this research is the psychoanalytic concepts of female development. The subject of this research is the phenomenon of the climacteric period in female development. The article analyzes and summarizes the psychoanalytic ideas on the development of women during menopause. 1. Climacteric period &amp;ndash; the crisis period (G. Bibring); 2. Menopause as a trauma, narcissistic insult, backward development of libido, regression (H. Deutsch) 3. Menopause as a narcissistic rage (R. Lax); 4. Same as in puberty period, body is the focus of attention during menopause; climacteric period as part of femininity and emotions (D. Pines); 5. Menopause as a punishment (M. Klein). The author also include the examples from personal research practice. The novelty of this work consists in the summary of psychoanalytic ideas on the female development during climacteric period; as well as in elucidation of the phenomenon of menopausal complex. The menopausal complex implies: 1. Menopause as a traumatic event, accompanied by the emotions of narcissistic rage; aggression as a protection mechanism, resemblance of the aging process and its irreversibility; 2. Regression and re-actualization of castration emotions and narcissistic wounds, experience of inferiority and inability to control your body; 3. Experiencing the loss and mourning over the reproductive abilities and femininity; 4. Reaching menopause is likely in same age as mother; 5. Menopausal complex is accompanied by the fear of aging (or future), fear of being left and loneliness.

Dietary effects of drone larves homogenate on the homeostatic constants and the reproductive capacity of Large White gilts

Background: With modern requirements for housing agricultural animals particularly pigs, the manifestation of normal physiological functions significantly changes, especially reproductive one, which is manifested in an insufficiently expressed sexual cycle, reduced resistance due to technological stress. There is a need to develop effective reproductive biotechnologies in pig using organic stimulants of entomological origin, among which a significant place is given to the homogenate of drone larvae (HDL).The aim of the study was to determine the dietary effects of HDL on the formation of prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis in Large White (LW) gilts,as well as to optimize reproductive function during experimental feedingof HDL.Methods: In the study, gilts representing Large White breed were investigated. A total of 20 gilts representing two groups. The first feeding group (n=10) of LW gilts was fed with the control normal diet, and the second feeding group (n=10) of LW gilts wasfed with the supplement diet i.e., the biological additive of homogenate drone larvae in quantity of 0.5g daily. To assess prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis in pigs, blood samples were taken from the anterior vena cava into the diestrus phase i.e., 11 days from the beginning of the second cycle after the determination of the immobility reflex and the estrus phase i.e., 24 days after the start of estrus after the determination of the immobility reflex. Intracervical artificial insemination of gilts was performed during 24 and 36 hours after the determination of the immobility reflex, and depending on the manifestation of signs of estrus.Results:Study found an intensification of peroxidation processes during the period of puberty in LW gilts , which wasmanifested in an increase in the content of diene conjugates on the 180th and 210th days of development by 63.6% and 44.1%, respectively.This is confirmed by a significant increase in the number of secondary products of peroxidation - TBA-active complexes in these periods of their development. Studyrevealed that during puberty of gilts the antioxidant defense system wasthe most labile from 6 to 8 months of age, where the variability of PAG components wassignificant in terms of increased activity of superoxide dismutase (p &lt;0.01) and catalase (p &lt;0.05), as well as the amount of reduced glutathione. Moreover, additional feeding of HDLcontributedto the probable slowing down of peroxidation processes in blood, which was confirmed by the lower content of diene conjugates (p &lt;0.05-0.01) and TBA-active complexes (p &lt;0.01-0.001).Conclusions: Study concluded that experimental supplementary feeding ofHDLdiet to LWgiltsstimulatedthe reproductive function during their puberty by reducing the time to the first estrous cycle for artificial insemination, thus improved the fertility in LW gilts.

Studies of endocrine changes and morphological blood composition in gilts affecting puberty

Background: The puberty period in pigs depends on the functional activity of the endocrine system, which has an effect on the blood through the connective tissue. It has been established that during puberty period, the steroidal and thyroid hormones regulate the processes of metabolism and proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of cells. The aim of the research was to find out the effects of the morphological composition of blood under the influence of steroidal and thyroid hormones during the process of puberty in different directions of productivity in the pigs.Methods: Experiments were performed on two groups of clinically healthy piglets from Pietrain and Large White (LW) breed. To assess the steroidal and thyroid hormone levels, the morphological blood was collected from the anterior hollow vein at the puberty ages of 120, 150, 180 and 210 days, when their live weights achieved to 100 kg.Results: The predominance of hemoglobin content and the amount of erythrocytes in the blood were observed higher (p &lt;0,05) in Pietrain piglets than LW piglets on the 120 and 150 days of puberty development, in contrast to the general decrease in leukocytes in piglets of both breeds at the age of 150 days with the next gradual increase. The age-related changes in the leukocyte formula were directly related to the direction of animal productivity. In the LW breed, from the beginning of the experiment, there was an increase in the number of rodenuclear neutrophils at 210 days of puberty, followed by a sharp decreasing on 36.4%. In Pietrain breed, the level of the rodenuclear neutrophils decreased on 28.6% (p &lt;0.01) at the age of 150 days, followed by a sharp increasing over the coming months. From the puberty ages of 150 days to the 210 days, the concentration of estradiol decreased in the first genotype: two times (p &lt;0.05); in the second genotype: 1,9 times (p &lt;0,01). The content of thyroxine and triiodothyronine increased in the blood serum of Pietrain (p &lt;0.01) and LW (p &lt;0.001) piglets at the puberty ages of 120 to 180 days. Study found that the amount of progesterone in LW piglets was higher relatively to Pietrain piglets in the all investigated periods. The content of estradiol in piglets of both breeds from the 120 and 150 days of puberty tended to decrease by 2.8 times (p &lt;0.001) in LW piglets, and 1.4 times (p &lt;0.05) in Pietrain piglets, and the testosterone level increases, 2.1 (p &lt;0,05) and 1,9 (p &lt;0,05) times respectively. The significant influence of progesterone on the number of lymphocytes and common leukocytes in Pietrain piglets was established. The level of estradiol significantly influenced the number of granulocytes in Pietrain piglets at the age of 150 days (r = 0.92 and 0.99), and in LW piglets, the maximum correlation level was observed at the puberty age of 150 days (r = 0, 61) and 180 days (r = 0.94).

ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ СТАН І ФІЗИЧНА ПІДГОТОВЛЕНІСТЬ УЧНІВ ЛІЦЕЮ З ПОСИЛЕНОЮ ФІЗИЧНОЮ ПІДГОТОВКОЮ З РІЗНИМ РІВНЕМ БІОЛОГІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ

Мета – дослідити взаємозв’язок між функціональним станом і фізичною підготовленістю учнів з різним рівнем біологічного розвитку. Методи дослідження: 1) тестування фізичної підготовленості (комбінований силовий тест, біг на 100 і 1000 м, човниковий біг 4×9 м , стрибок у довжину з місця, нахил тулуба вперед з положення сидячи, підтягування з вису); 2) біологічні методи (антропометрія, визначення рівня біологічного розвитку, артеріального тиску, адаптаційного потенціалу, індексів Робінсона та Кердо, життєвого індексу, проби Штанге та Генчі); 3) методи математичної статистики. В дослідженні взяли участь 332 учні Прикарпатського ліцею з посиленою фізичною підготовкою віком 13–17 років. Результати. Із збільшенням рівня біологічного розвитку знижуються функціональні резерви організму, про що свідчить низький показник життєвого індексу та індексу Робінсона. Ці зміни супроводжувалися зростанням систолічного артеріального тиску та адаптаційного потенціалу, що свідчить про напругу регуляторних систем організму. Із збільшенням рівня біологічного розвитку підвищуються показники комплексної силової вправи, стрибка у довжину з місця, гнучкості та підтягування у висі. Поряд з цим відбувається зниження витривалості та спритності по відношенню до підлітків з низьким рівнем біологічного розвитку. Висновок. Підвищення рівня біологічного розвитку супроводжується зростанням розвитку силових та швидкісно-силових якостей, а також гнучкості. Натомість, у період інтенсивного статевого дозрівання, на фоні уповільнення процесів диференціації кардіореспіраторної системи і зростання напруги механізмів нейрогуморальної регуляції функцій організму, уповільнюється зростання аеробних можливостей (витривалості). Розвиток фізичних здібностей та функціональних резервів фізіологічних систем відбувається гетерохронно, що обумовлено різними темпами росту організму та біологічного розвитку. Урахування виявлених особливостей фізичного та функціонального стану організму підлітків з різним рівнем біологічного розвитку в процесі фізичної підготовки дозволить більш ефективно здійснювати дозування фізичних навантажень у підлітковому віці.Ключові слова: функціональний стан, підлітки, біологічний розвиток, фізична підготовленість, фізичні якості, функціональні резерви.

Changes in the Content of the Technology Subject and Students’ Learning Achievements

Based on Lithuanian and foreign scientific, pedagogical and psychological literature, normative state documents, the article identifies the importance of personality development during technology lessons, taking into account gender. The author analyzes the problems of technological subject content change in the development of children's social and technological competencies, which have a direct impact on the internalization of personality values and the fostering of creativity. The shortcomings of the education system, on which the unequal educational attainment of students of different genders depends, are also examined. The results of the student and teacher survey and recommendations are provided to suggest ways to reduce these differences. A person's inclinations and abilities are determined by nature and upbringing. A child's development is inextricably linked to both of these factors. Nature is the most important factor influencing gender-specific behavior, but experience, practice, and interaction with others also affect neurons and brain connections. Technology lessons and studies are a great medium to encourage students' (young people's) creative beginnings, develop their creativity, positive thinking, implement moral values and strengthen motivation for science. The subject of technology is the only thing whose change in content has helped to refine the natural teaching (learning) of boys and girls and to draw attention to the differences in their teaching and learning achievements in other subjects as well. There is currently a lack of subject didactics research to help understand how to effectively teach different subjects to students of different genders. Coordinated efforts should be made in Lithuania and around the world to encourage boys and girls to reach their full potential. It is therefore necessary to change the education strategy. Reduce the study load in subjects, give up homework or replace homework with creative projects or long-term tasks. Children’s brain circuits have a certain period of puberty and are psychologically unprepared for information and workload not according to their age and nature. Stop forming a fear attitude towards science for students who are being prepared for their twelfth grade exams from the first grade.

Analysis of Changes in Physical Strength over Time in Recent School-Age Students: Proposal for Multi-year Span Evaluation Chart with the O Model

For school-age children to lead healthy lives, they need suitable physical abilities for those lives. Together with this, measurements of physical strength and motor ability to assess those abilities could be considered essential. The physical strength of children has declined in recent years, and City O in the Kansai area of Japan has implemented an action plan to address the problem. This action plan was developed from a survey continued over seven years of the physique, physical strength, and motor abilities of fifth grade elementary school students and second year junior high school (seventh grade) students. To assess the efficacy of City O’s action plan, this study analyzed trends in strength and motor ability over seven years to examine whether trends were rising or falling. The method adopted for this plan was to measure the same items as those in the strength and motor ability survey conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The wavelet interpolation model was applied to the multi-year trends in the results obtained over seven years to examine whether they were improving or declining. An improving trend was seen with time in the physical strength and motor ability of second-year junior high school girls. One may infer that behind the improving trend over time were the effects from City O’s action plan. The background for the improving trend seen over the years seen in second year junior high school girls but not boys may include that girls were originally less active than boys and but were encouraged to be active by the action plan. Because the second year of junior high school is the period of late puberty for girls, and is a time when they are approaching their developmental peak in physical strength, it may be inferred that the increase in physical strength was affected by factors in the action plan. In this study, a new evaluation chart that considers trends over years was established using the wavelet interpolation model, and the efficacy of the multi-year span evaluation chart for physical strength is presented as the O model.

Features of sexual development, immune status and biochemical parameters in boys suffering from acne

Among skin diseases in children and adolescents, the most common pathology is acne. The main pathogenetic link of acne in adolescents is hormonal imbalance. The effect on the sebaceous glands of high concentrations of dihydrotestosterone causes a change not only in the quantitative but also in the qualitative composition of the sebaceous secretion. The study is devoted to assessing the characteristics of sexual development, immune status and biochemical parameters in boys suffering from acne. Materials and methods.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of the state of immunity, sexual development, biochemical parameters of 147 boys suffering from acne, and 142 healthy boys who do not suffer from acne.&#x0D; It was found that the immune status of boys suffering from acne was characterized by a decrease in cytotoxic lymphocytes. In the peripheral blood of these boys, serum interferon , tumor necrosis factor , interleukins 1, 2, 8 and 10, as well as small circulating immune complexes were significantly higher than in the boys of the control group. In boys suffering from acne, in the puberty period, the concentration of prolactin in 1314 years is significantly lower, and testosterone levels are significantly higher than in boys of the control group of the same age. At 1517 years of age, the concentration of luteinizing hormone in boys with acne is significantly lower, and testosterone is higher than in boys in the control group. Evaluation of the degree of formation of secondary sexual characteristics indicates that boys suffering from acne differed from their peers from the control group by a small advance in sexual development. Thus, boys suffering from acne, characterized by advanced and disharmonious puberty.

ИММУНОГИСТОХИМИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КАЛЬБИНДИНАВ РАЗВИВАЮЩЕМСЯ МОЗЖЕЧКЕ КРЫСЫ

Background. Calbindin is a calcium-binding protein that supports calcium homeostasis for the normal functioning of neurons. Purpose. To study the distribution of immunoreactivity of calbindin-D28K in the structures of the developing cerebellum of the rat.Material and methods. The study was performed on 16 outbred white rats of different age groups: 2-, 7-, 15-days (early postnatal period), 45-days (puberty period). The cerebellum samples were taken and fixed in zinc-ethanol-formaldehyde for immunohistochemistry. Calbindin-D28K immunoreactivity was determined on paraffin sections using primary polyclonal rabbit antibodies.Results. In the cerebellar cortex, calbindin immunoreactivity was detected on the 2nd day after development of Purkinje cells (PC) in their perikaryons, and by the 15th day in their dendrites and it did not change by the 45th day. In all terms of the study in PC, it was detected not only in the cytoplasm, but also in their nucleus. In the granular layer, calbindin immunoreactivity decreased in rats in postnatal ontogenesis, however, in adult rats, some neurons were moderately immunopositive. Among them, from the 15th day after birth, the calbindin-immunoreactive afferent nerve fibers running in the white matter were detected. There were no significant differences in the distribution of calbindin between the lobes of the cerebellum of different phylogenetic age. Conclusions. Considering that the expression of сalbindin-D28k is detected throughout the entire period of development of Purkinje cells, as well as its physiological role in maintaining the function and homeostasis of calcium in them, it can be concluded that сalbindin-D28k is a valuable marker for the morphofunctional characteristics of PC in the developing and adult cerebellum of rats in normal and pathological conditions.

Autoethnography for the acceptance of a P.E. teacher’s admission test

Purpose This study tells about my life about the past time when I studied for the teacher certification examination, using autoethnography. Methods It primarily used personal memories and diaries. The collected data was analyzed by applying longitudinal coding method through technical categories. Results The finding of this study is described in a chronological order as follows. The first part is about my unstable ego formed in my puberty period just like riding a roller coaster. It mainly features the process of choosing a career path when I was in school and the important starting point that made me today. The second part describes about my life after entering the department of physical education. I joined the military only to flee from a fruitless college life where I was wearing an unbefitting mask to hide myself from the world that is completely beyond my control. In the military, I was lucky to realize how to apply my major to set up my career path by coincidence. The third part is about the process of finding a genuine meaning of being a physical education teacher through a transitional period experienced after returning to school and form a stable self. Lastly, passing teacher certification examination with undaunted struggles boosted my self-esteem and self-efficacy and solidified my self-identity in the end. In addition, it is possible to get a glimpse of the attitudes that teachers need to have for a teaching career in the last part. Conclusions What I want to say throughout my descriptive story is that preparing for the teacher certification examination itself is a great challenge as well as a courageous decision for the candidates, but it is an attainable goal if they try with all their heart.

Features of the course of pregnancy in women with menstrual dysfunction in the puberty

The main function of a woman’s reproductive system is pregnancy and the birth of healthy offspring. In women with menstrual dysfunction in the pubertal period, more than 70% of pregnancy complications are observed, the most common of which are menacing miscarriage and placental insufficiency. Despite the medical and social significance, today there is not enough information about the reproductive potential of women with menstrual dysfunction in the puberty period, and their pregnancy and childbirth.The objective: аccording to laboratory and instrumental methods of research, to study the features of the course of pregnancy in women with menstrual dysfunction in the puberty.Materials and methods. According to the nature of the disorders, the main group of pregnant women (n=120) who had a menstrual pathology in the puberty were divided into 3 subgroups (n=40): the first – pregnant women with primary oligomenorrhea in the anamnesis, the second – with a late age menarche, the third - with puberty bleeding. The control group included pregnant women (n=40) with the correct rhythm of menstruation in puberty.Results. A clinical study found that women with menstrual irregularities in the puberty were significantly more likely than women with the right rhythm of menstruation, pregnancy was complicated by a threatening miscarriage in the early stages, threatening premature birth and chronic placental insufficiency.During the dynamic observation of pregnant women using modern diagnostic examination methods, placental dysfunction in the period of 11–14 weeks was detected in 15,0% of women, chronic placental insufficiency (compensated form) in 30–40 weeks – in 6,7%. At 36–40 weeks, chronic placental insufficiency was diagnosed in 59,2% of women, of which a subcompensated form with growth retardation of the first degree in 8,5% was diagnosed. A histological examination of the placenta revealed chronic placental insufficiency in 62,0% of women, of which 6,5% were in subcompensated form.Conclusion. In the course of a scientific search, an attempt was made to find a confirmation of the assumption that the basis of the genesis of placental dysfunction and related gestational complications in patients with disorders of the formation of menstrual function has a history of hormonal and metabolic imbalance, implantation endometrial insufficiency and vasculogenesis dysfunction, the premises of which are laid on stage of the pathological puberty.The results of the studies indicate the need to improve prognostic and diagnostic methods for the prevention of pregnancy complications in women with menstrual dysfunction in the puberty, based on new knowledge about the mechanisms of their development, and in the current demographic crisis are the requirement of the time.

Programming effects of peripubertal stress on spatial learning

Exposure to adversity during early life can have profound influences on brain function and behavior later in life. The peripubertal period is emerging as an important time-window of susceptibility to stress, with substantial evidence documenting long-term consequences in the emotional and social domains. However, little is known about how stress during this period impacts subsequent cognitive functioning. Here, we assessed potential long-term effects of peripubertal stress on spatial learning and memory using the water maze task. In addition, we interrogated whether individual differences in stress-induced behavioral and endocrine changes are related to the degree of adaptation of the corticosterone response to repeated stressor exposure during the peripubertal period. We found that, when tested at adulthood, peripubertally stressed animals displayed a slower learning rate. Strikingly, the level of spatial orientation in the water maze completed on the last training day was predicted by the degree of adaptation of the recovery -and not the peak-of the corticosterone response to stressor exposure (i.e., plasma levels at 60 min post-stressor) across the peripubertal stress period. In addition, peripubertal stress led to changes in emotional and glucocorticoid reactivity to novelty exposure, as well as in the expression levels of the plasticity molecule PSA-NCAM in the hippocampus. Importantly, by assessing the same endpoints in another peripubertally stressed cohort tested during adolescence, we show that the observed effects at adulthood are the result of a delayed programming manifested at adulthood and not protracted effects of stress. Altogether, our results support the view that the degree of stress-induced adaptation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness at the important transitional period of puberty relates to the long-term programming of cognition, behavior and endocrine reactivity.

HUBUNGAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA TERHA HUBUNGAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA TERHADAP PERILAKU REMAJA PUTERI TENTANG PERUBAHAN FISIK PADA MASA PUBERTAS DI SMP NEGERI 1 DELI TUA TAHUN 2020

Teenagers, who are studying at Junior High Schools, are in their puberty. In general, teenagers undergo various problems and difficulties in adjusting themselves to their environment in their puberty. The objective of the research was to find out the correlation between family support and female teenagers behavior in their physical change in their puberty at SMP Negeri 1 Deli Tua tahun 2020. The research used an analytic method with cross sectional design. It was conducted in September 2014 to February 2015. The population was 137 grade VII female students of SMP Negeri 1 Deli Tua tahun 2020and 68 of them were used as the samples. The data were analyzed by using chi square test and multiple logistic regression analysis. The result of the research showed that there was the correlation of emotional (p=0.004), information support (p=0.000), and instrumental support (p=0.002) with the behavior (knowledge, attitude, and action) of female teenagers in their puberty. The variable of information support had the most dominant correlation with the female teenagers behavior at Exp (B) of 5.591. It is recommended that the management of the school provide more knowledge and information about the puberty period for their students, especially female students by upgrading them periodically in the knowledge of reproduction health. It is also recommended that parents discuss with their daughters about the change toward puberty and guide them in digging up information about puberty without any fear so that they can be familiar in their daily activities.

Peculiarities of physical and sexual development of girls with autoimmune hepatitis in puberty period

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare immune-mediated chronic disease that, when inadequately treated, leads to progressive liver damage, which in turn leads to cirrhosis, liver failure, or death. Features of physical and sexual development of girls with AIH at puberty are little studied. The objective: to determine the characteristics of physical and sexual development of girls with autoimmune hepatitis in puberty period. Materials and methods. A comprehensive clinical and paraclinical examination of 66 adolescent girls of the group AIH with autoimmune hepatitis and 180 conditionally somatically healthy girls of the control group aged 12-17 years was performed. The examination included clinical and anamnestic data, anthropometry, biochemical examination of liver function, determination of serum autoantibodies, markers of viral hepatitis, ultrasound and elastography of the hepatobiliary system, liver biopsy followed by histological examination of biopsy, assessment. Results. Age-related changes in body length and body weight, chest circumference, waist and hips among girls with AIH were characterized by a significant lag at all stages of pubertal development. In patients with AIH, the onset of pubertal development was manifested by the development of mammary glands to the stage of Mal in 43.94% of girls, the previous appearance of puberty to thelarchein 34.85% of patients, and in 21.21% of patients noted simultaneous puberty and thelarche. Delayed development of sexual characteristics was manifested in 12-, 13- 14-, 15-, 16- and 17-year-old girls with AIH by a decrease in the score of sexual development in all age categories compared to the same indicator in the respective age control groups: respectively 3.21 ± 0.40 vs 4.94 ± 0.37 points, 3.46 ± 1.00 vs 7.91 ± 0.58, 7.03 ± 1.44 vs 11.08 ± 0.25, 7.80 ± 0, 65 vs 11.86, 10.65 ± 0.79 vs 11.98. In the examined girls with AIH during puberty, such disorders of menstrual function were noted as: primary amenorrhea in 7.58% of cases, secondary amenorrhea – in 6.06%, oligomenorrhea – in 27.27%, opsomenorrhea– in 27.27%, juvenile uterine bleeding – in 9.09%, dysmenorrhea – in 31.82%, a combination of various disorders – in 18.18%. Conclusions. The presence of antinuclear antibodies, antibodies to microsomes of the liver and kidneys type 1, antibodies to smooth muscle, disorders of enzymatic, protein-forming, antitoxic, cytolytic activity of the liver in girls with autoimmune hepatitis is accompanied during puberty by a high frequency of abnormalities. formation of inverted puberty, delayed sexual development and delayed onset of menarche for 10-11 months, frequent menstrual disorders.