Psychosemantic Approach Research Articles

Portrait of Personality and its Study by Psychosemantics

The subject of the study is a portrait of a personality. Psychological massage is a detailed description of personality characteristics. The unit of personality analysis is the personal meaning. In the aggregate of other meanings, personal meaning forms a hierarchical structure that can be rebuilt in the course of life and, depending on experience, transform the content of meanings in this hierarchy. The object of research is a portrait of a personality studied by methods of psychosemantics to identify the structure, functioning of a system of values, methods of categorization describing a portrait of a personality. Psychosemantic methods are aimed at reconstructing implicit theories of personality and solve the following tasks: connecting the studied meaning of this phenomenon with other meanings, systems of meanings, highlighting and interpreting the most significant among these connections. The psychosemantic approach to the portrait of a personality is a description of a psychological (semantic) structure that contains properties-signs that can be used to characterize a personality. This structure is formed by various types of values "classifying" this construct as a "psychological portrait" The main conclusions of the study are:1) the use of psychosemantic tools for the interpretation of the "personality portrait" contributes to the disclosure of the characteristics of this phenomenon, namely, how the levels of categorization identified during the study correlate with significant topics describing the psychological portrait; 2) a portrait of a personality is a complex characteristic that reflects the inner world, the orientation of the personality and is a tool for studying a person. The novelty of the research lies in the study of implicit theories of drawing up a psychological portrait, resulting in a model of a psychological portrait.

Мальбрук в поход собрался (или экскурс психосемантики в языкознание)

The article is intended to familiarize linguists with the insights and practices of Russian psychology related to the issues of meaning and language. Psychology has not yet become a fundamental science integrating general theoretical knowledge [Wilber 2016]; it represents rather disparate fields of study (personality psychology, social psychology, neuropsychology, consulting psychology, psychotherapy, psychological group training, developmental psychology, organizational psychology, psychology of art, family psychology, sports psychology, etc.) and rather heterogeneous schools, differing in methods and reasoning (psychoanalysis, behaviorism, gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology, activity theory, humanistic and transpersonal psychology, etc.). Psycholinguists (e.g., A.A. Leontiev, I.A. Zimnya, E.F. Tarasov, T.N. Ushakova) studies, above all, generation of a speech statement and communication problems, whereas the works in the field of psychosemantics are focused on studying consciousness and the unconscious, as well as contents of social mentality. The emphasis of this article is primarily placed on the psychosemantic approach in psychology.

The psycho-pedagogical conditions for the formation of students’ professional and communicative competence in the course of teaching speech-oriented disciplines (from the author’s teaching experience)

The article asserts the necessity to create psychological and pedagogical conditions aimed at forming professional and communicative competence of university students in the process of teaching speech-oriented disciplines. Such conditions include understanding the professional ideal as a personal, inner motivation for learning; the use of the communicative-cognitive approach; the focus on the step-by-step personality formation of a communicative personality. To identify the above-mentioned conditions, the author employed the following research methods and techniques: structured observation of students’ speech, group and individual interviews with learners, psychosemantic approach, self-characterisation and self-presentation methods, socio-pedagogical investigation. The best practices aimed at a gradual formation of a communicative personality and learners’ professional ideal are described through the analysis of studying speech genres, the orthographic and pronunciation (orthoepic) norms of the Russian language.

Проблемы психосемантики в современной психологии (введение к тематическому выпуску)

The article serves as an introduction to the issues discussed in tthe special issue. The current state of psycho-semantics as an interdisciplinary research approach to the exploration of consciousness and personality which allows to study various forms of the existence of meanings, a picture of the world, subjective meanings, im-plicit and explicit intentions, attitudes, representations is analyzed. The history of its development associated with implementing into scientific practices the semantic differential method constructed in the middle of the last century by the American psychologist C. Osgood and its modifications proposed by Russian researchers are examined. A variety of options for the implementation of research by modern Russian scholars within the framework of the psychosemantic approach are described.

Судебно-психологическая экспертная диагностика семейных взаимоотношений: возможности психосемантического подхода

This scientific review analyses the potential for applying the psychosemantic approach in researching semantic perception within the context of family relationships. The growing number of dysfunctional families leads to an increased divorce rate, with high-conflict spousal relationships often accompanied by parenting disagreements. This, in turn, increases the frequency of court-ordered psychological evaluations due to parenting disagreements in civil cases. There are many theoretical pathways when it comes to studying dysfunctional families and conflicts within families, as well as numerous practical approaches to dealing with them. However, both Russian and international research on dysfunctional family structures is mostly confined to predominantly phenomenogical analysis, as well as identifying formal characteristics, whereas the semantic analysis of family structures is largely neglected. We believe that one of the promising avenues in researching the family relationship system is the psychosemantic method: that is, the study of the semantic component of psychological relations: the emotional and semantic constructs underlying the semantic perception by the parents of each other and of their child.

Psychosemantic approach as the basis for the algorithmization technology of processing educational information

An ability to improve the professional level, need for self-development and self education is called to be one of the essential qualities of a modern specialist irrespective of the professional sphere. Such an activity requires intellectual and psychological mobility, wish to obtain and process huge amount of new and complex information, ability to apply new knowledge to correct and modify the existing system of experience and activity. In the evolution of the information society, self-development and self education are at the top of the soft skills list; therefore formation of a new thinking style is becoming the most important task of teaching. The aim of the paper is to present an argument for introducing some elements of algorithmization of work with student texts based on the psychosemantic approach. Semantic principles (matching of logical and linguistic categories, considering the text from the inner and outer speech, considering the text as cognitive and communicative essence; differentiation between the meaning and sense as between the semantics of the outer speech and the semantics of thinking; identification of semantic relationships between information elements, etc.), psychological and pedagogical principles (self-reflection support of learning activity; self-motivation due to determining usefulness and applicability of information; self-organization of students while creating their own algorithms of learning activity, etc.), and psycholinguistic principles (building logical supporting schemes, analogues of universal subject codes; semantic evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of information, etc.)of work with scientific and educational profession-oriented information are described and correlated with the learning content and mechanisms of students verbal and cognitive activity. Psycholinguistic, semantic and organizational competences are identified, with a set of knowledge, skills and abilities for each of them being defined. The authors suggest a technology of algorithmization of students work with the professionally-oriented text information on the basis of a psychosemantic approach. The purpose of the algorithmization is to accelerate students work and improve the quality of information acquisition.

Психосемантическое исследование профессионального образа сотрудников органов внутренних дел

It is stated that in recent years, in civil society and legal science there has been growing interest regarding the problem of the police officer’s image in the social conscience. Many scientific articles devoted to this theme have been published, where such issues as forming the police officer’s image in the mass media, appreciating the police activity by civil society, searching for ways of forming the positive police officer’s image, etc. are of special interest. This scientific research was aimed at appreciating the peculiarities of perceiving the professional image of law enforcement officers. In the course of the research 92 police officers were interviewed through filling the anonymous questionnaire in google-forms. Trainees of the management faculties and postgraduates of the scientific-pedagogic personnel training faculty of the Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia were the research participants. The data collection was accomplished by means of filling the google-forms. The research was conducted in anonymous format. It was stated that the application of the psychosemantic approach allowed to obtain more reliable information from the respondents than the methods of direct questions. The data were collected over the period from April to June 2020. The semantic field containing 828 words was obtained by means of applying the method of free associations to the incentive “image of law enforcement officers”. The obtained associations were classified into some semantic groups. Such service as https://облакослов.рф was used for selecting the largest semantic units. It allowed to visualize the most frequently used associations (100 of them) in the form of “word cloud”. The research results identifted the key importance of such words as “law”, “responsible”, “honest”, “to protect”, “to help” and others when characterizing both the image and professional activities of police officers.
 Conclusions: 1) the application of the psychosemantic approach in the research of the professional image allowed to study the representation of law enforcement officers; 2) the activities of the law enforcement units responsible for moral and psychological training are considered as effective since the professional image of law enforcement officers is formed from the semantic markers of positive connotation, reflecting their functions related to law protecting and ensuring security and social health.
 The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of scientific project No. 20-013-00423.

Psychosemantic Approach as the Basis of Algorithmization of Students' Work with Vocation-Oriented Information

The article substantiates the need to create a technology for algorithmic work with professionally oriented information of a textual nature, based on the principles of the psychosemantic approach, which make it possible to most effectively define and logically form the semantic components of external speech and thinking. The authors of the article apply the original methodological concept of the characteristics of textual information, which is considered as a mechanism of learning and professional communication. Algorithmization of the process of mastering information will speed up the learning process and master a large amount of complex professional information. The algorithms proposed in the described technology have the property of modifiability and can be applied by students in their further studies and professional activities in a wide range of information interaction situations.

ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ПСИХОСЕМАНТИЧЕСКОГО ПОДХОДА ДЛЯ АНАЛИЗА ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ

Relevance. The article analyzes the problems of modern researchers studying the “man — work” system from the standpoint of post-nonclassical models that develop the idea of “subjectivity” in the relationship between man and world. It is necessary to develop a methodological approach for an adequate noncontroversial description of the world of professionals. Such an approach should describe this system in a consistent way, allow for correlation of ideas about it with the reality itself and remove the limitations associated with the researcher’s abilities. Objective. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the possibilities of psychosemantic approach for studying professional activity on the example of two pieces of empirical research on the activities of medical workers employed by commercial and budgetary organizations and having to do with different contingents of patients. Methods. In the studies conducted we used the survey methods “Integral Satisfaction with Work” (developed by V.A. Rozanova), “Professional Burnout” (N. E. Vodopyaynova, E.S. Starchenkova) and psychosemantic methods: semantic differential “My Work”; free associations; 10 unfinished sentences on the topic “My Work”; C. Osgood’s 14-scale semantic differential modified by E.Yu. Artemyeva. Sample. The study involved 212 doctors with different career span, of which 66 people are employees of budget hospitals, 36 people work in commercial medical centers, 60 people are maternity hospital employees, and 50 people work in a hospice. Results. Semantic features such as “emotional tone of assessment”, “ratio of semantic coincidence between descriptions of different “types” of work object (in our case,“Man” and “Patient”)” and “abstractness/concreteness of descriptions” reflect the conceptual characteristics of professional experience of doctors working in different organizations and with different contingents of patients. Conclusions. The psychosemantic approach to studying the “person — work” system, in which the activity approach of a person to the world is postulated, makes it possible to provide an adequate description of complex systems in a changing environment. The methods of psychosemantics, due to their “sensitivity” to shades of meaning of the words used by respondents, correspond to the idea of post-nonclassical models of mental determination, when external influences are mediated by the activity of a person and by the current structures of his or her subjective experience.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПАНДЕМІЧНОГО ОБРАЗУ СВІТУ

Possibilities of research of a pandemic image of the world were theoretically reviewed on the methodological basis of the psychosemantic approach. The pandemic image of the world is positioned as a product and a significant outcome of pandemic consciousness. Pandemic consciousness is a state of mass everyday consciousness that finds its expression in the indirect reflection of everyday life, the essence and content of which is to meet the interests and needs of a given society related to physical and economic survival during a mass pandemic. It is concluded that the content of the pandemic image of the world is formed by activating the following socio-psychological phenomena, mechanisms and coping strategies: stereotyping of mass consciousness, escape into denial, avoidance of an unfavourable reality, infodemia, magical thinking, revival of conspiracy theories and enemy archetypes, creation of new simulacra, increasing alarmism, anxiety about the near future, the search for new meanings of life.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПАНДЕМІЧНОГО ОБРАЗУ СВІТУ

Possibilities of research of a pandemic image of the world were theoretically reviewed on the methodological basis of the psychosemantic approach. The pandemic image of the world is positioned as a product and a significant outcome of pandemic consciousness. Pandemic consciousness is a state of mass everyday consciousness that finds its expression in the indirect reflection of everyday life, the essence and content of which is to meet the interests and needs of a given society related to physical and economic survival during a mass pandemic. It is concluded that the content of the pandemic image of the world is formed by activating the following socio-psychological phenomena, mechanisms and coping strategies: stereotyping of mass consciousness, escape into denial, avoidance of an unfavourable reality, infodemia, magical thinking, revival of conspiracy theories and enemy archetypes, creation of new simulacra, increasing alarmism, anxiety about the near future, the search for new meanings of life.

SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIATION OF THE WORLD OF THE PROFESSION BY FUTURE PHILOLOGISTS

Аn empirical study was performed to reveal the essence of the image of the world of philology in the professional consciousness of students. A psychosemantic approach was selected as the methodological basis of the study, allowing to reconstruct several implicit structures of the image of the world of the philological profession in the consciousness of philology students. Specifics of professional consciousness of junior and senior bachelor's courses were compared using the results of the application of semantic differential. We created an 18-scale semantic differential, balanced according to the parameters of evaluation, strength and activity. By comparing the characteristics of the world of philology of undergraduate students of the first and fourth year of studies, we can state the following. Students generally perceive the world of philology as important, big, active and fast, joyful, safe, emotional, good, true, colorful and new. The characteristics of safety and softness, pleasantness and colorfulness, simplicity and relaxedness, activity and speed are closely related in content within semantic structure of the world of philology. For the fourth-year students, the professional world of philology is more defined, and at the same time, they are characterized by special connections: the bad and the false, ugliness, truth and simplicity. It was concluded that age-related dynamics of development of professional consciousness of students of philological specialties are present. The world of philology is interesting, fascinating, cheerful, necessary and bright for the freshmen, while senior students see curiosity, variety, greatness, responsibility and complexity in it. The observed trends are closely related to the age of the subjects

IMAGE OF THE FUTURE: DESIGN AND REPRESENTATION

Problem statement. It is shown that the main scientific vectors of the study of the personality image of the future can be considered philosophical, sociological, psychophysiological and psychological. In psychology, the future is revealed as a property of the mental. It is determined that the psychological phenomenology of the image of the future is that it is a holistic view of the individual about the future. It is in the mind and constantly affects behavior, activities, and its emotional state. The ability of an individual to construct his own future is due to the peculiarities of his individual psychological representations. This aspect is little studied in psychological science. The purpose of the article is to present methods and techniques of research of representations and designing the world image of the future by the person. Results of the research. It is noted that the process of forming the image of the future is not only a vision of the end result, but also the impact on the assessment of behavior, consolidation of moral, volitional, intellectual efforts to realize their own expectations. This emphasizes the subjective nature of this process. In the framework of the research of mental representations and the peculiarities of constructing personality images of the future in a particular individual context were identified the mediative and moderative components that influence this phenomenon. The author’s method of assessing the world image of the future is presented. It is a technique of subjective scaling — that is, it shows how the individual imagines his future. To assess the relationship between the studied indicators, which are operationalized as concepts of psychosemantic analysis, a multidimensional deployment was used. Conclusions and prospects for further research. It is concluded that the psychosemantic approach is the most informative in the identified abilities of the individual to construct images of their own future. It is noted that the prospects for further research will be to identify the re lationship between forms and strategies for building mental representations of the image of the future with strategies for individual behavior in difficult life situations.

Categorial Image Structure of Their Ethnic Community Member in Modern Russian Students

Junior students have to adapt not only to the new educational environment, but also to the intercultural community of metropolitan universities. Russian students have problems both with categorization of members of other ethnic communities and their own self-categorization, i.e. the way they see a member of their own culture. The research objective was to determine the categorical structure of the image of a representative of their own culture in Russian students that studied in the city of Barnaul. The image depended on the predominating type of the respondents' own ethnic identity. The research methodology was based on the systematic approach to the personality analysis, J. Bruner's theory of perception, V. F. Petrenko's psychosemantic approach, and G. U. Soldatova's typology of ethnic identity. The authors employed the methods of an expert assessment, subjective scaling, and the questionnaire " Types of Ethnic Identity" by G. U. Soldatova and S. V. Ryzhova. They presented the categorical structure of the image of a member of the Russian ethnic group as factor models, or category structures, that described the representative of Russian nationality. Factor models were identified on the basis of the predominant type of ethnic identity of the respondents. Four factor models revealed that young people with a pronounced hyper-identity had a more positive view of the members of their ethnic group, focusing on their strength and strong-will. Students with average ethnic identity noted both advantages and disadvantages. Students with pronounced ethnic indifference tended to put more stress on the negative categories. Students with hypo-identity saw only negative traits in the members of their ethnic group. Therefore, behavioral patterns of interethnic interaction partially depended on the content of the categorical image structure of the representative of one's ethnic group. The authors propose several ways of developing a positive ethnic identity, which make it possible to shape an adequate attitude to representatives of one's own ethnicity and other ethnic groups.

Perception of Foreign and National Political Leaders in Russia.

The present study aimed to determine the composition of factors that underlie the images of foreign and domestic political leaders among Russian youth and therefore play a major role in shaping social representations. The research was conducted within the theoretical and methodological framework of the psychosemantic approach, which seeks to reconstruct systems of meanings, both individual and collective, through the investigation of implicit as well as explicit categories of perception. The study comprised two stages, in which participants were administered a psychosemantic questionnaire to evaluate political leaders according to some professional and personal characteristics. The first part was conducted in 2015–2016 with a student sample (n = 147) using a set of political leaders from various countries. In the second part, carried out in 2017–2018, the participants (n = 200) also filled out a questionnaire, this time evaluating modern Russian leaders. A principal component analysis was performed on each of the data sets, revealing that two categories—namely, morality and professional characteristics—are present in both factor structures, whereas other factors are different. Several important theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

"Психосемантичний підхід у дослідженнях професійної самосвідомості майбутніх психологів"

У статті на підставі теоретичного аналізу виокремлено низку професійних компонентів групової свідомості, на основі яких можливе визначення чинників формування професійної самосвідомості майбутніх психологів. Обґрунтовано релевантність психосемантичного підходу як парадигми дослідження професійної свідомості майбутніх психологів. Доведено актуальність констатації та подальшого розвитку психосемантичного змісту професійної свідомості майбутніх психологів на всіх рівнях організації професійного психологічного навчання: світоглядному, професійному, особистісному. Категоріальна структура професійної свідомості до- сліджуваних спрямована на збереження смислової цілісності образу «Я». Доведено, що від того, як студенти уявляють і проектують своє професійне майбутнє, усвідомлюють життєві та професійні цілі, планують професійний розвиток і згідно з вимогами фаху самовдосконалюються, залежить ефективність процесу професійного становлення. Показано, що психосемантичні методи дають змогу отримати відомості про те, як професіонал усвідомлює й оцінює труднощі та протиріччя професій- ної діяльності, внутрішньо їх сприймає, самостійно і конструктивно вирішує їх відповідно до своїх цінностей. Із точки зору психосемантики констатовано, що професійна самосвідомість майбутніх психологів має трикомпонентну структуру, яка представлена: когнітивним компонен- том, що відображає усвідомлення своїх професійно важливих якостей, професійне самопізнання, внаслідок чого формується «професійний образ Я»; афективно-оцінним компонентом, що включає професійну самооцінку, самоприйняття, позитивне ставлення до себе як до фахівця, самоповагу, ставлення до своєї професійної діяльності, результатом чого є професійне самоставлення; поведінковим компонентом, що відображає мотиваційно-ціннісні та регулятивно-діяльнісні аспекти. Зроблено ви- сновок, що найважливішим чинником розвитку професійної свідомості майбутніх психологів і критерієм ефективності їх професійної діяльнос- ті є обов’язкова рефлексія змісту власної професійної свідомості. Оволо- діння професією психолога формує професійні уявлення студентів, чим зумовлює формування професійної свідомості.

Stereotyped Media Images as a Method of Forming Delusions of Ordinary Consciousness

The article reveals the psychological foundations of the manipulative influence of the media on the ordinary consciousness of the information consumer, analyzes the methods of manipulative influence. The survey of respondents has determined the activity rate of information consumption, the level of interest in various media formats, the respondent’s degree of awareness of the specificity regarding influence on their consciousness. Methods of media influence on ordinary consciousness include various types of fragmentation of information, game by facts and figures, logic violations, semantics (use of metaphors, emotionally evaluated vocabulary, language of symbols, archetypes, antitheses) of stereotypical images for attaching certain connotative stereotypes to the consciousness in order to strengthen influence, and others. Consequently, the technologies of influence determine the need for psychosemantic analysis to study stereotypical, mythological and archetypal images of ordinary consciousness. The research demonstrates the relevance of the psychosemantic approach to the study of ordinary consciousness in the modern information society, the impact of crisis processes in the society development on the changes in certain levels of ordinary consciousness and the main tendencies of its transformation; as well as the empirical research of the formation of the ordinary consciousness by mass media has been demonstrated.

Psychosemantical Approach to Volition Research

The research into the ratio of objective and subjective indicators of the volitional qualities of an individual conducted by the Department of General and Social Psychology of the UrFU discovered some limitations of the corresponding approaches to such multidimensional objects as volition. The research into individual semanticfields of the concept of ‘volition’ will make up for the existing methodological gap in that area. The research was conducted in 2017. The sample consisted of 77 students of the Department of Psychology. The semantic differential method in the modification by I.L. Solomin was used as a basis. The list of objects has been changed and expanded according to the tasks of the research. The second method of research is the associative experiment. The results were processed by using the methods of cluster analysis, factor analysis and content analysis. An analysis of individual cluster trees discovered a rather large variability of the semantic relationships between the objects under study. Several sub-groups of respondents were identified according to the individual characteristics of the semantic fields in relation to the object ‘volition’, the sub-group ‘success of activities’, the sub-group ‘personality qualities’, the subgroup ‘negative objects’ and the sub-group ‘object is not defined’. Most students consider volition either as an applied tool of educational or professional activities, or as a self-sufficient personal mechanism. With the help of factor analysis, the features of the affective attitude toward the object ‘volition’ in respect to the sample as a whole are revealed. The associative experiment made it possible to identify the key topic markers that characterize the volition of respondents of different semantic sub-groups. For the sub-group ‘success of activities’, it is ‘power’; it is ‘time’ for the sub-group ‘personality qualities’, in particular, ‘responsibility’; it is ‘firmness’ for the sub-group ‘negative objects’. The psychosemantics approach in studying volition allows us to identify topics that clarify the semantic nuances of the concept of ‘volition’ in the minds of the subjects. The method of the semantic differential and the method of associative experiment are mutually complementary with respect to research into the semantic sphere of a personality. The results obtained provide a necessary part of a comprehensive study of volition and the volitional qualities of aperson.
 Keywords: volition, volitional qualities, responsibility, students, psychosemantic approach, semantic differential, semantic field, associative experiment, semantic structures of consciousness, representations, individuality, cluster trees, topic markers

Семантический дифференциал жизненной ситуации

The article presents the results of the development of the Semantic Differential of Life Situation (SDLS), implemented in the framework of psycho-semantic approach. The proposed method is aimed at assessing cognitive and emotional components of the subjective perception of life situation. As its main semantic axes, the following factors were identified: situation handling, emotional experience of the situation, positive expectations, ordinary and daily occurrence, resolvability, personal involvement and a belief that the situation is surmountable, energy, level of understanding. The approbation sample consists of adults who are in a conventionally normal (105 people) and difficult life situation (35 people). The results of the psychometric testing showed significant differences in their perceptive-cognitive image of the life situation, confirmed the criteria validity of the method, and discovered how some of the situation’s objective characteristics influenced the perception of the situation to a degree. The article presents the results of the development of the Semantic Differential of Life Situation (SDLS), implemented in the framework of psycho-semantic approach. The proposed method is aimed at assessing cognitive and emotional components of the subjective perception of life situation. As its main semantic axes, the following factors were identified: situation handling, emotional experience of the situation, positive expectations, ordinary and daily occurrence, resolvability, personal involvement and a belief that the situation is surmountable, energy, level of understanding. The approbation sample consists of adults who are in a conventionally normal (105 people) and difficult life situation (35 people). The results of the psychometric testing showed significant differences in their perceptive-cognitive image of the life situation, confirmed the criteria validity of the method, and discovered how some of the situation’s objective characteristics influenced the perception of the situation to a degree.

Social well-being of single women in the modern world

The aim of the work is to identify the factors of social well-being of single women. It has been revealed that social environment, in which there are single women with others` attitude towards them, is of great importance for experiencing social well-being. An empirical study has been carried out within the psychosemantic approach. The results of the study show a negative attitude of men towards single women who bring up one child or several children. There is a need to continue this study in order to identify the subjective experiences of the single women themselves about their loneliness. The value of this study lies in the identification of the problem of a low level of tolerance and acceptance towards single women, which requires searching the ways to improve this situation.