Psychomotor Training Research Articles

Improved Retention of Chest Compression Psychomotor Skills With Brief "Rolling Refresher" Training.

High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is critical to improve survival from cardiac arrest. However, cardiopulmonary resuscitation knowledge and psychomotor skill proficiency are transient. We hypothesized that brief, in situ refresher training will improve chest compression (CC) psychomotor skill retention for bedside providers. Nurses completed a baseline skill evaluation of CC quality 6 months after traditional basic life support recertification. Data collected using ResusciAnne with SkillReporter included the following: CC depth, rate, complete release, and correct hand position. Total compliance was defined as 100% CC with depth of 50 mm or greater, rate of 100/min or greater, and more than 90% complete release. After the baseline evaluation, the subjects completed "Rolling Refresher" (RR) CC psychomotor training using audiovisual feedback every 2 to 3 months for 12 months until 30 seconds of CCs fulfilling total compliance criteria was achieved. Chest compression quality evaluations were repeated twice ("RR 6 month" and "RR 12 month" evaluation) after implementation of RR program. Thirty-seven providers enrolled and completed the baseline evaluation. Mean depth was 36.3 (9.7) mm, and 8% met criteria for depth, 35% for rate, and 5% for total compliance. After RRs were implemented, CC quality improved significantly at RR 6-month evaluation: odds ratio for meeting criteria were the following: depth of 35.1 (95% confidence interval = 2.5496, P = 0.009) and total compliance of 22.3 (95% confidence interval = 2.1239, P = 0.010). There was no difference in CC quality at RR 12-month versus RR 6-month evaluation. Retention of CC psychomotor skill quality is limited to 6 months after traditional basic life support recertification. Rolling Refresher CC training can significantly improve retention of CC psychomotor skills. Whether CC skills are improved, maintained, or deteriorate after 12 months of Refresher training and optimal frequency of Refreshers is unknown.

Clinical Skills Acquisition: Rethinking Assessment Using a Virtual Haptic Simulator

This study was the fourth study (Study 4) of four consecutive cohort studies (2007/2008, 2008/2009, 2009/2010 and 2010/2011) of over 520 dental undergraduate first year students at King’s College London as part of their 5-year undergraduate programme. The study reported in this paper is a 2-year longitudinal investigation of 140 first year students (and subsequent second year) who were being trained to develop their clinical dental skills. In this study students used both the traditional Phantom-head laboratory and a haptically simulated virtual reality systems (HapTEL) laboratory to develop their basic clinical skills. Pre- and post-psychometric tests were used to measure their spatial reasoning and manipulation skills. The test scores and traditional clinical examinations results showed significant improvement in their psychomotor skills especially in the area of spatial awareness within a 3-months period (one term) of pre-clinical training. The results showed that using psychometric tests can reveal specific skill development amongst students not identified by traditional assessment methods. This study complements the previous studies in showing the development of psychomotor skills by practising virtual reality simulators can be monitored and measured through stages of skill acquisition more accurately and objectively. These results confirmed the consistency of skill improvement through the three phases of skill acquisition although more analysis is needed of the specific types of tests which reliably measured these skill phases. The result of this research could therefore inform the development of formative and summative dental clinical skills’ assessment to measure and monitor the student’s psychomotor training with more regular and instant feedback in an objective way using computers along with the traditional Phantom-head mannequin.

Examination on the Effect of the Psychomotor Training Program on Certain Basic Motoric Properties in 20-Year-Old Men

Examination on the Effect of the Psychomotor Training Program on Certain Basic Motoric Properties in 20-Year-Old Men

The Effectiveness of Psycho-Motor Training on Improving the Mobility Problems of Students With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

اهداف اختلال نقص توجه و بیش‌فعالی یک اختلال عصبی‌رفتاری شایع در کودکان است که بر عملکرد کودک در جنبه‌های اجتماعی و تحصیلی و خانوادگی تأثیر می‌گذارد. هدف اصلی این تحقیق، بررسی تأثیر تمرین‌های ادراکی‌حرکتی بر بهبود قابلیت‌های حرکتی کودکان اختلال بیش‌فعالی ‌نقص توجه است.مواد و روش ها روش انجام تحقیق نیمه‌تجربی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش دانش‌آموزان پسر دوره ابتدایی با اختلال بیش‌فعالی نقص توجه در شهر ایلام در سال تحصیلی 1392-1391 هستند. نمونه آماری شامل 30 دانش‌آموز پسر 7 تا 12 ساله مبتلا به اختلال بیش‌فعالی نقص توجه بودند که براساس ملاک‌های DSM-IV و پرسش‌نامه کانرز و به‌وسیله آزمون رشد حرکتی لینکن‌اُزرتسکی بررسی شدند. دانش‌آموزان به‌صورت تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل تقسیم شدند. گروه تجربی 24 جلسه آموزش دیدند. پس‌آزمون برای هر دو گروه اجرا شد. اطلاعات با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و استنباطی تی مستقل و نسخه 13 نرم‌افزار SPSS تجزیه‌وتحلیل شد.یافته ها یافته‌ها نشان داد که تمرین‌های ادراکی‌حرکتی سبب بهبود مشکلات حرکتی دانش‌آموزان با اختلال بیش‌فعالی نقص توجه می‌شود. بنابراین پیشنهاد می‌شود برای افزایش آمادگی حرکتی کودکان مبتلا به اختلال بیش‌فعالی و نقص توجه در مدارس و درنتیجه بهبود اختلال‌های حرکتی، برنامه‌های تمرینی ادراکی‌حرکتی اجرا شود.نتیجه گیری از یافته‌های این تحقیق می‌توان استنباط کرد که تمرین‌های ادراکی‌حرکتی سبب بهبود مشکلات حرکتی دانش‌آموزان با اختلال بیش‌فعالی نقص توجه می‌شود. بنابراین پیشنهاد می‌شود برای افزایش آمادگی حرکتی کودکان در مدارس و درنتیجه بهبود اختلال‌های حرکتی، برنامه‌های تمرینی ادراکی‌حرکتی اجرا شود.

Simulation for training in resource-restricted countries: using a scalable temporal bone surgical simulator.

Simulation for training in resource-restricted countries: using a scalable temporal bone surgical simulator.

Bimanual Psychomotor Performance in Neurosurgical Resident Applicants Assessed Using NeuroTouch, a Virtual Reality Simulator

Current selection methods for neurosurgical residents fail to include objective measurements of bimanual psychomotor performance. Advancements in computer-based simulation provide opportunities to assess cognitive and psychomotor skills in surgically naive populations during complex simulated neurosurgical tasks in risk-free environments. This pilot study was designed to answer 3 questions: (1) What are the differences in bimanual psychomotor performance among neurosurgical residency applicants using NeuroTouch? (2) Are there exceptionally skilled medical students in the applicant cohort? and (3) Is there an influence of previous surgical exposure on surgical performance? Participants were instructed to remove 3 simulated brain tumors with identical visual appearance, stiffness, and random bleeding points. Validated tier 1, tier 2, and advanced tier 2 metrics were used to assess bimanual psychomotor performance. Demographic data included weeks of neurosurgical elective and prior operative exposure. This pilot study was carried out at the McGill Neurosurgical Simulation Research and Training Center immediately following neurosurgical residency interviews at McGill University, Montreal, Canada. All 17 medical students interviewed were asked to participate, of which 16 agreed. Performances were clustered in definable top, middle, and bottom groups with significant differences for all metrics. Increased time spent playing music, increased applicant self-evaluated technical skills, high self-ratings of confidence, and increased skin closures statistically influenced performance on univariate analysis. A trend for both self-rated increased operating room confidence and increased weeks of neurosurgical exposure to increased blood loss was seen in multivariate analysis. Simulation technology identifies neurosurgical residency applicants with differing levels of technical ability. These results provide information for studies being developed for longitudinal studies on the acquisition, development, and maintenance of psychomotor skills. Technical abilities customized training programs that maximize individual resident bimanual psychomotor training dependant on continuously updated and validated metrics from virtual reality simulation studies should be explored.

Viewing a brief chest-compression-only CPR video improves bystander CPR performance and responsiveness in high school students: A cluster randomized trial

BackgroundCPR training in schools is a public health initiative to improve out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival. It is unclear whether brief video training in students improves CPR quality and responsiveness and skills retention. ObjectivesDetermine if a brief video is as effective as classroom instruction for chest compression-only (CCO) CPR training in high school students. MethodsThis was a prospective cluster-randomized controlled trial with three study arms: control (sham video), brief video (BV), and CCO-CPR class. Students were randomized and clustered based on their classrooms and evaluated using a standardized OHCA scenario measuring CPR quality (compression rate, depth, hands-off time) and responsiveness (calling 911, time to calling 911, starting compressions within 2min). Data was collected at baseline, post-intervention and 2 months. Generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze outcome data, accounting for repeated measures for each individual and clustering by class. Results179 students (14–18 years) were consented in 7 classrooms (clusters). At post-intervention and 2 months, BV and CCO class students called 911 more frequently and sooner, started chest compressions earlier, and had improved chest compression rates and hands-off time compared to baseline. Chest compression depth improved significantly from baseline in the CCO class, but not in the BV group post-intervention and at 2 months. ConclusionsBrief CPR video training resulted in improved CPR quality and responsiveness in high school students. Compression depth only improved with traditional class training. This suggests brief educational interventions are beneficial to improve CPR responsiveness but psychomotor training is important for CPR quality.

A model for teaching and learning spinal thrust manipulation and its effect on participant confidence in technique performance

Background: Despite emerging evidence to support the use of high velocity thrust manipulation in the management of lumbar spinal conditions, utilization of thrust manipulation among clinicians remains relatively low. One reason for the underutilization of these procedures may be related to disparity in training in the performance of these techniques at the professional and post professional levels.Purpose: To assess the effect of using a new model of active learning on participant confidence in the performance of spinal thrust manipulation and the implications for its use in the professional and post-professional training of physical therapists.Methods: A cohort of 15 DPT students in their final semester of entry-level professional training participated in an active training session emphasizing a sequential partial task practice (SPTP) strategy in which participants engaged in partial task practice over several repetitions with different partners. Participants’ level of confidence in the performance of these techniques was determined through comparison of pre- and post-training session surveys and a post-session open-ended interview.Results: The increase in scores across all items of the individual pre- and post-session surveys suggests that this model was effective in changing overall participant perception regarding the effectiveness and safety of these techniques and in increasing student confidence in their performance. Interviews revealed that participants greatly preferred the SPTP strategy, which enhanced their confidence in technique performance.Conclusion: Results indicate that this new model of psychomotor training may be effective at improving confidence in the performance of spinal thrust manipulation and, subsequently, may be useful for encouraging the future use of these techniques in the care of individuals with impairments of the spine. Inasmuch, this method of instruction may be useful for training of physical therapists at both the professional and post-professional levels.

Effectiveness of Mobile Learning on Athletic Training Psychomotor Skill Acquisition

Context Instruction of psychomotor skills is an important component of athletic training education. Accommodating the varied learning abilities and preferences of athletic training students can be challenging for an instructor initiating skill acquisition in a traditional face-to-face (F2F) environment. Video instruction available on mobile devices may offer an alternative teaching tool, allowing for student-initiated learning. Objective To compare outcomes of Quick Clips (QC) instruction with F2F instruction as measured by skill-examination scores. Design Quasi-experimental. Setting Five higher learning institutions with Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) accredited athletic training education programs. Patients or Other Participants Seventy-four pre-athletic training students, average age 18.86 ± 1.0 years (49 women, 25 men), volunteered for this study. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 instructional groups (F2F or QC). Intervention(s) The principal investigator provided F2F instruction to 38 participants in 3 skills (knee valgus stress test, middle trapezius manual muscle test, and goniometric measurement of active ankle dorsiflexion). The remaining 36 participants watched 3 QC videos demonstrating the same skills. Main Outcome Measure(s) Three individual skill exam scores and the total score. Results A 1-way multivariate analysis of variance indicated a significant effect (P < .0001) of instructional method on exam scores. Follow-up univariate analysis of variance indicated knee valgus stress test exam scores were significantly higher after F2F instruction (P < .0001). Neither manual muscle test nor goniometric measurement exam scores were affected by instructional method. Conclusions The findings support the use of QC as an alternative to F2F instruction for 2 of the 3 skills. This finding is similar to studies reported in the nursing literature on computer-assisted learning, which found inconclusive evidence to support the superiority of one method over another. Mobile video instruction is an effective teaching strategy. It may be best utilized to supplement traditional F2F instruction.

Augmented reality in medical education?

Learning in the medical domain is to a large extent workplace learning and involves mastery of complex skills that require performance up to professional standards in the work environment. Since training in this real-life context is not always possible for reasons of safety, costs, or didactics, alternative ways are needed to achieve clinical excellence. Educational technology and more specifically augmented reality (AR) has the potential to offer a highly realistic situated learning experience supportive of complex medical learning and transfer. AR is a technology that adds virtual content to the physical real world, thereby augmenting the perception of reality. Three examples of dedicated AR learning environments for the medical domain are described. Five types of research questions are identified that may guide empirical research into the effects of these learning environments. Up to now, empirical research mainly appears to focus on the development, usability and initial implementation of AR for learning. Limited review results reflect the motivational value of AR, its potential for training psychomotor skills and the capacity to visualize the invisible, possibly leading to enhanced conceptual understanding of complex causality.

Evaluation of an Augmented Virtual Reality and Haptic Control Interface for Psychomotor Training

This study investigated the design of a virtual reality (VR) simulation integrating a haptic control interface for motor skill training. Twenty-four healthy participants were tested and trained in standardized psychomotor control tasks using native and VR forms with their nondominant hands in order to identify VR design features that might serve to accelerate motor learning. The study was also intended to make preliminary observations on the degree of specific motor skill development that can be achieved with a VR-based haptic simulation. Results revealed significant improvements in test performance following training for the VR with augmented haptic features with insignificant findings for the native task and VR with basic haptic features. Although performance during training was consistently better with the native task, a correspondence between the VR training and test task interfaces led to greater improvement in test performance as reported by a difference between baseline and post-test scores. These findings support use of VR-based haptic simulations of standardized psychomotor tests for motor skill training, including visual and haptic enhancements for effective pattern recognition and discrete movement of objects. The results may serve as an applicable guide for design of future haptic VR features.

Design and implementation of a proficiency-based, structured endoscopy course for medical students applying for a surgical specialty.

BackgroundSurgical simulation is becoming increasingly important in surgical education. Despite the important work done on simulators, simulator model development, and simulator assessment methodologies, there is a need for development of integrated simulators in the curriculum. In this paper, we describe the design of our evidence-based preclinical training program for medical students applying for a surgical career at the Centre for Surgical Technologies.MethodsTwenty-two students participated in this training program. During their final months as medical students, they received structured, proficiency-based endoscopy training. The total amount of mentored training was 18 hours and the training was organized into three training blocks. The first block focused on psychomotor training, the second block focused on laparoscopic stitching and suturing, and the third block on laparoscopic dissection techniques and hemostasis. Deliberate practice was allowed and students had to show proficiency before proceeding to the next training block. Students’ psychomotor abilities were tested before the course and after each training block. At the beginning of their careers as surgical registrars, their performance on a laparoscopic suturing task was compared with that of registrars from the previous year who did not have this training course. Student opinions about this course were evaluated using a visual analog scale.ResultsAll students rated the training course as useful and their psychomotor abilities improved markedly. All students performed deliberate practice, and those who participated in this course scored significantly (P < 0.0001) better on the laparoscopic suturing task than first year registrars who did not participate in this course.ConclusionOrganization of a structured preclinical training program in laparoscopy for final year medical students is feasible, attractive, and successful.

The Effects of Haptic and Visual Aiding on Psychomotor Task Strategy Development During Virtual Reality-Based Training

The objective of this work was to observe how haptic and visual assistance in virtual reality (VR) task performance can affect individual strategy selection. Participants received psychomotor training with a VR simulation of a block design (BD) test, as part of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale for Intelligence. Training included one of three forms of assistance: haptic, visual, or a combination of both. Strategy was evaluated in terms of accuracy in orienting blocks in pattern reproduction. Results revealed participants to develop personal strategies when receiving only haptic assistance. When receiving visual assistance, participants tended to rely on the aiding instead of a strategy. Participants performed best with visual assistance and showed significant improvement during training, based on the aiding. Participants also performed well with the combination of haptic and visual assistance, but showed little improvement during training. The results confirm that properly-designed assistance can help users with different perceptual styles (e.g., field dependence) benefit from more efficient strategies.

Development and Validation of a Comprehensive Curriculum to Teach an Advanced Minimally Invasive Procedure

To develop and validate a comprehensive ex vivo training curriculum for laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Simulators have been shown to be viable systems for teaching technical skills outside the operating room; however, integration of simulation training into comprehensive curricula remains a major challenge in modern surgical education. Currently, no curricula have been described or validated for advanced laparoscopic procedures. This prospective, single-blinded randomized controlled trial allocated 25 surgical residents to receive either conventional residency training or a comprehensive training curriculum for laparoscopic colorectal surgery. The curriculum consisted of proficiency-based psychomotor training on a virtual reality simulator, cognitive training, and participation in a cadaver lab. The primary outcome measure in this study was surgical performance in the operating room. All participants performed a laparoscopic right colectomy, which was video recorded and assessed using 2 previously validated assessment tools. Secondary outcome measures were knowledge relating to the execution of the procedure, assessed with a multiple-choice test, and technical performance on the simulator. Curricular-trained residents demonstrated superior performance in the operating room compared with conventionally trained residents (global score 16.0 [14.5-18.0] versus 8.0 [6.0-14.5], P = 0.030; number of operative steps performed 16.0 [12.5-17.5] versus 8.0 [6.0-14.5], P = 0.021; procedure-specific score 71.1 [54.4-81.6] versus 51.1 [36.7-74.4], P = 0.122). Curricular-trained residents scored higher on the multiple-choice test (10 [9-11] versus 7.5 [5.3-7.5], P = 0.047), and outperformed conventionally trained residents in 7 of 8 tasks on the simulator. Participation in a comprehensive ex vivo training curriculum for laparoscopic colorectal surgery results in improved technical knowledge and improved performance in the operating room compared with conventional residency training. Reg. ID#NCT 01371136.

Distributed versus Massed Training: Efficiency of Training Psychomotor Skills

Virtual reality simulators have shown to be valid and useful tools for training psychomotor skills for endoscopic surgery. Discussion arises how to integrate these simulators into the surgical training curriculum. Distributed training is referred to as short training periods, with rest periods in between. Massed training is training in continuous and longer training blocks. This study investigates the difference between distributed and massed training on the initial development and retention of psychomotor skills on a virtual reality simulator. Four groups of eight medical students lacking any experience in endoscopic training were created. Two groups trained in a distributed fashion, one group trained in a massed fashion and the last group not at all (control group). All performed a post-test immediately after finishing their training schedule. Two months after this test a second post- test was performed. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Post-Hoc test Tukey-Bonferoni was used to determine differences in mean scores between the four groups, whereas a p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Distributed training resulted in higher scores and a better retention of relevant psychomotor skills. Distributed as well as massed training resulted in better scores and retention of skills than no training at all. Our study clearly shows that distributed training yields better results in psychomotor endoscopic skills. Therefore, in order to train as efficient as possible, training programs should be (re)-programmed accordingly.

Honing a surgeon's decision making skills in the presence of mechanical tasks

Background Although surgeons perform procedures and tasks under a significant amount of cognitive load, current simulators focus on training psychomotor skills in isolation. This may limit the transfer of learned skills to actual surgical environments. Methods Visuohaptic simulations were created that required participants to hone psychomotor skills in the presence of cognitive load. A control group (n = 7) trained on conventional skills simulator and their performance was compared with the experimental group (n = 7) in terms of learning curves and performance on a transfer task. Results The experimental group performed significantly better than the control group in terms of both learning curves and performance on the transfer task. Conclusions Simulations that combine psychomotor and cognitive skills training are more effective than simulators that focus on psychomotor skills in isolation.

Accuracy and Reliability of Peer Assessment of Athletic Training Psychomotor Laboratory Skills

Peer assessment is defined as students judging the level or quality of a fellow student's understanding. No researchers have yet demonstrated the accuracy or reliability of peer assessment in athletic training education. To determine the accuracy and reliability of peer assessment of athletic training students' psychomotor skills. Cross-sectional study. Entry-level master's athletic training education program. First-year (n = 5) and second-year (n = 8) students. Participants evaluated 10 videos of a peer performing 3 psychomotor skills (middle deltoid manual muscle test, Faber test, and Slocum drawer test) on 2 separate occasions using a valid assessment tool. Accuracy of each peer-assessment score was examined through percentage correct scores. We used a generalizability study to determine how reliable athletic training students were in assessing a peer performing the aforementioned skills. Decision studies using generalizability theory demonstrated how the peer-assessment scores were affected by the number of participants and number of occasions. Participants had a high percentage of correct scores: 96.84% for the middle deltoid manual muscle test, 94.83% for the Faber test, and 97.13% for the Slocum drawer test. They were not able to reliably assess a peer performing any of the psychomotor skills on only 1 occasion. However, the φ increased (exceeding the 0.70 minimal standard) when 2 participants assessed the skill on 3 occasions (φ = 0.79) for the Faber test, with 1 participant on 2 occasions (φ = 0.76) for the Slocum drawer test, and with 3 participants on 2 occasions for the middle deltoid manual muscle test (φ = 0.72). Although students did not detect all errors, they assessed their peers with an average of 96% accuracy. Having only 1 student assess a peer performing certain psychomotor skills was less reliable than having more than 1 student assess those skills on more than 1 occasion. Peer assessment of psychomotor skills could be an important part of the learning process and a tool to supplement instructor assessment.

Biofeedback in psychomotor training. Two month course results

With the aim to compare the impact of usual training and training with the use of biofeedback, the psychometric and electrophysiological features of 36 musical students were investigated. Two month biofeedback training caused increase in self actualization, improving the musical performance score, decrease state and trait anxiety, increase of the individual adjusted alpha-2 indices, but theta-, alpha-1 and beta- activities did not change. Optimal psychomotor reaction for usual self practice (enhancement in alphaactivity and decrease in muscle tension) was achieved during biofeedback training. Training efficiency depended on the baseline electropsysiological features of optimal functioning: peak frequency, band width, power and coherence in individual alpha range, reaction activation. It was concluded that upper alpha stimulating and EMG decreasing biofeedback training leads to development of optimal psychomotor behavioral strategy.

To the article, “Biofeedback in Psychomotor Training. Electrophysiological Basis,” by O. M. Bazanova, E.M. Mernaya, and M. B. Shtark, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 437–447, 2009

To the article, “Biofeedback in Psychomotor Training. Electrophysiological Basis,” by O. M. Bazanova, E.M. Mernaya, and M. B. Shtark, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 437–447, 2009

Efectos cognitivos de un entrenamiento combinado de memoria y psicomotricidad en adultos mayores

As part of the normal ageing process, cognitive deterioration clearly takes place in memory, attention and the information processing speed (IPS). Among the intervention strategies commonly used, combined programmes like those involving memory and psychomotor skills have the greatest beneficial effects on cognition in the short and long term. To evaluate the effects of a combined memory and psychomotor training programme entitled 'Independence in Older age' (SIMA) on the cognitive performance of a population sample of healthy elderly adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 95 elderly adults (49 in the intervention group and 46 in the control group) before and after a 20-session training programme. Both intergroup (intervention group versus control group) and intragroup (each group individually) cognitive performance was analysed. The two groups were paired by age, sex and schooling. The intergroup analysis following the training showed statistically and clinically significant differences in two IPS variables: conflict and interference in the colour-word test, which had a size effect of -1.31 and -1.38, respectively; the performance of the group of trained elderly adults was better than that of the controls. Likewise, in the intragroup analysis significant differences were found in these two variables in the group that received the intervention, with a size effect of -1.27 and -1.15. Findings show positive effects of combined SIMA memory and psychomotor training, especially in selective attention and the IPS with a healthy elderly adult population.