Psychomotor Performance Research Articles

Longitudinal neonatal brain development and socio-demographic correlates of infant outcomes following preterm birth

Preterm birth results in premature exposure of the brain to the extrauterine environment during a critical period of neurodevelopment. Consequently, infants born preterm are at a heightened risk of adverse behavioural outcomes in later life. We characterise longitudinal development of neonatal regional brain volume and functional connectivity in the first weeks following preterm birth, sociodemographic factors, and their respective relationships to psychomotor outcomes and psychopathology in toddlerhood. We study 121 infants born preterm who underwent magnetic resonance imaging shortly after birth, at term-equivalent age, or both. Longitudinal regional brain volume and functional connectivity were modelled as a function of psychopathology and psychomotor outcomes at 18 months. Better psychomotor functioning in toddlerhood was associated with greater relative right cerebellar volume and a more rapid decrease over time of sensorimotor degree centrality in the neonatal period. In contrast, increased 18-month psychopathology was associated with a more rapid decrease in relative regional subcortical volume. Furthermore, while socio-economic deprivation was related to both psychopathology and psychomotor outcomes, cognitively stimulating parenting predicted psychopathology only. Our study highlights the importance of longitudinal imaging to better predict toddler outcomes following preterm birth, as well as disparate environmental influences on separable facets of behavioural development in this population.

Ethanol enhances JWH-018-induced impairment of sensorimotor and memory functions in mice: From preclinical evidence to forensic implication in Driving Under the Influence of Drugs

BackgroundSeveral new Synthetic Cannabinoids have appeared each year since their introduction into the illicit drug market as recreational drugs. Among these, naphtalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl) methanone (JWH-018) is one of the most detected compounds in biological samples from patients involved in intoxication or death cases. Furthermore, consumption of JWH-018 has been linked to several cases of Driving Under the Influence of Drugs (DUID) suggesting that effects induced by this compound can affect individuals’ ability to drive. MethodsGiven the high spread of polydrug consumption and the wide number of alcohol-related traffic accidents, this study aims to investigate the acute effects induced by co-administration of JWH-018 with ethanol on sensorimotor and motor responses, grip strength and memory functions in CD-1 male mice. Acute impairments induced by JWH-018 and ethanol alone have also been investigated, in order to compare their effects with that induced by their concurrent administration. ResultsIn vivo behavioral experiments revealed a worsening of the cognitive and sensorimotor disruption after the co-administration of JWH-018 with ethanol compared to single compounds. ConclusionsThese animal-based findings suggest a potential increased impairment on psychomotor performances which could be related to driving abilities posed by poly-drug consumption involving SCs and ethanol.

Comparative analysis of the effectiveness and safety of anesthetic care during neurosurgical interventions on the lumbar spine in patients with high-risk factors

The effectiveness and safety of providing anesthetic care during neurosurgical interventions on the spine in patients with high-risk factors are compared. The prospective comparative study included patients who had a high operational and anesthesiological risk according to the authors decision support system ( 8 points). All patients underwent open dorsal decompressive and stabilizing interventions from 2021 to 2023. Depending on the type of anesthesia and method of postoperative analgesia, three groups of patients were distinguished: in Group 1 (n = 41), intravenous anesthesia based on propofol and fentanyl was used; in Group 2 (n = 40), prolonged epidural analgesia with ropivacaine was additionally performed for 3 days after surgery; and in Group 3 (n = 43), multimodal analgesia was combined with preoperative intramuscular administration of ketoprofen and infiltration of the paraspinal muscles, subcutaneous fat, and skin with ropivacaine before access; intraoperative administration of dexmedetomidine; and postoperative administration of paracetamol. Comparative analysis included assessment of perioperative hemodynamic parameters, intensity of postoperative pain, perioperative use of opioids, dynamics of recovery of psychomotor functions, side effects of anesthesia, and postoperative surgical complications. It was found that the patients of Group 3, compared with the patients of Groups 1 and 2, had no significant changes in hemodynamics, obtained better results in the rate of recovery of psychomotor functions, and received a smaller intraoperative amount of opioid drugs. In Groups 2 and 3, a minimum level of postoperative local pain syndrome and a lower need for analgesics were recorded. The number of side effects of anesthesia in Group 1 was 29.3%; in Group 2, 27.5%; and in Group 3, 9.3% (p = 0.01). The number of postoperative surgical complications was comparable: Group 1, 7.3%; Group 2, 7.5%; and Group 3, 4.7% (p = 0.56). Thus, the use of complex perioperative anesthesia, in comparison with traditional anesthesia, including prolonged epidural analgesia, has advantages in the absence of depression of perioperative hemodynamic parameters and fewer side effects of anesthesia and postoperative surgical complications.

Measuring the Immediate Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training on Motor, Cognitive and Physiological Parameters in Well-Trained Adults.

The importance of physical activity has been widely demonstrated both in clinics and in sports. One of the new frontier training programs is high-intensity functional training (HIFT). The immediate effects of HIFT on the psychomotor and cognitive performance of well-trained people are still not clear. This paper aims to evaluate the immediate effects induced by HIFT on blood lactate levels, physical performance in terms of body stability and jump ability, and cognitive performance in terms of reaction time. Nineteen well-trained participants were enrolled in the experimental studies and asked to execute six repetitions of a circuit training. Data were gathered both in a pre-training session and after each one of the circuit repetitions. An immediate significant increase with respect to the baseline was observed during the first repetition, with a further increase after the third one. No effects on jump ability were found, whereas a deterioration in body stability was found. Positive immediate effects on cognitive performance in terms of accuracy and speed in task execution were assessed. The findings can be exploited by trainers during coaching to optimize the design of training programs.

PSYCHOMOTOR RECOVERY AFTER INTRAVENOUS DEXMEDETOMIDINE INFUSION AS A PART OF BALANCED ANAESTHESIA – AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the recovery of psychomotor function from balanced anesthesia with and without intravenous (IV) dexmedetomidine infusion as an adjunct. Methods: A prospective and observational study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital for 12 months. A total of 170 patients (American Society of Anaesthesiologists 1 and 2) in the age group of 18–50 years scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia with an anticipated duration of <3 h received either dexmedetomidine infusion (Group D) or not (Group S). Recovery of psychomotor function postoperatively was assessed with trieger dot test (TDT), digit symbol substitution test (DSST), and intraoperative fentanyl requirement in both groups. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: Both groups were comparable with respect to demographic variables. Psychomotor recovery assessed by TDT showed statistically significant early recovery in Group D compared with Group S. This was seen in the number of dots missed, maximum distance of dots missed as well as in the average distance of dots missed at post-operative time intervals of 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, and 120 min. Similarly, DSST revealed early recovery at these time points. There was a significant decrease in the intraoperative fentanyl requirement in Group D compared with Group S. Conclusion: The addition of dexmedetomidine to the balanced anesthetic technique significantly hastened the psychomotor recovery.

Long-term changes in cognitive status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Aim. To study long-term changes (5 to 7 years after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery) in cognitive status of patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and Methods. The study included 47 male patients admitted to the Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases for the CABG surgery. Criteria of inclusion were signed informed consent, age from 40 to 75 years, male gender, planned on-pump CABG surgery, and right-handedness. Criteria of exclusion were brain pathology at multislice computed tomography, chronic cerebral ischemia grade II-IV, Beck Depression Inventory score > 16 points, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score < 24 points and the Frontal Assessment Battery score < 11 points, arrhythmia, class IIB-IV chronic heart failure stage IIB, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and past medical history of brain injury or stroke. Pre-operative examination of patients classified them into two groups: with (n = 21) and without (n = 26) type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).Results. 5-7 years after CABG surgery, patients with type 2 DM had a cognitive decline according to MMSE scale as compared to the preoperative level (28,0 [27,0; 29,0] and 27,0 [26,0; 28,0], p = 0.04). In keeping with these findings, odds ratio (OR) of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in patients with type 2 DM was 1.92 (95% CI = 1.09- 3.37, p = 0.02). Psychomotor and executive functions were reduced in patients with type 2 DM both at baseline and in particular 5-7 years after CABG (p ≤ 0.05). The correlation between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and cognitive parameters were found only in patients with type 2 DM. Higher HbA1c level was also associated with deteriorated executive functions and short-term memory.Conclusion. 5−7 years after CABG surgery, patients with type 2 DM suffer from a cognitive decline and reduced psychomotor and executive functions.

Psychomotor Performance after 30 h of Sleep Deprivation Combined with Exercise.

Sleep deprivation (SD) usually impairs psychomotor performance, but most experiments are usually focused on sedentary conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of 30 h of complete SD combined with prolonged, moderate exercise (SDE) on human psychomotor performance. Eleven endurance-trained men accustomed to overnight exertion were tested twice: in well-slept and non-fatigued conditions (Control) and immediately after 30 h of SDE. They performed a multiple-choice reaction time test (MCRT) at rest and during each workload of the graded exercise test to volitional exhaustion. At rest, the MCRT was shorter after SDE than in the Control (300 ± 13 ms vs. 339 ± 11 ms, respectively, p < 0.05). During graded exercise, there were no significant differences in MCRT between groups, but the fastest reaction was observed at lower workloads after SDE (158 ± 7 W vs. 187 ± 11 W in Control, p < 0.05). The total number of missed reactions tended to be higher after SDE (8.4 ± 0.7 vs. 6.3 ± 0.8 in Control, p = 0.06). In conclusion, SDE is different from SD alone; however, well-trained men, accustomed to overnight exertion can maintain psychomotor abilities independently of the extent of central fatigue. Exercise can be used to enhance psychomotor performance in sleep-deprived subjects in whom special caution is required in order to avoid overload.

Higher hippocampal diffusivity values in welders are associated with greater R2* in the red nucleus and lower psychomotor performance

IntroductionChronic excessive welding exposure may be related to higher metal accumulation and structural differences in different subcortical structures. We examined how welding affected brain structures and their associations with metal exposure and neurobehavioral consequences. MethodsStudy includes 42 welders and 31 controls without a welding history. Welding-related structural differences were assessed by volume and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics in basal ganglia, red nucleus (RN), and hippocampus. Metal exposure was estimated by both exposure questionnaires and whole blood metal levels. Brain metal accumulations were estimated by R1 (for Mn) and R2* (for Fe). Neurobehavioral status was assessed by standard neuropsychological tests. ResultsCompared to controls, welders displayed higher hippocampal mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) (p’s < 0.036), but similar DTI or volume in other ROIs (p’s > 0.117). Welders had higher blood metal levels (p’s < 0.004), higher caudate and RN R2* (p’s < 0.014), and lower performance on processing/psychomotor speed, executive function, and visuospatial processing tasks (p’s < 0.046). Higher caudate and RN R2* were associated with higher blood Fe and Pb (p’s < 0.043), respectively. RN R2* was a significant predictor of all hippocampal diffusivity metrics (p’s < 0.006). Higher hippocampal MD and RD values were associated with lower Trail Making Test-A scores (p’s < 0.025). A mediation analysis of both groups revealed blood Pb indirectly affected hippocampal diffusivity via RN R2* (p’s < 0.041). DiscussionWelding-related higher hippocampal diffusivity metrics may be associated with higher RN R2* and lower psychomotor speed performance. Future studies are warranted to test the role of Pb exposure in these findings.

The Relationship Between Learning Style and Psychomotor Performance of Undergraduate Nursing Students in Medical-surgical Nursing in North-west, Nigeria

The Relationship Between Learning Style and Psychomotor Performance of Undergraduate Nursing Students in Medical-surgical Nursing in North-west, Nigeria

Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency from an Ophthalmologist’s Perspective—Case Report and Literature Review

Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is an extremely rare autosomal recessively inherited disease with a prevalence of 1:500.000 caused by mutations on the sulfatase-modifying-Factor 1 gene (SUMF1). MSD is most specifically characterised by a combination of developmentally retarded psychomotoric functions, neurodegeneration that entails the loss of many already acquired abilities, and by ichthyosis. Other symptoms include those associated with mucopolysaccharidosis, i.e., facial dysmorphy, dwarfism, and hepatosplenomegaly. In 50-75% of all MSD-affected patients, functional or structural ocular damage is likely. MSD seldom affects the anterior segment of the eye. The main pathology these patients present is a highly conspicuous tapetoretinal degeneration, similar to severe Retinitis pigmentosa, that leads to blindness at an early age. An initially five-year-old boy with MSD, genetically verified at his first examination in our opthalmology department (SUMF1 mutations c.776A>T, p.Asn259Ile; c.797A>T, p.Pro266Leu; c.836A>T, p.Ala279Val), and a 4, 5 year regular follow-up are described. The patient had some visual potential ("tunnel view"), which deteriorated dramatically after his fifth birthday. We observed no evidence of worsening retinal involvement in this patient in spite of his progressively worsening clinical symptoms, extending to total blindness/no light perception. OCT revealed that the outer retinal layers containing photoreceptors were diseased; the ellipsoid zone was only partially discernible and the outer nuclear layer appeared to be thinned out. The inner nuclear layer, ganglion cell layer, and retinal nerve fibre layer were indistinguishable. These anomalies are indicative of a severe pathology within the retina's inner layers. Characteristic anomalies in the fundus should stimulate clinicians to suspect a case of MSD in their differential diagnosis, and thus to order thorough genetic and paediatric diagnostics.

Reduced cerebello-cerebral functional connectivity correlates with disease severity and impaired white matter integrity in Friedreich ataxia

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disease characterised in most cases by progressive and debilitating motor dysfunction. Degeneration of cerebellar white matter pathways have been previously reported, alongside indications of cerebello-cerebral functional alterations. In this work, we examine resting-state functional connectivity changes within cerebello-cerebral circuits, and their associations with disease severity (Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia [SARA]), psychomotor function (speeded and paced finger tapping), and white matter integrity (diffusion tensor imaging) in 35 adults with FRDA and 45 age and sex-matched controls. Voxel-wise seed-based functional connectivity was assessed for three cerebellar cortical regions (anterior lobe, lobules I-V; superior posterior lobe, lobules VI-VIIB; inferior posterior lobe, lobules VIIIA-IX) and two dentate nucleus seeds (dorsal and ventral). Compared to controls, people with FRDA showed significantly reduced connectivity between the anterior cerebellum and bilateral pre/postcentral gyri, and between the superior posterior cerebellum and left dorsolateral PFC. Greater disease severity correlated with lower connectivity in these circuits. Lower anterior cerebellum-motor cortex functional connectivity also correlated with slower speeded finger tapping and less fractional anisotropy in the superior cerebellar peduncles, internal capsule, and precentral white matter in the FRDA cohort. There were no significant between-group differences in inferior posterior cerebellar or dentate nucleus connectivity. This study indicates that altered cerebello-cerebral functional connectivity is associated with functional status and white matter damage in cerebellar efferent pathways in people with FRDA, particularly in motor circuits.

Psychomotor performances relevant for driving under the combined effect of ethanol and synthetic cannabinoids: A systematic review.

To determine whether the acute co-consumption of ethanol and synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) increases the risk of a motor vehicle collision and affects the psychomotor performances relevant for driving. Systematic review of the literature. Electronic searches were performed in two databases, unrestricted by year, with previously set method and criteria. Search, inclusion and data extraction were performed by two blind authors. Twenty articles were included, amounting to 31 cases of SCs-ethanol co-consumption. The impairment of psychomotor functions varied widely between studies, ranging from no reported disabilities to severe unconsciousness. Overall, a dose-effect relationship could not be observed. Despite the biases and limitations of the literature studies, it seems likely that the co-consumption poses an increased risk for driving. The drugs might exert a synergistic effect on the central nervous system depression, as well as on aggressiveness and mood alterations. However, more research is needed on the topic.

A scoping review of cognitive assessment tools and domains for chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairments in cancer survivors.

Cancer survivors suffer from specific symptoms known as chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairments (CICIs). CICIs are difficult to capture with existing assessments such as the brief screening test for dementia. Although recommended neuropsychological tests (NPTs) exist, international consensus and shared cognitive domains of assessment tools are unknown. The aim of this scoping review was as follows: (1) to identify studies that assess CICIs in cancer survivors; (2) to identify shared cognitive assessment tools and domains by mapping the domains reported in studies using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. The study followed the recommendations made by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. We searched the following three databases through October 2021: PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Prospective longitudinal or cross-sectional studies were selected to determine CICI-specific assessment tools for adult cancer survivors. Sixty-four prospective studies (36 longitudinal studies and 28 cross-sectional studies) were included after checking for eligibility. The NPTs were divided into seven main cognitive domains. The specific mental functions were often used in the order of memory, attention, higher-level cognitive functions, and psychomotor functions. Perceptual functions were used less frequently. In some ICF domains, shared NPTs were not clearly identified. In some different domains, the same NPTs were used, such as the trail making test and the verbal fluency test. When the association between the publishing year and the amount of NPT use was examined, it was found that the amount of tool use tended to decline over the publication years. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive function (FACT-Cog) was a shared consensus tool among the patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairments are currently gaining interest. Shared ICF domains such as memory and attention were identified for NPTs. There was a gap between the publicly recommended tools and the tools actually used in the studies. For PROs, a clearly shared tool, FACT-Cog, was identified. Mapping the domains reported in studies using the ICF can help in the process of reviewing consensus on which NPTs may be used to target cognitive domains. https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000053710, identifier UMIN000047104.

Pharmacological effects of methylone and MDMA in humans.

Methylone is one of the most common synthetic cathinones popularized as a substitute for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, midomafetamine) owing to its similar effects among users. Both psychostimulants exhibit similar chemistry (i.e., methylone is a β-keto analog of MDMA) and mechanisms of action. Currently, the pharmacology of methylone remains scarcely explored in humans. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the acute pharmacological effects of methylone and its abuse potential in humans when compared with that of MDMA following oral administration under controlled conditions. Seventeen participants of both sexes (14 males, 3 females) with a previous history of psychostimulant use completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Participants received a single oral dose of 200mg of methylone, 100mg of MDMA, and a placebo. The variables included physiological effects (blood pressure, heart rate, oral temperature, pupil diameter), subjective effects using visual analog scales (VAS), the short form of the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI), the Evaluation of Subjective Effects of Substances with Abuse Potential questionnaire (VESSPA-SSE), and the Sensitivity to Drug Reinforcement Questionnaire (SDRQ), and psychomotor performance (Maddox wing, psychomotor vigilance task). We observed that methylone could significantly increase blood pressure and heart rate and induce pleasurable effects, such as stimulation, euphoria, wellbeing, enhanced empathy, and altered perception. Methylone exhibited an effect profile similar to MDMA, with a faster overall onset and earlier disappearance of subjective effects. These results suggest that abuse potential of methylone is comparable to that of MDMA in humans. Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05488171; Identifier: NCT05488171.

Improving Students' Cognitive and Psychomotor Performance through the Development of Project-Based Clinical Chemistry Learning Modules

The present study aimed to enhance students' cognitive and psychomotor performance through the implementation of a project-based learning module in clinical chemistry. The module was developed using the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) model and was tailored to address real-life clinical problems, possessing characteristics of self-instructional, self-contained, stand-alone, adaptive, and user-friendly. Validation by media and subject matter experts revealed a strong eligibility of the module with a media expert assessment score of 87.7% and a subject matter expert score of 90.4%. The students' response, as measured using the Likert scale, indicated a "Very Good" rating with a score of 92.85%. The results showed a significant improvement in both cognitive and psychomotor performance, with increases of 14.24% and 24.78%, respectively.

PLPP/CIN inhibits dopamine D1 receptor-mediated seizure activity via DARPP-32 serine 97 dephosphorylation in the mouse hippocampus

Dopamine plays a central role in the regulation of psychomotor functions in the brain. Furthermore, the dopaminergic system is involved in the ictogenesis in human patients and animal models of epilepsy. Dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa (DARPP-32) plays an important role in the regulation of interactions between dopamine and glutamate receptors in neurons. Indeed, SKF 83822 (a specific D1 receptor agonist) facilitates DARPP-32-mediated protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibition leading to the increase in phosphorylation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptor (AMPAR), which potentiates channel activities and currents and thereby generates seizure activity. In the present study, we found that pyridoxal-5′-phosphate phosphatase/chronophin (PLPP/CIN), a selective phosphatase for serine (S) residues, attenuated seizure susceptibility in response to SKF 83822 by dephosphorylating DARPP-32 S97 site. Similarly, inhibition of DARPP-32 S97 phosphorylation by 2-[4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-2-(dimethylamino)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-1-yl]acetic acid (TMCB; a selective casein kinase 2 inhibitor) attenuated SKF 83822-induced seizure activity. These inhibitory effects of PLPP/CIN and TMCB were relevant to the regulations of DARPP-32-PP1-AMPAR signaling pathway. Therefore, our findings suggest that PLPP/CIN may be a modulator in dopaminergic neurotransmission as well as glutamatergic systems, and that the PLPP/CIN-mediated DARPP-32 regulation may be one of the potential therapeutic targets for medication of seizure or epilepsy induced by D1 receptor hyperactivation.

Assessment of Orally Administered Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol When Coadministered With Cannabidiol on Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Controlled clinical laboratory studies have shown that cannabidiol (CBD) can sometimes attenuate or exacerbate the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). No studies have evaluated differences in pharmacokinetics (PK) of Δ9-THC and pharmacodynamics (PD) between orally administered cannabis extracts that vary with respect to Δ9-THC and CBD concentrations. To compare the PK and PD of orally administered Δ9-THC-dominant and CBD-dominant cannabis extracts that contained the same Δ9-THC dose (20 mg). This randomized clinical trial was a within-participant, double-blind, crossover study conducted from January 2021 to March 2022 at the Johns Hopkins University Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Baltimore, MD. Eighteen healthy adults completed 3 randomized outpatient experimental test sessions that were each separated by at least 1 week. Brownies containing (1) no cannabis extract (ie, placebo); (2) Δ9-THC-dominant extract (20 mg Δ9-THC with no CBD); and (3) CBD-dominant extract (20 mg Δ9-THC + 640 mg CBD) were administered to participants 30 minutes prior to administering a cytochrome P450 (CYP) probe drug cocktail, which consisted of 100 mg caffeine, 20 mg omeprazole, 25 mg losartan, 30 mg dextromethorphan, and 2 mg midazolam. Change-from-baseline plasma concentrations for Δ9-THC or Δ9-THC metabolites and scores for subjective drug effects, cognitive and psychomotor performance, and vital signs. The area under the plasma vs concentration vs time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were determined. The participant cohort of 18 adults included 11 males (61.1%) and 7 females (38.9%) with a mean (SD) age of 30 (7) years who had not used cannabis for at least 30 days prior to initiation of the study (mean [SD] day since last cannabis use, 86 [66] days). The CYP cocktail + placebo brownie and the CYP cocktail did not affect any PD assessments. Relative to CYP cocktail + Δ9-THC, CYP cocktail + Δ9-THC + CBD produced a higher Cmax and area under the plasma concentration vs time curve for Δ9-THC, 11-OH-Δ9-THC, and Δ9-THC-COOH. The CYP cocktail + Δ9-THC + CBD increased self-reported anxiety, sedation, and memory difficulty, increased heart rate, and produced a more pronounced impairment of cognitive and psychomotor performance compared with both CYP cocktail + Δ9-THC and CYP cocktail + placebo. In this randomized clinical trial of oral Δ9-THC and CBD, stronger adverse effects were elicited from a CBD-dominant cannabis extract compared with a Δ9-THC-dominant cannabis extract at the same Δ9-THC dose, which contradicts common claims that CBD attenuates the adverse effects of Δ9-THC. CBD inhibition of Δ9-THC and 11-OH-Δ9-THC metabolism is the likely mechanism for the differences observed. An improved understanding of cannabinoid-cannabinoid and cannabinoid-drug interactions are needed to inform clinical and regulatory decision-making regarding the therapeutic and nontherapeutic use of cannabis products. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT04201197.

Impact of Applying Information and Communication Technology Tools in Physical Education Classes

The authors of the present study explored how ICT devices used in P.E. lessons determine psychomotor performance, perceived motivational climate, and motivation. The students were allowed to use ICT devices (smartphone, webpages, Facebook) during a four-week intervention. In the course of the research project aimed to assess the impact of the application of ICT devices on performance and motivation, the participants were divided into two test groups and one control group. The sample consisted of secondary school students including 21 males and 64 females with the Mage = 16.72 years. The results showed that in groups where ICT devices were used, performance (p = 0.04) and task orientation (p = 0.00) significantly improved. Meanwhile, in the group in which ICT devices were not used, the intervention resulted in improved performance (p = 0.00) and by the end of the project, this trend was coupled with increased Ego orientation (p = 0.00) and higher rate of amotivation (p = 0.04). It can be concluded that the use of ICT tools has a positive impact on performance and motivation.

Serum sodium, cognition and incident dementia in the general population

Low serum sodium may be associated with cognitive impairment and dementia in the general population, but the data remain inconclusive. Therefore, we aimed to determine the association of low serum sodium with cognitive function and incident dementia in the general population. Participants from a prospective population-based cohort were eligible if data on serum sodium (collected between 1997 and 2008), dementia prevalence and dementia incidence were available (follow-up until 2018). Global cognitive function was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the general cognitive factor (G-factor, derived from principal component analysis of individual tests). Linear regression and Cox proportional-hazards models were used to assess associations of standardised continuous and categorised low serum sodium (mean - 1.96*SD: cut-off of 137mmol/L) with overall cognitive function and incident dementia, respectively. In all, 8,028 participants free of dementia at baseline (mean age 63.6years, 57% female, serum sodium 142 ± 2mmol/L), including 217 participants with low serum sodium, were included. Cross-sectionally, continuous serum sodium and/or low serum sodium were not associated with the MMSE or G-factor. However, participants with low serum sodium performed worse on the Stroop and Purdue Pegboard tests. During a median follow-up of 10.7years, 758 subjects developed dementia. Continuous serum sodium (hazard ratio (HR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92;1.05) and low serum sodium (HR 1.27, 95% CI 0.90;1.79) were not associated with a higher risk of incident dementia. We identified no significant associations of low serum sodium with overall cognitive functioning and risk of dementia. However, low serum sodium-including levels above the clinical cut-off for hyponatremia-was associated with impairments in selected cognitive domains including attention and psychomotor function.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ НЕЙРОМОРФОМЕТРИИ ПРИ ВРОЖДЕННОМ ГИПОТИРЕОЗЕ (КЛИНИЧЕСКИЙ СЛУЧАЙ)

Introduction. Based on the neonatal screening results the congenital hypothyroidism prevalence in the Russian Federation is 1 case per 3950 newborns. Moreover, thyroid hormones play an important role in glial myelination, neuronal migration, cortical layer formation, synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. Aim. To assess a patient with congenital hypothyroidism brain morphometric and neuropsychological status. Material and methods. This article describes a 24-year-old patient clinical case with congenital hypothyroidism, thyroid agenesis and cognitive decline associated with altered brain substance volume. Results and discussion. Many studies have shown that hypothyroidism is associated with cognitive deficits such as reduced attention, memory, psychomotor and executive functions. This clinical case confirms the known findings in the drug withdrawal background, with functions related to visual-constructive skills, fluency and memory being most affected by thyroid hormone deficiency. Some authors attribute these changes to decreased regional cerebral blood flow in brain regions associated with cognitive functions. A number of functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have found the default mode network or reversible changes deactivation in the brain during working memory tasks. It is possible that functional changes occur when there is impaired the pathological process compensation, but in the congenital hypothyroidism changes, agenesis and increased duration case are possible. A study and brain morphometric revealed a decrease in subcortical structures, which some authors believe are responsible for neuroplasticity and cognitive function. Conclusion. In connection with this clinical example findings, attention should be drawn to the timely diagnosis importance as early as possible in the maternity home, euthyroidism maintenance, and hormonal status monitoring with correction also in adulthood, taking into account the possible effect on changes in brain structures and neuropsychological disorders development.