Psychological Phenomena Research Articles

Trace: A research media player measuring real-time audience engagement.

Measuring attention and engagement is essential for understanding a wide range of psychological phenomena. Advances in technology have made it possible to measure real-time attention to naturalistic stimuli, providing ecologically valid insight into temporal dynamics. We developed a research protocol called Trace, which records anonymous facial landmarks, expressions, and patterns of movement associated with engagement in screen-based media. Trace runs in a standard internet browser and resembles a contemporary media player. It is embedded in the open-source package PsychoJS (the JavaScript sister library of PsychoPy) hosted via Pavlovia, and can be integrated with a wide range of behavioral research methods. Developed over multiple iterations and tested with over 200 participants in three studies, including the official broadcast of a major theatre production, Trace is a powerful, user-friendly protocol allowing behavioral researchers to capture audience attention and engagement in screen-based media as part of authentic, ecologically valid audience experiences.

Peculiarities of spiritual and intellectual growth of the individual in the context of perceiving the meaning of life

The development of the spiritual-intellectual sphere of the personality takes place in the process of active formation of self-awareness and the value-meaning sphere of the personality. The meaning of life is a psychological phenomenon that plays an important role in the spiritual and intellectual development of an individual. The idea of the meaning of life is formed in the process of human activity and depends on age characteristics, the socio-political situation in the country, the specific life situation of the individual, etc. The meaning of life reflects the concentrated descriptive characteristic of the most core and generalized dynamic meaning system, which is responsible for the general direction of an individual's life. The meaning of life begins to form in adolescence and young adulthood, when self-awareness is actively developing. However, there are certain crisis periods during life. If action orientation is stronger in youth, then knowing the meaning of life becomes more important in adulthood. The attitude to the meaning of life changes and contributes to the self-realization of the individual, comprehensive and integral development, in particular, the growth of his spiritual potential. Despite the uniqueness of the meaning of each person's life, V. Frankl singled out the main directions, thanks to which a person can make his life meaningful: creativity; experiencing values; a person's attitude to what he is unable to change, but can only evaluate. Sources of the meaning of life and spiritual and intellectual development are such phenomena as: altruism; dedication to the cause; hedonistic decision; self-actualization; self-transcendence. The meaning of life as a generalized regulator of a person's life can exist in two forms: as a person's conscious perception of the main goals and values, and as a real orientation of life to the realization of specific goals and values. At different stages of an individual's life, the meaning of life will have different content, which can be reinterpreted and improved over time. This is a process of continuous growth of the individual, which encourages intellectual understanding of one's existence, finding one's life calling, achieving harmony with oneself and the surrounding world.

Perception of Residency Program Diversity Is Associated With Vulnerability to Race and Gender Stereotype Threat Among Minority and Female Orthopaedic Trainees.

Stereotype threat (ST) is a psychological phenomenon in which perceived fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's identity group leads to impaired performance. Gender and racial ST has been described in various academic settings. However, it is prevalence in orthopaedic surgery, where women and minorities are underrepresented, has not been examined. This study analyzes the prevalence of ST among orthopaedic surgery residents and fellows. US orthopaedic trainees completed a voluntary anonymous survey, which included demographics, perceived program diversity based on percentage of racial-ethnic and gender-diverse faculty and trainees, and a validated, modified version of the Stereotype Vulnerability Scale (SVS). Higher scores indicate greater ST vulnerability. ST prevalence was analyzed with descriptive statistics, and associations between program diversity, resident demographics, and ST vulnerability were compared using nonparametric tests. Of 1,127 orthopaedic trainees at 40 programs, 322 responded (response rate 28.6%). Twenty-five percent identified as female, and 26% identified as an underrepresented minority in medicine (i.e., Asian, Black, or Hispanic). Asian (12 points), Black (12.5 points), and Hispanic (13.5 points) trainees had significantly higher SVS scores than White trainees (9 points) (p = 0.0003; p < 0.0001; p = 0.0028, respectively). Black trainees at perceived racially nondiverse residencies had the highest mean SVS scores (16.4 ± 1.03 points), while White trainees at perceived racially nondiverse residencies had the lowest SVS scores (9.3 ± 0.3 points), p = 0.011. Women had significantly higher gender stereotype vulnerability than men (p < 0.0001) in both gender-diverse (17.9 ± 0.2 vs. 9.0 ± 0.3 points) and gender nondiverse residencies (16.4 ± 0.4 vs. 9.6 ± 0.2 points). Minority and female orthopaedic trainees had higher ST vulnerability, especially in programs perceived as lacking racial or gender diversity. While perceived program diversity may offer some protection for minority and women trainees, women trainees still met the threshold for high vulnerability regardless of program gender diversity. Future strategies to mitigate ST should be explored in orthopaedic training.

THE RATIONALIST SOLUTIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPLEXITIES IN THE WORKS "TRUE FRIEND", "DAINTY STRINGS", "ZAZUNYAN" BY NAR-DOS (DEDICATED TO THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEATH OF NAR-DOS)

The aim of this publication is to provide a fresh perspective on the analysis and evaluation of Nar-Dos's aforementioned novels. Previous literary critiques have often skimmed the surface, offering only ideological and cognitive summaries. Notably, all of Nar-Dos' works dealing with the theme of love, the conflict between reason (faith, religion, morality, public opinion) and nature (feeling and desire) is prominent. In these novels, the author delves into various moral and psychological phenomena where rationalist solutions play a pivotal role. In general, a person always avoids a test throughout his life, but the presence of a test gives a person two choices: either to overcome it, or to perish on its way. Nar-Dos leads his heroes, given to the waves of sinful love, on a difficult path of "overcoming" the test, the end point of which is marked by an inner awakening. Here it is evident that the great awakening is preceded by the compulsion to meet the test. It is noteworthy that if in the works "True Friend" and "Dainty Strings" conscious self-sacrifice turns into an ideological solution, then in the novel "Zazunyan" this conscious self-sacrifice is perceived as self-sacrifice. Regardless of the gender difference, the same psychology and suffering is manifested. on the one hand - a sudden intense and irresistible love, on the other - a beloved family. Through this examination, it becomes evident that sinful love, arising as sudden passion and challenging reason and morality, cannot prevail without both spiritual and physical fusion. Regardless of its tenacity, it ultimately yields to reason, demonstrating the triumph of intellect over primal instincts.

‘WHAT KIND OF MOTHER ARE YOU?!’ AI-supported psychological analysis of the phenomenon of online hate speech against women giving birth by caesarean section

ObjectivesIn recent years, Poland has seen the emergence of online hate speech against women giving birth by caesarean section. This phenomenon appears to warrant exploration, given the negative impact it may have both on women who have already given birth in this way and on those who are about to choose how to give birth.Material and methodsBrand24 and Worditout, both AI-based tools, were used to analyse the online space related to pregnancy and motherhood topics in terms of hate speech against women giving birth by caesarean section.ResultsThe analysis revealed high levels of hate speech against this group. The sample utterances that have been analysed meet the criteria of interpersonal aggression. The haters focused not on the argumentative quality of their interaction with the antagonist, but on the attack intended to undermine the addressee’s psychological wellbeing through such linguistic strategies as stigmatisation, dehumanisation and depersonalisation.ConclusionsThe presented AI-based tools appear likely to become a viable option among contemporary instruments for monitoring psychological and social phenomena that may have a major impact on the wellbeing and functioning of large social groups.

Использование имитационных игр в обучении студентов-историков в парадигме культурно-исторической психологии: постановка проблемы

&lt;p&gt;The article explores strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of training by fostering student engagement and motivating participation. The use of game-based techniques aims to boost students' motivation toward the material being studied. This approach is grounded in the principles of cultural and historical psychology as articulated by L.S. Vygotsky. It offers a theoretical framework for understanding differences not only in intercultural psychology but also in intertemporal psychology, as it enables the examination of psychological phenomena within specific historical, social, and cultural contexts. The article highlights the search for methods to increase motivation and the development of students' subjectivity and positionality. It provides examples of dialogue simulation games used in training, including historical reconstructions, mock trials, cultural immersion, and the Reacting to the Past initiative. Additionally, the article discusses the technologies involved in the preparation and implementation of these activities. This article provides an overview of research focused on the relationship between games and education. It highlights that participation in such games enhances both general and specialized skills and abilities among students, fosters a positive attitude toward learning, and deepens respect for history as a discipline. This approach allows for a theoretical understanding of facts grounded in historical context, helping to overcome the schematism and empiricism often associated with traditional school education. The methodology of simulation games enables students to explore the differences between the present and the past. These games encourage students to recognize and understand the unfamiliar realities of history, as well as the diverse ways of thinking that characterized people from different eras and cultures. The article concludes that well-designed educational games significantly increase the likelihood of achieving desired educational outcomes and contribute to the overall improvement of quality in higher education. The experiences shared regarding the use of role-playing or simulation games illustrate the potential of cultural-historical psychology as a valuable resource in history education.&lt;/p&gt;

The baby duck syndrome as cognitive bias in user-interface interaction.

As technological interfaces are relatively new cultural tools, regular interaction can lead to new psychological phenomena, like the baby duck syndrome, where users favor old interfaces over updates. This syndrome is seen as a cognitive bias in human-computer interaction. Two studies were conducted: Study 1 on an Airbnb app (old vs. new versions), and Study 2 on a self-developed website (blue vs. purple design). Subjects completed sequential five usability tasks in two blocks with the resting between. Experimental groups engaged with different interface versions, while control groups used the same one. After completing tasks, subjects filled questionnaires about interface interaction. Study 1 showed significantly higher preference for the old Airbnb version, though scores varied by group. Study 2 revealed a trend of reduced scores in experimental groups on second assessment, not seen in controls. Version-based rating differences were insignificant. Overall, Studies 1 and 2 indicated baby duck syndrome is challenging to study in labs, suggesting it emerges when users are genuinely engaged with the interface. This article has both theoretical and experimental significance for studying the emergence of psychological phenomena in human-digital interaction. As a practical application, the obtained results can be useful for correct development updates for interfaces.

The influential factors of depression among caregivers of children with Cleft Lip and/or Palate: a path analysis based on diathesis-stress theoretical model

BackgroundDepression is the most common psychological phenomenon among caregivers of children with Cleft Lip and/or Palate and affects the quality of life, treatment satisfaction, children’s self-esteem and parent–child relationship. However, Existing studies have limited explanations for the mechanisms that lead to depression in caregivers of children with Cleft Lip and/or Palate. The present study aimed to identify factors influencing depression among caregivers of children with Cleft Lip and/or Palate and to provide a reference point and new ideas for future research.MethodsThis cross-sectional study investigated 248 caregivers at two Cleft Lip and/or Palate treatment centers in China, spanning from April 2019 to July 2020. The diathesis-stress model was used to construct the model, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 25.0. Path analysis was employed to test the hypothetical model, and the fit of the model was evaluated using Chi-Square/degree of freedom, Goodness-of-Fit Index, Normed Fit Index, Relative Fit Index, Incremental Fit Index, Tacker-Lewis Index, Comparative Fit Index and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation.ResultsThe study found that the average level of depression among caregivers of children with Cleft Lip and/or Palate was 4.83 (4.79). Additionally, 43.5% of caregivers exhibited depressive symptoms. The fit of the modified path model was found to be satisfactory, with the following indices: Chi-Square/degree of freedom = 1.881, Goodness-of-Fit Index = 0.986, Normed Fit Index = 0.973, Relative Fit Index = 0.919, Incremental Fit Index = 0.987, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.960, Comparative Fit Index = 0.987, and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.060. The results indicated that parenting stress had the greatest direct impact on depression, followed by hope. Indirect effects on depression were observed for optimism, resilience, and coping, which were mediated through perceived social support and parenting stress.ConclusionsThis study suggests that depression in caregivers of children with Cleft Lip and/or Palate was leadingly influenced by parenting stress and hope. Strategies aimed at the key factors are expected to decrease depression.

The concept and essence of the category "interest" in a general theoretical aspect

The article reveals the essence of the category «interest» in the general theoretical sense. It is noted that in law, interest is the driving force of any relationship, and without an existing interest, legal relations cannot arise, and a change or disappearance of interest can cause a change or termination of these legal relations. The results of research in the category of interest in psychology, sociology and economic theory are summarized. It is indicated that in sociology, interest is defined as an awareness of human needs that acts as a regulator of social behavior, in psychology, interest is understood as a certain mental state of a person, on the other hand, in economic theory, interest is recognized not as a psychological phenomenon, but as a form of need to satisfy material, objective needs. It is noted that interest is often determined by need. The relationship between the concepts of need and interest is considered. Interest includes not just the awareness of one or another need, but also the need for the subject to choose his behavior. Concepts of the nature of interest are explored, namely, the subjective concept, the objective concept, and the dual essence concept of the nature of interest. According to the subjective understanding of interest, interest is a consequence of a person’s mental attitude to his needs, and therefore interest is equated with the motives of the subject’s behavior, that is, it is a phenomenon that cannot be regulated by law. According to the objective nature of interest, the latter is defined as the objective necessity of a person in certain things, values or conditions important for his life. In turn, the theory of the unity of objective and subjective principles in the nature of interest is that, on the one hand, there is an objective need that does not depend on consciousness, and on the other hand, these objective external factors of social life passing through the human consciousness acquire the form of interest. It is proved that interest is a dialectical combination of objective and subjective principles. The objectivity of interest consists in the fact that the subject and its external environment objectively exist, as well as the connection between the subject and the external environment objectively exists, and the subjectivity of interest consists in the fact that needs have an individual character , and as a result of the subject’s awareness of the need and desire to satisfy it, the subject begins to carry out activities in accordance with the interest that arose in him.

Essential Characteristics of Subjective-Professional Position of Future Teachers

Introduction. This article presents the survey of current approaches to the investigation of the gist of the professional subjective position of future teachers. There some of the topical issues of the problem of differences of the target position of present-day educators and future pedagogues, and the development of their status are under discussion in terms of quasi professional activities. Goal. To substantiate theoretical specifics of the subjective-profession statement of a future teacher, to define its elements, and to describe its typology. Methodology and methods of the investigation. In the process of the study, the content of current Scientific Scholarship, i.e. articles, monographs and dissertations, on the problem under consideration within the last five years reflect the basis for conducting the content analysis. The analytical review of scientific literature of related sciences (pedagogy, psychology, sociology) and its comprehensive analysis focuses on the idea of current comprehension of the phenomenon of the “subjective-professional position of a teacher”, its structure and content. The results of the study. In this research the subjective-professional position of the personality of a future teacher, is interpreted as the integrative characteristic of the personality, reflecting a selective, initiative-responsible, transformative attitude towards the personality identity, to people, to their professional activity. The subjective-professional position of a future teacher covers the following structural components as cognitive, motivation-value, affective, regulatory-activity. According to the current status of these components, one can state the type of subjective and professional position of a future teacher as a contemplative-conformist position, a functional-effective position, a position of self-expression, a position of self-affirmation, a creative-transformation position. The subjective and professional position of a future teacher differs significantly from the subjective and professional position of an experienced educator. Conclusion. Thorough analysis of current Scientific Scholarship has given grounds for the statement that there are a lot of definitions for essentially the same phenomenon. Since the phenomenon under consideration is a complex, multidimensional psychological and pedagogical phenomenon, modern researchers focus on some specific facet of this phenomenon. As a result, we have the concepts of “pedagogical position of a teacher”, “professional and personal position of a teacher”, “subjective-professional position of a teacher”, and some other options that have appeared.

Exploring the longitudinal associations among fear of negative evaluation, self-disgust, and self-injury in Chinese adolescents: Disentangling between- and within-person associations.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal ideation (SI) are widespread mental health concerns among adolescents. As fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and self-disgust are also common psychological phenomena among adolescents, existing research suggests that there may be reciprocal predictive relationships between FNE and NSSI/SI with self-disgust playing a mediating role. This study aimed to investigate the reciprocal relationships between FNE and NSSI, as well as FNE and SI, and the mediating role of self-disgust. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs) were employed. A total of 515 Chinese secondary school students (50.7% boys; baseline Mage = 12.31 years, SD = 0.81) completed self-report questionnaires regarding FNE, self-disgust, NSSI, and SI. The assessment was conducted in four waves, 6 months apart. The results were as follows: (1) There were bidirectional relations between FNE and NSSI through self-disgust. (2) There was a unidirectional association from FNE to SI via self-disgust. These findings have expanded the theoretical understanding of adolescent NSSI and SI, and highlighted the importance of offering personalized psychological counseling and therapy services at the intrapersonal level for adolescents.

The Impact of IT Equivocality on Postadoptive Use Behaviors: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Construct

ABSTRACT In his early work, Karl Weick referred to information technology (IT) as “equivoques” to underline the conflicting interpretations that often arise among users, groups, and organizations interacting with IT. As modern IT systems support a growing variety of uses and applications, this phenomenon intensifies, with important implications for attitude formation and use behaviors. Based on individual sensemaking theory, we define perceived IT equivocality as a user’s difficulty in making sense of an IT and theorize that this psychological phenomenon manifests through perceptions of incompleteness, fragmentation, and uncertainty. Three empirical studies (n = 419, n = 411, n = 345) were conducted to validate this multidimensional construct and examine its relevance in postadoptive use settings. The results indicate that perceived IT equivocality is negatively associated with routine and innovative use and positively associated with behavioral anxiety, confirming its theorized influence on usage patterns. In closing, we discuss the importance of the IT equivocality construct to both theory and practice, along with the limitations of our work. Our distinctive contributions include 1) conceptualizing an IS-specific psychological phenomenon, 2) developing and validating a multidimensional scale, and 3) demonstrating the behavioral potency of the construct.

Отношение к скулшутингу у учащихся старших классов общеобразовательной школы

The purpose of the study is to identify the peculiarities of the attitude of high school students, as subjects of the educational environment, to the phenomenon of school shooting for further effective prophylactic measures to prevent the occurrence of destructive manifestations in the youth environment. The article examines the factors and causes of the appearance of school shooting in children and youth environment, analyzes personal ideas about the phenomenon of school shooting and the attitude of high school students towards it. The interrelation of the perception of the phenomenon of school shooting and the psychological characteristics of schoolchildren (self-esteem indicators with the level of pretension, anxiety, aggressiveness) has been revealed, which makes it possible to assess potential risks arising in the educational environment and develop comprehensive psychological programs for the prevention of school shooting. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it presents the peculiarities of the perception of school shooting as an actual social and psychological phenomenon for domestic research in connection with the psychological characteristics of high school students. As a result of the study, the causes and factors of the appearance of school shooting in the educational environment were determined. It was found that the attitude to school shooting among high school students of mass schools varies from neutral to negative. No positive attitude to this phenomenon was revealed. The attitude to school shooting is most clearly manifested in the projective drawings of high school students. It was also found that such personal characteristics of high school students as self-esteem, anxiety and aggressiveness affect the attitude to school shooting very slightly.

Flourishing, Cinematic Self, and Sense of Self as Predictors of Death Anxiety: A Gender-Invariant Model.

This research delved into the intricate landscape of death anxiety, a profound psychological phenomenon that deeply influences individuals' perceptions and responses to mortality. Through a meticulous examination of key psychological factors - flourishing, cinematic self, and sense of self - we aimed to unravel the complexities surrounding this existential concern. With a diverse sample of 327 Portuguese participants, our study sheds light on the significant role these constructs play in shaping individuals' experiences of death anxiety. Notably, we highlight the profound impact of a robust sense of self in mitigating anxiety levels. Additionally, our exploration of gender dynamics revealed consistent patterns across diverse groups, underscoring the universal nature of these psychological processes. By providing a nuanced understanding of death anxiety and its determinants, our study offers valuable insights for the development of tailored interventions aimed at alleviating psychological distress and promoting well-being in individuals facing existential concerns.

A086: The Mechanisms of Mental Fatigue Among Table Tennis Athletes from the Perspective of Positive Psychology

Objective: In the realm of competitive sports, mental fatigue, as a prevalent negative psychological phenomenon, not only adversely affects athletes' immediate competitive performance, but also impedes their long-term career progression. This issue is particularly acute among table tennis athletes who endure persistent pressures and concerns. Presently, there is a burgeoning interest in investigating athletes' mental fatigue through the lens of positive psychological attributes. Notably, temperamental optimism fosters the development of positive cognitions and enhances psychological resilience. Similarly, cognitive reappraisal facilitates the augmentation of positive emotional experiences. Investigating the relationship between these variables and table tennis athletes' mental fatigue holds promise for innovating solutions to alleviate athletes' mental fatigue. Methods: This study was comprised of two parts. In Experiment 1, a cross-sectional study was employed to investigate the inherent association between temperamental optimism and mental fatigue among table tennis athletes and to examine whether cognitive reappraisal moderates this relationship. Experiment 2 employed a longitudinal study; wherein experimental subjects were selected from athletes whose cognitive reappraisal scores fell below the average observed in Experiment 1. The experimental group participated in the cognitive reappraisal psychological counseling program, while the control group underwent the psychological knowledge psychological counseling program. Following an 8-week duration, a randomized controlled experiment was conducted to verify the moderating effect of cognitive reappraisal. Results: Experiment 1 was a cross-sectional study. Experimental results showed that temperamental optimism could significantly and negatively predict the mental fatigue of table tennis athletes. Cognitive reappraisal could positively mediate the relationship between temperamental optimism and table tennis athletes' mental fatigue. Experiment 2 was a longitudinal study. The experimental results showed that after the 8-week experiment, there were significant differences in various dimensions between the experimental group and the control group. Conclusion: This study revealed that as the level of cognitive reappraisal rose, the negative predictive impact of temperamental optimism on table tennis athletes' mental fatigue also escalated, and vice versa. In addition, cognitive reappraisal psychological counseling demonstrates promising intervention efficacy, confirming the moderating effect of cognitive reappraisal. Moving forward, leveraging positive psychology offers a prospective avenue to address negative psychological challenges in athletes.

Assessing Narcissistic Patterns: A Comprehensive Approach with the Narcissistic Personality Patterns Test (NPPT)

The Narcissistic Personality Patterns Test (NPPT) is a rigorously designed assessment tool aimed at identifying narcissistic traits across seven key dimensions: grandiosity, attention-seeking, lack of empathy, entitlement, exploitative behavior, envy, and arrogance. This tool bridges the gap in existing measures by providing a multidimensional approach to understanding narcissistic behavior patterns, emphasizing both clinical utility and research applicability. With high reliability and validity, the NPPT offers psychometric strength, allowing practitioners to diagnose narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), guide interventions, and monitor therapeutic progress. Additionally, the NPPT serves as a valuable tool in research settings to explore the impact of narcissistic traits on various psychological and social phenomena. This paper outlines the conceptual foundation, development process, scoring methodology, and implications for the NPPT in enhancing the accurate assessment of narcissistic personality patterns.

Another Phenomenological Method for the Analysis of Psychological Data

Abstract From the phenomenological perspective, intentionality is an important concept for understanding consciousness. The idea was introduced into psychology by Brentano in the 19th century who got it from Scholasticism. Husserl modified its meaning and made it a key concept in his philosophy. This paper shows one way in which intentionality can help clarify psychological phenomena.

DEVIANT BEHAVIOR, SOCIAL FRUSTRATION, LOCUS OF CONTROL AND MEANINGFULNESS OF THE LIFE OF STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY

The study focuses on identifying deviant behavior tendencies and personality traits of university technical students. The methods of “Tendency to deviant behavior” by A. N. Orel were used; “The level of social frustration” by L. I. Wasserman in the modification of V. V. Boyko; “Level of subjective control” by E. F. Bazhin, S. A. Golynkina, A. M. Etkind; Test “Meaningful orientations” by D. A. Leontyev. Data processing was carried out using primary statistics, Student’s t-test, Pearson correlation analysis. The study sample was made up of students of the 2nd and 3rd courses of technical specialties of the university. The total number of subjects was 59 people, of which 28 were girls and 31 were young men, the average age was 19 years. Differences are presented between indicators of deviant behavior, social frustration, locus of control and meaningfulness of life in university students and female students, as well as in students with high and low levels of meaningfulness of life. The relationships of the listed psychological phenomena among students and university students have been identified. The results show that girls have a greater tendency to demonstrate socially acceptable responses, to positive self-presentation. Young men manage their emotions more successfully, but show greater susceptibility to dependent, auto-aggressive and violent behavior. Young men have a higher internality in relationships with other people, which indicates their greater confidence in the ability to manage interpersonal relationships. Students with a high level of meaningfulness of life are more likely to show international personality traits, taking responsibility for their relationships and production activities. Students with a low level of meaningfulness of life have higher rates of social frustration. No common relationships were found in the female and male samples. Specific relationships for boys and girls were highlighted.

Logic and Psychology – Minding the Gap with Jean Piaget

Since the critique of psychologism initiated by Gottlob Frege and championed by Edmund Husserl, logicians and psychologists alike have adhered to a strict division of labour. This has created a gap between reasoning as a psychological phenomenon and logic. However, reasoning involves logic, and logic is the benchmark of rationality; intuitively at least, reasoning and logic are connected. Recently, attempts have been made to bridge the gap, but the strict division of labour is often eroded. Jean Piaget conceived genetic epistemology as a science of the growth of knowledge, and since logical knowledge is in its purview the accusation of psychologism was omnipresent. In this paper, I outline Piaget's psychological account of the development of logic and argue that he successfully navigated the hazards of psychologism. In essence, he minds the gap by preserving the division of labour; however, by making logic the mirror of thought, he also intimated at a bridge. Concrete correspondences between logic and psychological structures of thought lie at the heart of Piaget's metaphor, and, by building on these foundations, I illustrate how an axiom schema for sentential logic can be derived from the interpropositional grouping, Piaget's psychological model of the operational structure characterising hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

Copycat in Suicide: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Background: The "copycat effect" is a psychological phenomenon in which a person's actions influence the behavior of others, leading to imitations of behaviors, events, or ideas. It is often observed in contexts such as crimes, suicides, or violent behaviors, where media coverage of an event can trigger similar reactions in other people. Usually, many studies associate the copycat phenomenon with homicide or serial crimes. Little attention is paid to the phenomenon of emulation in suicide and, therefore, to the copycat phenomenon in this context. Methods: In our study, a systematic review of the literature was carried out using keywords related to copycat and suicide. Subsequently, each study was read and analyzed. Results: The results were compared with each other and demonstrated how it is essential to mitigate the resonance of suicidal events, especially through the media and social networks. In particular, this risk of emulation is greater among young people who are exposed to a continuous external source of information through news from the web in an incessant and constant way. This risk increases most immediately after the publicity of the suicidal event in a limited period of time. Conclusions: Unfortunately, little attention is given to the analysis of the copycat phenomenon, which causes an underestimation of the data related to suicide emulation, especially from the preventive perspective of a phenomenon that is still widespread.