Psychological Theory Research Articles

Professionally important personal prerequisites for entrepreneurship

The purpose of the article is to identify, systematize and structure personal prerequisites of people that are professionally important for successful entrepreneurship, in the context of interdisciplinary research into the phenomenon of entrepreneurship and its functional specifics. The understanding of entrepreneurship as a special type of professional activity, carried out in accordance with the request for it from society and its segments, extends to the analysis of the personal prerequisites for the professional development of modern entrepreneurs. Based on the psychological theory of activity, modern theories of abilities and on functional ideas about entrepreneurship as a type of professional activity, a professional-centric approach to assessing personal prerequisites that are important for successful entrepreneurship on a professional basis, as well as for the entrepreneurial professionalization of actors, is formulated. Special objects of consideration are clusters of professionally important prerequisites — people’s entrepreneurship ability, their personal competitiveness, ownership propensities. The illegality of synonymizing entrepreneurship as a type of activity and the entrepreneurship ability as a prerequisite for the success of this activity is argued. Entrepreneurship contains a readiness to make decisions, implement a program of action, reflect on the results of activity in an environment of comparative uncertainty of the market realities of the business environment, as well as to take on professional risks. The ownership propensities is interpreted as prerequisites that are professionally important for de facto entrepreneurs as business owners. It is shown that the personal competitiveness of the actors of this type of professional activity is of professional importance for successful entrepreneurship throughout the centuries-old history of reproducing the competitive nature of the entrepreneurship environment.

Revisiting the classic ABI model of trustworthiness: interactive effects of trustworthiness components on trust in mixed-motive social exchange contexts

ABSTRACT Trust is a core precondition for positive outcomes in multiple types of social exchange interactions, and has been successfully predicted by the perceived ability, benevolence, and integrity of a counterpart (i.e. the ABI model; Mayer et al. 1995. However, the specific interplay of these ABI components remains largely unclear, especially in mixed-motive social exchange settings. We propose there is an interplay of the ABI components, expecting a main effect of benevolence moderated by ability and integrity perceptions. In doing so, we refer to basic rationales for interaction effects from existing motivational and social psychological theories such as Expectancy Theory (e.g. Vroom, 1964) or the Stereotype Content Model (Fiske et al., 2002). We tested our predictions in two preregistered experimental studies (N = 1.058) using negotiation vignettes (Study 1) and a multi-round decision game (Study 2). As expected, counterpart benevolence consistently predicted trust and this main effect was moderated by counterpart integrity in Study 1 and by ability in Study 2. Our findings challenge the common main effect assumption for the trustworthiness – trust relationship, provide insights into the mechanisms of trust formation, and are relevant for trust building as well as long-term business relationships.

Unveiling the e-Servicescape of ChatGPT: Exploring User Psychology and Engagement in AI-Powered Chatbot Experiences.

This study explores the psychological motivations that drive ChatGPT users to embrace and sustain the use of such technology based on the fundamental notion of the environmental psychology theory, including servicescapes. To do so, this study delves into the influence of ChatGPT's e-servicescapes on users' emotional states and intention to engage with ChatGPT for decision-making processes. This study conducted an online survey among ChatGPT users in the United States. Structural equation modeling revealed that negative emotions were significantly influenced by various e-servicescape sub-dimensions, including security, visual appeal, entertainment value, originality of design, and social factors. Positive emotions, on the other hand, were influenced by factors such as visual appeal, customization, interactivity, and relevance of information. Both positive and negative emotions significantly affected user satisfaction, which, in turn, shaped their behavioral intention to engage with ChatGPT. This study contributes to the understanding of digital environmental psychology and chatbots by extending the notion of e-servicescapes to the context of AI-based services. It underscores the significance of e-servicescapes in shaping user experiences and provides valuable insights for business scholars and marketing practitioners.

Reflections on Psychological Critical Race Theory (PCRT) as a framework for disrupting racism in pursuit of social justice

AbstractPsychological Critical Race Theory (PCRT) was introduced in 1998. PCRT illustrates the integral connection of psychological research and theory to the legal framework of Critical Race Theory (CRT). Five tenets of PCRT were described: (1) Spontaneous and persistent influence of race; (2) Fairness is derived from divergent racial experiences; (3) Asymmetrical consequences of racial policies; (4) Paradoxes of racial diversity; and (5) Racial identity requires a multidimensional approach. These tenets are reviewed and updated. A new set of seven PCRT principles are proposed that provide a broad framework within which to examine the PCRT concept and its role in reframing critical approaches to racial justice. Principle 1: Race and culture make each other up; Principle 2: Meaning Matters; Principle 3: Multilevel analysis is critical to unraveling Systemic Racism; Principle 4: Activism is a lever for social change; Principle 5: Power drives racial inequality; Principle 6: Storytelling disrupts status quo narratives; Principle 7: Diversity does not ameliorate systemic racism. PCRT is a 100‐year enterprise of psychological science, offering a complex and comprehensive framework for understanding and ameliorating persistent racial inequality. The comprehensive network of ideas, methods, goals, and strategies can engage and guide this work for years to come.

Laughter in the Courts of Heaven? Chesterton and the Theology of Humor

AbstractThis article relates Chesterton’s theology, and that of other theologians, to existing theories of humor. It asks: With regard to the understanding of humor, what is offered by a theological perspective—especially by Chesterton’s theology—that cannot be supplied by philosophical and psychological theories? The article situates Chesterton’s work in relation to three theories of humor: the superiority theory, the release theory, and the incongruity theory. It then examines two important relationships: first, that between humor, worship, and joy; then, that between humor, cognition, and theology. While focusing on Chesterton’s writing, it also considers relevant aspects of the work of other thinkers, including Ian Ker, Duncan Reyburn, Thomas Aquinas, Søren Kierkegaard, Reinhold Niebuhr, Karl Rahner, Peter Berger, Ingvild Sælid Gilhus, Terry Lindvall, and Brian Edgar. The article concludes by suggesting the beginnings of an outline of a theology of humor.

Validation of the Academic Analogue of Psychological Momentum Theory on Sophomore Engineering Undergraduates for the Promotion of SDG4 Quality Education

Validation of the Academic Analogue of Psychological Momentum Theory on Sophomore Engineering Undergraduates for the Promotion of SDG4 Quality Education

Empathy and Trauma: A Cognitive Approach to Mrs. Dalloway

Abstract: A popular (though not necessarily scientifically validated) theory holds that reading fiction builds empathy. Because literary characters are media representations, limited and defined by point-of-view, diction, and readers’ pre-existing stereotypes, they tend not to elicit empathy in a fair, even manner. This essay will explore such questions as whether certain characteristics elicit greater empathy than others and whether empathy is always genuine or the result of readers’ social pressure to react in a certain manner. To answer these questions, cognitive psychology theories are used to examine how empathy is created—or not created—for literary characters who experience trauma in Virginia Woolf’s novel Mrs. Dalloway . This analysis will involve two variables: the mental activity of readers and the mental activity of characters within a fictional text.

Service-oriented HRP bundles and team performance: A team-level serial mediation model

Drawing on two theoretical frameworks–positive psychology theory and conservation of resources theory–the relationship and underlying mechanism between team-level service-oriented human resource practice (SO-HRP) bundles and team performance were explored by constructing a team-level serial mediation model. Survey data were collected from 424 employees at 80 branches of five financial holding companies in Northern Taiwan. The team-level serial-mediated model and hypotheses were examined using SPSS version 24 and the PROCESS macro for SPSS. The results indicate that team psychological capital (PsyCap) and team work engagement serially mediated the relationship between SO-HRP bundles and team performance. These results imply that managers should plan and implement SO-HRP bundles in detail, reinforce team PsyCap, and increase engagement within their financial service teams to enhance team performance.

Psychological Principles in Education: Reviewing William James' Impact on Teaching Practices

The well-known psychologist William James made significant contributions to educational theory that significantly affected how teachers imparted knowledge. William James was a prominent psychologist in the late 19th and early 20th century who made substantial contributions to education. Theory and practice in education have been greatly influenced by his knowledge of human consciousness, emotion, and behavior. This review of the literature aims to find out how James' psychological theories have influenced contemporary teaching methods. This review attempts to provide educators with useful guidance for enhancing student growth and learning, with an emphasis on James' theories and their relevance to modern classrooms. The significance of the study is to know about James’ psychological theories that influence modern teaching pedagogies and learning and by studying this study educators can find guidance for improving and enhancing student learning and growth. The conclusion of the study shows that modern teaching methods are highly influenced by James’ ideas like habit formation, students’ attention and engagement, and the nature of awareness moreover, implementation of James’ ideas may help teachers improve the students’ results and performance as these provide more interesting, engaging, and effective learning environments. James’ philosophies are useful for the implication of modern educational trends like active learning techniques, the creation of mindful activities, social and emotional learning, and student-centered learning.

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This study examined the theory of design psychology affecting users' thinking actions, focusing on the human cognitive system and information processing process. Based on related literature studies such as design, psychology, and brain science, the study was conducted focusing on case analysis of design psychology principles. As a result of the study, first, it was confirmed that the tendency of thinking appeared differently depending on the height of the ceiling, and creativity was promoted in spaces with high ceilings and specific thinking was promoted in spaces with low ceilings. Second, apart from usability, it was found that a design with good aesthetics reinforces users' positive attitudes and explores problem-solving methods with a generous attitude even in the event of a problem. Third, by first presenting positive expressions or experiences before experiencing a situation, it was found to have a positive effect on the user's perception, judgment, behavior, and memory. Fourth, it has been shown that visual stimuli activate physical waves and central nerves, causing psychological changes in human behavior and thoughts. Fifth, design consistency has been shown to affect user behavior and quick decision-making, but family similarity only needs to be interrelated, even if it is not in a fixed form. The significance of this study is to understand that the preference or bias that users judge design is related to design psychology. As a limitation, it failed to deal with the design psychological principles that negatively affect users' thinking formation. Furthermore, it is proposed to be conducted by supplemented and supplemented.

Health behavior change: The challenging turning point of lifestyle medicine interventions

The most common lifestyle-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, or autoimmune disease burden medical systems all over the world and decrease the patient’s quality of life. Limited behavior change knowledge and insufficient understanding of the importance of health behaviors for an individual’s well-being among clinical practitioners are important underlying factors that impair the effective prevention and treatment of the disease cause, focusing on alleviating symptoms instead. The fundamentals of behavior change serve as core competencies in lifestyle medicine, and developing patient-centered therapies is essential. From setting SMART goals to exploring and making use of psychological and behavioral theories such as the health belief model (HBM), the social learning theory (SLT), or the transtheoretical model (TTM), healthcare professionals of all specialties should consider using behavior change techniques in clinical practice for guiding patients adopting and maintaining healthy lifestyles. Furthermore, the clinician-patient collaboration, the involvement of multidisciplinary teams, and positive psychology increase the chances of success in supporting the patient to change unhealthy habits. Identifying patient resources and aptitudes for performing a behavior along with the follow-up process and relapse prevention represent the main challenges in this innovative approach. However, evidence-based knowledge and useful resources are available for educating individuals based on behavior change theories as well as, supporting their health-related endeavors.

Unlocking Human Potential: A Literature Review on HR Challenges and Innovations in SME Entrepreneurship

This literature review explores the intricacies of human resource management (HRM) in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), focusing on the unique challenges and innovative practices that characterize HR operations within this sector. The primary objective of this study is to synthesize existing literature to understand how SMEs manage their human resources amidst resource constraints and competitive pressures from the global talent market. Employing a qualitative research methodology, this review meticulously analysed scholarly articles, industry reports, and case studies to develop a comprehensive understanding of the current HR landscape in SMEs. The findings reveal that SMEs frequently grapple with issues such as limited financial and human resources, difficulties in attracting and retaining talent, compliance with complex employment laws, and the integration of technology in HR practices. Despite these challenges, SMEs often adopt flexible and innovative HR approaches that leverage their agility and close-knit organizational cultures to enhance employee engagement and organizational loyalty. Theoretical frameworks like the Resource-Based View, Psychological Contract Theory, and Social Exchange Theory provide valuable insights into effective strategies for managing human resources in SMEs. The study underscores the importance of strategic HR management in leveraging human capital as a key asset for competitive advantage. It also highlights the critical role of technology in streamlining HR operations, suggesting that SMEs can significantly benefit from embracing HR innovations to overcome inherent limitations and foster sustainable growth.

Serat gumuyu: Sumber pengaruh untuk membentuk persepsi kebahagiaan dan kesehatan mental masyarakat

The manuscript is one of the cultural relics of the past which is a source of cultural institutions of the community. The manuscript is also used as a reflection of local wisdom and a foundation for oral traditions, art, and Javanese values, as is the case with the Serat Gumuyu script. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach to obtain complete information about laughter can shape the perception of each individual to manage a more positive mindset so as to form happiness and improve people's mental health from Serat Gumuyu. The theory used is Seligman's mental health theory, which focuses on the psychological aspects of mental health and which focuses on positive psychological theories, especially happiness. This research data is in the form of quotes derived from Serat Gumuyu. The source of this research data is Serat Gumuyu, serial number NB 1567 code obtained from manuscripts in the collection of the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia. The data collection method uses content analysis techniques to describe the manuscript, editing and transliteration. The text is hermeniutic analyzed by Ricoeur to explore the axis of the roots of cultural forces socially and mental health in Javanese society. This research presents how laughter in Serat Gumuyu contains the benefits and factors that make someone laugh. This serat invites us that the positive influence of laughter can provide many benefits and is not visible physically but in human mental health also becomes better and optimal. Keywords: Serat Gumuyu, laugh, mental health

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT AND ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS AMONG STUDENTS OF HIGHER LEARNING INSTITUTION

Basically, entrepreneurship is a decisive factor for today’s economy of knowledge to attain its competitive and dynamic character. It is the engine that propels economic growth and employment creation, while also fostering personal growth and successfully addressing a host of harmful societal issues. Therefore, psychological empowerment emerges as one of the crucial issues in the entrepreneurial success among students of higher learning institution. Increasing psychological empowerment element among students is seen as one of the ways to improve entrepreneurial success and increase the access for economic opportunity after graduation. Since the successful of entrepreneurship among students are still being debated among scholars, therefore the understanding on the concept of psychological empowerment in depth is crucial and requires for further investigation. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the role of psychological empowerment that may assist in entrepreneurial success. The total of 327 students from higher learning institution categorised as an entrepreneur in Malaysia participated in this study voluntarily. The time horizon of the study conducted was 2 years. The data was analysed using descriptive and linear regression analysis. The finding obtained from this study indicated that there was significant positive relationship between psychological empowerment and entrepreneurial success. The findings offer evidence that students feel much empowered that lead to entrepreneurial success. This result provides significant impact on knowledge contribution of psychological theories to the entrepreneurial success as well as for entrepreneurship education in higher learning institution.

Self-Determination Theory and HCI Games Research: Unfulfilled Promises and Unquestioned Paradigms

Self-determination theory (SDT), a psychological theory of human motivation, is a prominent paradigm in human–computer interaction (HCI) research on games. However, our prior literature review observed a trend towards shallow applications of the theory. This follow-up work takes a broader view—examining SDT scholarship on games, a wider corpus of SDT-based HCI games research (N = 259), and perspectives from a games industry practitioner conference—to help explain current applications of SDT. Our findings suggest that perfunctory applications of the theory in HCI games research originate in part from within SDT scholarship on games, which itself exhibits limited engagement with theoretical tenets. Against this backdrop, we unpack the popularity of SDT in HCI games research and identify conditions underlying the theory’s current use as an oft-unquestioned paradigm. Finally, we outline avenues for more productive SDT-informed games research and consider ways towards more intentional practices of theory use in HCI.

Design and validation of a scale for the assessment of educational competencies in traditional musical games

This work studies the traditional musical game as a didactic resource in the development of educational competencies in primary school students. The purpose of the study is to validate a scale for the evaluation of essential educational factors in the work of intrinsic competencies in traditional musical games. With a mixed design, the study involves a qualitative approach to the review and discussion of the contributions of social psychology theories: contact theory, cultural values theory, and attitude theory as well as a quantitative approach using an exploratory factor analysis, a parallel analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis of the use of traditional musical games in a sample of 276 primary school students. From an initial questionnaire of 30 items, a final questionnaire of 18 items was obtained, grouped into 4 subscales (Right to Play/Fun and Preferences/Choice of Game Partners/Emotion and Inclusion) derived from the theories of social psychology. The results demonstrate the need for effective tools to measure the educational value of traditional games. This scale could serve as a tool to contribute to the educational research on traditional musical games. Finally, the educational implications that the adoption of traditional games in the classroom can have in terms of integration, equal inclusion, and the social, physical, emotional, and cognitive development of primary school students are discussed.

It's my business! The influence of psychological ownership on entrepreneurial intentions and work performance

SummaryExtant scholarship on psychological ownership has primarily focused on the organizational benefits that come from fostering employees' feelings of ownership without having to relinquish ties to actual ownership. It is unclear, however, if feeling like an owner is sufficient to satisfy employees' aspirational ownership intentions. By applying self‐verification theory to psychological ownership theory, we investigate how employees' psychological ownership influences their views about being a competent business owner, and the potential double‐edged implications for organizations as a result of these self‐views. Utilizing two separate studies, we find that psychological ownership is positively associated with entrepreneurial self‐efficacy, which, in turn, is positively associated with both entrepreneurial intentions and work performance. Furthermore, results show that employees' past work performance strengthens the positive relationship between psychological ownership and entrepreneurial self‐efficacy and the positive indirect relationship between psychological ownership and entrepreneurial intentions through entrepreneurial self‐efficacy. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of fostering psychological ownership with current employees to glean the benefits and negate any potential drawbacks, such as high performers leaving the organization to start their own business.

SAFEvR MentalVeRse.app: Development of a Free Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia and Claustrophobia.

Background: Specific phobias impact over 400 million people worldwide. Digitalizing mental health could alleviate the burden. Still, although the corporate-driven Metaverse is expanding rapidly, there needs to be more momentum in harnessing virtual reality exposure therapy uptake. Objective: This study aims to conceptualize, develop, and deploy a free Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) application specifically designed for treating acrophobia and claustrophobia. This pilot study, which holds the promise of a future where mental health is more accessible and effective, explores the feasibility of leveraging transdisciplinary collaboration among specialists to create a safe, accessible, and effective VRET solution. Methods: We conducted a Delphi heuristic approach involving bioethicists, neuroscientists, and tech developers. Second, we reviewed the existing psychological theories and therapeutic strategies for addressing phobias in VR. Third, we conceptualized a thematic analysis-derived framework for a safe, adaptive-gamified free exposure to virtual reality acrophobia and claustrophobia (SAFEvR ACT). Finally, we provide an overview of the iterative improvements made during 12 workshops and 76 weekly briefings on developmental implementations. Results: We developed the SAFEvR ACT into a proof-of-concept application freely deployed on the MentalVerse app platform. Our safety-focused approach can benefit from prevalidation perspectives within future randomized control trials. Conclusions: The resulting application derived from the SAFEvR ACT framework represents a blueprint to counter the current lack of iVR mental health uptake by offering a free VRET alternative. Future research should aim towards developing similar free platforms to lessen mental health burdens and gather quantitative data. We conclude with a call to action to researchers to fine-tune our current approach and take a stand for free digital mental health within MentalVeRse.app.

Can watching the World Cup make you mentally healthier? Positive associations between involvement in physical activities and flourishing were mediated by psychological need satisfaction

BackgroundThe current understanding of the relationship between physical activity involvement and flourishing, as well as the underlying psychological mechanisms, remains limited. Building upon the basic psychological need theory, this study investigates whether and how engaging in physical activities, either as a spectator (e.g., in sports events such as the World Cup) or a participant, explains individual differences in flourishing.MethodsA total of 1201 Hong Kong-based Chinese adults (Mage = 42.90, SD = 11.40; 54% female) completed an anonymous online survey from the quarter-final to final stages of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in December 2022.ResultsFindings showed that spectator (World Cup) involvement and participant involvement were positively correlated. Moreover, both types of involvements were correlated with flourishing. In addition to the hypothesized positive association with relatedness satisfaction, spectator (World Cup) involvement was also demonstrated significant associations with autonomy and competence satisfaction. Path analysis indicated that associations between physical activities and flourishing were partially mediated by the satisfaction of all three basic psychological needs.ConclusionsThis study is the first to apply the basic psychological need theory in the context of physical activity and supports its relevance in understanding individual differences in flourishing. Different stakeholders are encouraged to recognize the benefits of both spectator and participant involvements in physical activities, which may help them develop supportive strategies (e.g., physical activities with parents, sports events for spectators and participants, and funding for media/communities) in mental health promotion.

Notes On Artificial Intelligence And The Rise Of New Images

Pamela Breda’s (Digital Arts) contribution "Notes On Artificial Intelligence And The Rise Of New Images" explores how hyper-realistic computer-generated images (CGI) reshape our perception of reality and its implications for human creativity. Her considerations stem from an ongoing interdisciplinary artistic research project that combines positions from visual cultural studies, cognitive psychology, and perceptual theory with historical perspectives. Breda’s contribution reflects on the historical background of CGI, its influence on various domains of individual and collective life, and its philosophical implications, her contribution provides current viewpoints on the position of AI and its past implications.