Psychological Sex Research Articles

Sex differences in body temperature and thermal perception under stable and transient thermal environments: A comparative study

Sex difference stands as a crucial factor necessitating consideration in personalized thermal environment control, with the mechanisms of its emergence potentially differing across different thermal environments. However, a comparative analysis of sex differences regarding body temperature (skin and core body temperature) and thermal perception across different environments is lacking. A stable environmental experiment (comprising three conditions: 16 °C, 20 °C, and 24 °C) and a transient environmental experiment (involving a whole-body step-change from 19 °C to 35 °C and back to 19 °C) were conducted, with participation from 20 young males and 20 young females. Skin temperature and core body temperature were continuously recorded during the experiments, and three types of thermal perceptions were regularly collected. The results showed that: (1) The impact of thermal environment on females' skin temperature surpassed that on males, in stable environment, with every 1 °C rise in ambient temperature, the mean skin temperature increased by 0.28 °C for males and 0.35 °C for females respectively; in transient environment, females' mean skin temperature raise and fell at a faster rate. (2) Males exhibited stronger thermal regulation abilities than females, particularly evident during sudden increase in ambient temperature (from 19 °C to 35 °C), where the reduction magnitude of males' core body temperature was notably larger. (3) Whether in stable or transient environments, significant sex differences often occurred in skin temperature and thermal sensation at distal parts, particularly at the hand. (4) Males typically fed back higher levels of thermal comfort and thermal acceptability than females, suggesting that in addition to physiological sex differences, psychological sex distinctions also play a role. In summary, personalized design for stable thermal environment can focus on sex differences in skin temperature, while transient thermal environment requires consideration of both skin temperature and core body temperature. A comprehensive consideration of physiological and psychological sex differences aids in creating personalized thermal environments with greater precision.

Re-thinking Bodily Entrapment in Select Indian Trans Autobiographies

The present paper seeks to analyse two Indian trans autobiographies - The Truth About Me: A Hijra Life Story (2010) by A. Revathi, a distinguished trans activist; and Me Hijra, Me Laxmi (2015) by Laxmi Narayan Tripathi, a prominent Bharatnatyam dancer and trans activist. The autobiographical accounts critically explore the contribution of prevalent heteronormative ideologies to the marginalised status of transgender individuals in India. The narratives intricately depict the experiences of transgender individuals who grapple with a sense of mismatch between their assigned sex and psychological sex, ultimately leading them to undergo Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) and related medical procedures. Drawing upon the perspectives of post-transsexual scholars such as Jacques Juliet, Janice Raymond, Jay Prosser, Kate Bornstein, and Sandy Stone, the study asserts that the transgender body is "programmed to disappear," promotes a "denial of mixture," and perpetuates the "purity" of gender after the corporeal transition. Furthermore, the paper examines how trans individuals incorporate established medical discourse on transsexuality into their autobiographies. The research findings underscore the need to develop a transgender discourse capable of offering a counter-discourse to the binary explanations of gender.

Peculiarities of the formation of psychological signs of masculinity and femininity in athletes (on the example of sports acrobatics)

The article presents a study of determining the degree of manifestation of inversion of sexual dimorphism using the study of psychological types (behavioral indicators of masculinity/femininity) according to the method of Sandra Bem (S. Bem) in acrobats of various roles and genders and non- athletes. Athletes specializing in pair and group sports acrobatics and persons of the same age who do not play sports took part in the research. Acrobatic girls were divided into 2 groups: 1) roles at the top (n=32), puberty age (13.96±1.02), 2) roles in the middle and at the bottom (n=42), youth age (19.36±2.86). Young acrobats: 1) roles above (n=32), average age 14.88±2.32; 2) roles in the middle and below (n=48), average age 20.38±2.89. Sports qualification of athletes: beginners, sub-elite and elite athletes. All subjects were offered the method of determining a person's gender identification (psychological sex) according to S. Bem, which is based on determining the degree of masculinity, femininity and androgyny of an individual. It was found that 10% of female respondents, 12-25 years old (the roles above), specializing in pair-group acrobatics, belong to the masculine type of gender identity, and 90% to the andromorphic type. In those who do not do sports: masculinity – 3%, femininity – 10%, androgyny – in 87% of the subjects. 45% of male acrobats showed signs of masculinity, 55% – androgyny. In people who do not do sports: masculinity – 30%, androgyny – 70%. Acrobats aged 16-23 (the roles in the middle and below: masculinity – 20%, androgyny – 80%. Feminine personality type was not found in any of the athletes. In female acrobats of both roles, the test data obtained using the psychological gender method indicate a shift from the feminine type of gender identification to the masculine and androgynous types.

A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox.

Some studies show that living conditions, such as economy, gender equality, and education, are associated with the magnitude of psychological sex differences. We systematically and quantitatively reviewed 54 articles and conducted new analyses on 27 meta-analyses and large-scale studies to investigate the association between living conditions and psychological sex differences. We found that sex differences in personality, verbal abilities, episodic memory, and negative emotions are more pronounced in countries with higher living conditions. In contrast, sex differences in sexual behavior, partner preferences, and math are smaller in countries with higher living conditions. We also observed that economic indicators of living conditions, such as gross domestic product, are most sensitive in predicting the magnitude of sex differences. Taken together, results indicate that more sex differences are larger, rather than smaller, in countries with higher living conditions. It should therefore be expected that the magnitude of most psychological sex differences will remain unchanged or become more pronounced with improvements in living conditions, such as economy, gender equality, and education.

Sexual violence laws: Policy implications of psychological sex differences

Sexual violence laws: Policy implications of psychological sex differences

When fertile, women seek status via prestige but not dominance

Biological predictors of human dominance are hotly contested, with far-reaching implications for psychological sex differences and the placement of men and women in the social hierarchy. Most investigations have focused on dominance in men and testosterone, with diminished attention paid to dominance in women and other biological mechanisms. Investigating biological influences on other routes to status attainment popular among women-such as via prestige in addition to dominance-have also been neglected. Here, I examined whether status seeking via prestige and via dominance covaried with fertility probability in a citizen science project spanning 14 countries and 4 world regions. Across 4,179 observations, participants tracked their menstrual cycle characteristics, motivation for prestige and dominance, dominance contest outcomes, and three domains of self-esteem. Self-esteem is predicted by status within a group and helps individuals navigate social hierarchies. Bayesian mixed models controlling for menstruation indicated that the motivation to obtain status via prestige but not dominance peaked when conception was most likely, as did dominance contest losses and two self-esteem domains. Fertility appears to reorient female psychology toward prestige-based strategies to success, enhancing women's desire for social capital through influence and admiration but not through fear, coercion, or intimidation. These insights fundamentally advance the understanding of the biological correlates of status seeking among women. They further suggest that fertility motivates not only mating competition but gaining rank and positive regard in social hierarchies.

An anthropometric study of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand

The biodevelopment of psychological sex differentiation is putatively reflected in several anthropometrics. We examined eight anthropometrics in 1404 Thai participants varying in sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity/expression: heterosexual men and women, gay men, lesbian women, bisexual women, sao praphet song (transgender birth-assigned males), toms (transgender birth-assigned females), and dees (birth-assigned females attracted to toms). Exploratory factor analyses indicated the biomarkers should be analyzed independently. Using regressions, in birth-assigned males, less male-typical second-to-fourth digit ratios in the left hand were associated with sexual orientation towards men regardless of gender identity/expression, whereas shorter height and long-bone growth in the arms and legs were more evident among sao praphet song—who are both sexually oriented towards men and markedly feminine. In birth-assigned females, there were no clear sexual orientation effects, but there were possible gender-related effects. Groups of individuals who tend to be more masculine (i.e., toms, lesbians) showed more male-typical patterns on weight and leg length than some groups of individuals who tend to be less masculine (i.e., heterosexual women, dees). Thus, it appears the various anthropometrics inform separate biodevelopmental processes that differentially relate to sexual orientation and gender identity/expression depending on the measure in question as well as birth-assigned sex.

Care for health among Polish men, taking into account social and economic factors, as well as the type of work.

Epidemiological studies show that an inappropriate healthy lifestyle is a major incidence factor, inter alia, for cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, obesity, as well as premature deaths, especially among men. In order to check the attitudes of men towards health and health behaviors, a questionnaire-based research was carried out among 600 men active on the labor market. Several standard questionnaire tools were used: the Positive Health Behaviors Scale (PHBS), the List of Personal Values for measuring the place of health in the value hierarchy; the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, the Work Ability Index, the Psychological Sex Inventory, and the Work-Life Balance Subscale of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ II). Additionally, an independent questionnaire was developed. In the PHBS, men could score 0-111 pts; the average score was 70.98 pts. A high level of care for health expressed in the scores ranging 80-111 pts was achieved by less than one-third of the respondents. One of the 4 groups (referred to as the "Active") achieved the best result according to PHBS, with an average score of 77 pts. The worst group (referred to as the "Frustrated") achieved an average of 54.5 pts. The latter performed physical or mixed work, and half of them worked shifts, including nights. The selected 4 groups were not found to differ from one another as much as the authors had expected, but they pointed to a very important aspect determining health care, namely socio‑‑economic factors. There is a great need to conduct health education among men in Poland, targeted especially at young, low-educated and blue-collar workers. The areas of lifestyle that need to be changed are: nutrition, physical activity and preventive examinations. Med Pr. 2021;72(4):351-62.

Sexual Dimorphism in Language, and the Gender Shift Hypothesis of Homosexuality.

Psychological sex differences have been studied scientifically for more than a century, yet linguists still debate about the existence, magnitude, and causes of such differences in language use. Advances in psychology and cognitive neuroscience have shown the importance of sex and sexual orientation for various psychobehavioural traits, but the extent to which such differences manifest in language use is largely unexplored. Using computerised text analysis (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count: LIWC 2015), this study found substantial psycholinguistic sexual dimorphism in a large corpus of English-language novels (n = 304) by heterosexual authors. The psycholinguistic sex differences largely aligned with known psychological sex differences, such as empathising–systemising, people–things orientation, and men’s more pronounced spatial cognitive styles and abilities. Furthermore, consistent with predictions from cognitive neuroscience, novels (n = 158) by lesbian authors showed minor signs of psycholinguistic masculinisation, while novels (n = 167) by homosexual men had a female-typical psycholinguistic pattern, supporting the gender shift hypothesis of homosexuality. The findings on this large corpus of 66.9 million words indicate how psychological group differences based on sex and sexual orientation manifest in language use in two centuries of literary art.

AGE AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE PERSONALITY PROPERTIES OF GENDER IN MODERN SOCIETY

this article examines the issue of gender socialization and identity in modern Russian society, on the basis of analysis of gender characteristics of the personality is compared changes in the structure of the psychological sex (gender) in three age groups (up to 20 years - generation y, 20-40 years - Generation Y and 40-60 years - Generation X), analyzes the causes and possible consequences of changes in gender patterns in different generations. Specifically, the study found that changes in the composition of gender properties and a shift away about traditional stereotypes of feminity and masculinity in the direction of mixing gender roles and qualities occurred in all generations, but the most significant transformations occurred in young men and women of the younger age group (generation) and in middle-aged women (generation Y). The article also presents new data on structural changes in the composition of nuclear personality properties of gender: all males with a general tendency to mix gender qualities in the structure of "real self", the nuclear component of gender consists mainly of their masculine qualities, which is especially evident in men of the middle age group (Generation Y). In women of all generations, the nuclear composition of gender's personality were inconsistent and contradictory, and the choice of masculine qualities in the first places of the gender hierarchy in middle- and older age groups (generation Y and X) may indicate a trend towards further transformation of traditional feminist gender.

Психологическое благополучие в контексте пола и сексуальной идентичности

Background. In modern psychology, the concept of social and psychological assistance to vulnerable groups of people is being actively studied and developed in order to increase their psychological well-being. One of the topical research issues is the study of psychological well-being in men and women, as well as people of diff erent sexual orientations. Th is article examines the psychological well-being of people with homo-, bi- and heterosexual orientations. Th e aim of the article is to study the diff erences in psychological well-being between men and women, as well as between people identifying themselves as homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual. Description of research progress and respondents. To study the psychological sex, we used the techique “Psychological well-being” by K. Riff in the adaptation of T.D. Shevelenkova and P.P. Fesenko. Th e study involved men and women of diff erent sexual orientations, identifi ed on the basis of the respondents’ self-report. Research results. Statistical results indicate that the scale “Positive relationships with others” is higher in women than in men (p = 0.027), and this scale is higher in heterosexuals than in bisexuals (p = 0.031). Th e “Balance of aff ect” scale is lower among homosexuals than among bisexuals (p = 0.047). Conclusion. Th e obtained results confi rm that the women who took part in our study are more successful in building up interpersonal relationships with the social world, since they are positively disposed towards society and show care. At the same time, people with heterosexual and homosexual identities are more prosperous than respondents with bisexual identities. Th e results obtained can be used in the practice of psychologists conducting psychological counseling and psychotherapy with the LGBT community

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE FEATURES OF PEOPLE WITH ANDROGYNOUS TYPE OF GENDER IDENTITY (ACCORDING TO S. BEM)

The article presents the study results of the emotional intelligence features of people with androgynous gender identity. The phenomenon of androgyny in relation to emotional intelligence has been studied in the scientific literature. The article argues that the androgynous type of gender identity allows individuals to show great adaptability, flexibility and creativity in behaviour due to a combination of high femininity and masculinity. Due to theoretical analysis it was found that emotional intelligence is an important integral characteristic of the individual, that is realized in its ability to understand emotions, summarize their content, to distinguish the emotional subtext in interpersonal relationships, to regulate emotions in such way as to promote positive cognitive activity with the help of positive emotions and to overcome negative emotions that interfere with communication or threaten the achievement of individual success. By studying gender issues, it was found that women understand emotions better than men; men explain their feelings more often by external causes, when women do the same to a greater extent by internal ones; the expression of emotions in males and females is also depends on upbringing. The empirical study involved 37 people. N. Hall’s “Emotional Intelligence” method and Sandra Bem’s “Sex Role Questionnaire” were used. The results of the study indicate that an integral indicator of the development of emotional intelligence is associated with masculinity, and femininity has a negative correlation with such an indicator of emotional intelligence as “managing their emotions”. It was found that in individuals with androgynous gender identity, masculinity is associated with self-motivation, emotion management, and empathy. It was found that women with androgynous gender identity are more variable in the choice of psychological sex compared to men with androgynous gender identity.

Psychologic specifics of the communicative component of gender tolerance in juniors age

The article is devoted to the definition of psychological features of the manifestation of the communicative component of gender tolerance in youthful age, due to transformations in the social, economic and political life of society. Youth is in the final stages of transition to adulthood and encounters a significant number of new situations, people, conventions, standards, and rules that require them to activate adaptive and communicative processes. The formation of the communicative component of gender tolerance contributes to: the development of personal self-control; ability to act together with different people; creating psychologically comfortable conditions for joint activities; achievement of interpersonal and intergroup mutual understanding in collective and provides creation of psychological and pedagogical conditions of successful formation of tolerant relations at communicative interaction in a society and decrease in level of conflict in general. The target of the study was to determine the psychological characteristics of the communicative component of gender tolerance in adolescence. The tasks of the study were to select and conduct methods to determine the level of formation of the communicative component of gender tolerance of youth; identification of areas of predominant manifestation of communicative tolerance in accordance with the gender s (and / or gender); study of the influence of gender personality traits on the level of formation of the communicative component in youthful age. In the process of empirical research were used: the method of "Diagnosis of general communicative tolerance" (author V.V. Boyko); method "Psychological sex" (author S. Bem). The correlation analysis method was used to establish the relationship between the indicators of the communicative component of gender tolerance and the level of gender identity in youthful age. The correlation analysis of the influence of gender identity on the formation of the communicative component showed that both young girls and boys with androgynous qualities are more prone to tolerant attitudes in the process of interpersonal communication. Whereas subjects with pronounced masculine qualities have significant difficulties in establishing communicative contact. Accordingly, in subjects with a low level of formation of the communicative component, low rates of gender tolerance are found.

Концептуальні підходи в дослідженнях гендерної диференціації у фізичному вихованні

The paper considers various aspects of gender issues of modern physical education. The main conceptual bases and preconditions of the gender approach introduction in physical education of children, teenagers and youth are stated and substantiated. Objective. Theoretically and methodologically substantiate the conceptual principles of gender differentiation in physical education of children, adolescents and youth. Methods. Analysis, generalization and systematization of data of scientific and methodical literature; sociological (questionnaires, surveys). Results. The main theoretical aspects and prerequisites for gender approach ntroduction in the physical education of children, adolescents and young people are presented. The correlation of biological and social characteristics of personality and their influence on the formation of individual physical culture of boys and girls is considered and characterized through the prism of the «gender» category. The main directions of research on the problem of gender approach introduction in the process of physical education are singled out. Conceptual bases of the gender approach in physical education of children, teenagers and youth are substantiated and developed. The findings show that the preconditions for the development of a gender approach are complex in research aimed at determining the indices of physical condition, motivational sphere, psychological sex of boys and girls in age, sex and gender aspects. It is determined that the introduction of a gender approach is associated with a new way of knowing the importance of physical culture, revealed the specifics of its application in the formation of individual physical culture of schoolchildren, effectively activating individual personal and physical qualities of boys and girls, taking into account gender motivation to engage in motor activity, whereas sexual dimorphism – during physical loads, motor mode, intensity and volume of exercise.

Positive Health Behaviors and Their Determinants Among Men Active on the Labor Market in Poland.

This paper reports on results from research conducted on health behaviors undertaken of men. Health behavior is one of the determinants of our health. The way in which people care for their health affects not only their health, but also their well-being, quality of life, and work ability. The lifestyle and health behavior have a significant impact on health, whereas a lack of pro-health behavior may cause the risk of many diseases and mortality, especially among men. The aim of the study was to define the determinants of positive health behaviors among men aged 20–65, active on the labor market.To check the attitudes of men toward health and health behavior, a questionnaire-based research has been carried out among 600 men active on the labor market. Several tools were used: Positive Health Behaviour Scale (Woynarowska-Sołdan & Węziak-Białowolska, 2012), Work Ability Index (Tuomi et al., 1998), work–life balance—with the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (subscale “Work-home conflict”) (Kristensen & Borg, 2005), Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (Wallston & Wallston, 1978, in polish adaptation Juczyński, 2001), Inventory for Psychological Sex Assessment (Kuczyńska, 2012) and Personal Values (Juczyński, 2001), and questionnaire “Work conditions” (developed in CIOPPIB).These studies have shown which factors determine their health behavior. The positive health behaviors of men were associated with good economic status, high self-assessment of care for health, positive opinions about life and work, and masculinity. They were also white-collar workers with good work ability.

The reality and evolutionary significance of human psychological sex differences.

The aims of this article are: (i) to provide a quantitative overview of sex differences in human psychological attributes; and (ii) to consider evidence for their possible evolutionary origins. Sex differences were identified from a systematic literature search of meta-analyses and large-sample studies. These were organized in terms of evolutionary significance as follows: (i) characteristics arising from inter-male competition (within-sex aggression; impulsiveness and sensation-seeking; fearfulness; visuospatial and object-location memory; object-centred orientations); (ii) those concerning social relations that are likely to have arisen from women's adaptations for small-group interactions and men's for larger co-operative groups (person-centred orientation and social skills; language; depression and anxiety); (iii) those arising from female choice (sexuality; mate choice; sexual conflict). There were sex differences in all categories, whose magnitudes ranged from (i) small (object location memory; negative emotions), to (ii) medium (mental rotation; anxiety disorders; impulsivity; sex drive; interest in casual sex), to (iii) large (social interests and abilities; sociosexuality); and (iv) very large (escalated aggression; systemizing; sexual violence). Evolutionary explanations were evaluated according to whether: (i) similar differences occur in other mammals; (ii) there is cross-cultural consistency; (iii) the origin was early in life or at puberty; (iv) there was evidence for hormonal influences; and (v), where possible, whether there was evidence for evolutionarily derived design features. The evidence was positive for most features in most categories, suggesting evolutionary origins for a broad range of sex differences. Attributes for which there was no sex difference are also noted. Within-sex variations are discussed as limitations to the emphasis on sex differences.

Psychological sex, sexual response, attachment styles and sexual quality of life in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia - preliminary findings

Psychological sex, sexual response, attachment styles and sexual quality of life in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia - preliminary findings

Biopsychosocial characteristics of sex offenders: An analysis of legal proceedings

Abstract In this research, biopsychosocial characteristics of people accused of sexual aggression against children/adolescents between 2012 and 2014, in three districts of the state of Pará, were identified and analyzed. Data were collected by consulting court cases and recorded on a form prepared by the research group for biopsychosocial characterization. The statistical treatment of the data involved the non-hierarchical k-means clustering method, with cluster analysis. The results revealed three distinct groups; some with certain similarities due to the biological characteristics observed (Afro-descendant men over the age of 30 years, without reported organic diseases), as well as psychological and social characteristics (men with defined occupation and work, living in urban areas, with aggression to the black victim and in the family context) and differences (schooling, alcohol abuse and physical or psychological aggression, victim sex and family attachment to the aggressor). Further studies may refine the preliminary conclusions of these analyses.

GENDER DIFFERENCES OF THE EMOTIONAL SPHERE OF STUDENTS

The article sheds light on the problem of gender segregation of the emotional sphere of students. The concepts of masculinity, femininity, androgyny are analyzed.There are outlined the functional peculiarities of the manifestation of gender differences in the cognitive and emotional sphere of a person, namely: emotional memory and emotional intellect, expressiveness and a tendency to experience positive and negative basic emotions. Dependence of gender differences from age is noted: the older the age group, the more distinct the gender differences are.Results of the empirical study of the students of the National Aviation University by S. Bem's method "Masculinity-femininity" and the method of diagnostics of emotionality V.М. Rusalova showed that the manifestation of student emotions is mainly determined by their gender identity. Among the respondents the androgynuos students who successfully combine both femininity and masculinity prevail. Thanks to this combination of feminine and male characteristic, adaptability and sustainability in social contacts increase. Students' emotionality was also studied and it was found that the majority of respondents have low psychomotor emotional indexes, that is, they exhibit low sensitivity (indifference), a sense of tranquility, self-confidence in the performance of physical work, lack of anxiety in case of non-fulfillment or poor implementation. The resulting average of intellectual and communicative emotions indicates a slight emotional experience and anxiety about the discrepancy between the expected and realistic result of mental stress and communication failures. With the help of established correlation relationships, it has been experimentally proved that feminine students have average indicators of general emotionality, while masculine ones are low. This is evidence of the important influence of the psychological sex of people on their manifestations of emotions in the process of life.

Особливості впливу психологічних характеристик юнаків і дівчат різних вікових груп на формування потреби у досягненні успіху

In the article aspects of the gender approach in physical education of schoolchildren are considered. Purpose: studying the influence of the psychological characteristics of the personality of schoolchildren of different age groups on the formation of the need to achievements. Material & Methods : the study was conducted with a contingent of schoolchildren of grades 3–11. The total number of respondents was 628 people (young men – 282, girls – 346), of which 126 respondents (97 boys and 29 girls) are engaged in a certain sport. Standardized testing using S. Bem's method Masculinity – Femininity was used, a test and a questionnaire by Yu. M. Orlov Need for Achievements, methods of mathematical statistics. Results: level of the need to achieve the success of schoolchildren of different age groups was studied, the gender type of the respondents' personality was determined. The relationship between the level of the need to achieve the success of schoolchildren and the features of their psychological sex was determined . Conclusion: differences in the levels of the need to achieve success for boys and girls of different age groups, who are engaged and do not go in for sports, are revealed. It is shown that it is necessary to consider the gender approach in education not from the point of view of a gender policy providing equal rights for men and women, but from the point of view of studying their psychosocial characteristics for creating adequate organizational and methodological conditions in the process of physical education.