Psychological Laws Research Articles

Out-of-Pocket Expenditures for Health: A Case Study

Background of the Study: Health is a prime component in rural population who uses their muscle power for doing economic activities. Meanwhile according to the Economic Survey of India’s 2021 report, India was among the 10 worst performing countries in terms of prioritising health in government budgets, at both state and central levels. India was placed or ranked in 67th in the list of 189 countries in Out of Pocket Expenditure per capita in PPP (in $) for 2018. World Health Organisation report (March 2022) stated that high of Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) on health is impoverishing some 55 million Indians annually, with over 17 per cent households incurring catastrophic levels of health expenditures every year. The Economic Survey 2023 reported that the share of government expenditure in Total Health Expenditure (THE) has increased over time from 28.6% in financial year 2014 to 40.6% in Financial Year2019. However, OOPE is still higher at 48.2% of the total expenditure. Objectives: To explore the Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) for health in India, Interstate and rural villages of Theni district, Tamil Nadu Methodology: Purposive non random sampling was used to reach the sample element. Sample elements or respondents were from rural Theni District. Sample size was 300. Data was collected using an interview schedule in the catchment area of Primary Health Centre, taluk hospital and district healthcare hospital. Interview was conducted in Tamil and then the interview output was transcribed and translated into English, followed by a descriptive analysis. Ordinary Least Square estimation was used to find the implications of individual income on pocket out expenditure for health. Findings of the Study: The secondary data from the website of World Health Organisation and from the reports of National Health Accounts reflects a difference in data information for every concerned period at least two to three per cent exist. The interstate data information for the period 2019 to 2020 revealed that the spending from government health care expenditure and out of pocket expenditure is not equal to total health care expenditure. Hence, the researcher made an attempt to explore the out of pocket expenditure among the rural population and their willingness to spend from their pocket. Furthermore, the impact of annual income and annual healthcare expenditure is examined by simple linear regression analysis, for to understand the role of income in shaping healthcare spending behaviour. The R Square value is very poor, and reflects the role of explanatory variable income is not impacting the out of pocket health care expenditure. The Keynesian theory of psychological law of consumption is invalid in out of pocket healthcare expenditure with respect to income of the respondents. 13 percentages of respondents were willing to do out of pocket expenditure for their health ailing. The 39.7percentages of respondents were disagreeing to do out of pocket expenditure for their health. Conclusion: Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of understanding out-of-pocket health expenditures is increasing in rural (feckless management of public healthcare) with attitude of unwilling to pay from their pocket because of existing zero priced healthcare system, which is available in their near locality. Policy makers needs to concentrate on enhancing the healthcare supply such as medical personals, drugs, lab facility, beds, and in general in all aspects for to cater the demand of rural inhabitants and protect them from pushing into impoverishment.

Analysis of visual communication elements in variable font design from the perspective of digital technology

With the maturity of digital technology, the effectiveness of information transmission has received extensive attention. Variable font design is regarded as an extension of graphic design in digital media art, and variable font design is studied from the perspective of information communication design. From the perspective of digital technology, based on the research theory of variable information communication design, combined with the specific methods of font design, the perception, cognitive methods, and aesthetic laws of aesthetic subject vision and psychology in the field of font variable design are discussed. Provide relevant theoretical support for information communication design activities with variable fonts. Based on artificial intelligence technology, a new interactive art expression method is proposed. By analyzing the main expression scenarios of interactive art, namely user information communication scenarios, interactive art push scenarios, interactive art promotion scenarios and personal service scenarios, it provides a scenario application basis for interactive expression, calculate the space complexity, space complexity and resource complexity, according to the complexity calculation results, carry out interaction design from three aspects of visual elements, multimedia elements, and human-computer interaction elements, integrate the topology structure after the interaction is realized, and in the network topology structure. The proposed model consists mainly of visual design, basic design elements, basic visual design, complete design and solution generation. It realizes the expression of interactive art of multimedia elements in display and control. The experimental results show that the interactive element extraction speed of the visual communication expression method based on artificial intelligence technology is increased by 30%, and the flexibility is stronger.

PSYCHOLOGY OF MANAGEMENT ACTIVITY AND ITS TRENDS

The article is devoted to topical issues defining managerial activity psychology and its current trends. Of course, the main place among various problems in the theory and practice of management is the complex issues related to the maintenance of management activities. The solution to all other management problems largely depends on a correct, complete understanding of the essence and content of management activities. The modern psychology of managerial activity represents managing people's information and technological processes. It covers all actions and conditions that give rise to technical-organizational, industrial, psychological-pedagogical, social-psychological, and other people connections. Management psychology is one of the most complex areas of human activity, in which personified relationships between people united by the labor process are revealed. Management activity is a set of coordinated actions and measures to achieve a specific goal within any firm, company, organization, or enterprise. The forms of managerial activity, namely legal, organizational, and organizational-legal, were analyzed and systematized. The world experience of using the psychology of managerial activity has been studied. It has been proven that management based on leadership principles involves considering specific laws to ensure effective implementation. The primary modern laws that improve awareness of the specifics of a certain type of management are highlighted. Today, effective management psychology is impossible without knowledge and use of social and psychological laws, as it is related to human interaction.

Connection between the artistic design of form in architecture and design and laws of psychology and physiology of perception

Specialists who have ever been involved in compositional work could not help but notice that there is a connection between compositional methods and techniques (architects, designers and artists use them in their work) and the fundamental tools of perception that nature has endowed man with and which he uses. The direction of Gestalt psychology is of greatest importance for the chosen topic. This direction describes and studies integral structures that, in principle, cannot be derived from the components that form them. At the same time, the theory of composition studies such laws of construction of a work of art that ensure the integrity of this work. It is quite obvious that the process of creating an attractive form simply must be built according to the laws of perception that are laid down by nature. It is this interesting connection that this article is devoted to.

Optimization of Online Advertising Decision Combination Based on the Attribution of Consumer Behavior Big Data

In the field of internet advertising, associated products based on various big data algorithms are widely presented on consumers’ browsing pages in order to increase their purchasing interest. With the help of computer big data processing, online advertisers can better grasp the shopping needs of consumers. This study proposes a chance constrained programming optimization model (CC-PR) for budget allocation of advertisers in a dynamic and complex consumer behavior context, based on the premise of analyzing consumers’ shopping journey from the perspective of the attribution of consumer behavior effects. It models different online behaviors generated by consumers’ interest transfer at different shopping stages. The characteristic of this method is to simulate changes in consumer psychology, overcome the difficulty of predicting multi-stage behavior of consumers, and extract a model of dynamic generalizable laws of consumer psychology. It dynamically adjusts advertising strategies based on changes in consumer tendencies at different stages. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, this paper introduces batch data from large shopping platforms and compares our method with the baseline method through experiments. The results show that the CC-PR method proposed in this paper has superior performance. A large amount of consumer behavior data can help advertisers make more accurate advertising decisions, and the method proposed in this article is also a good example of the application of computer big data processing in the field of online advertising.

Is generalization decay a fundamental law of psychology?

Generalizations strengthen in traditional sciences, but in psychology (and social and behavioral sciences, more generally) they decay. This is usually viewed as a problem requiring solution. It could be viewed instead as a law-like phenomenon. Generalization decay cannot be squelched because human behavior is metastable and all behavioral data collected thus far have resulted from a thin sliver of human time.

Вариации на тему развивающего образования

<p>The article raises the problem of developmental teaching (education) from the standpoint of cultural- historical methodology, the origins and scientific foundations of it its basic principles and widespread practical systems. The author’s aim is to discover the general and specific features of existing models of developmental instruction, both theoretical justifications and practical recommendations for the organization of real school education. It is suggested that there is one system of developmental education based on the ideas of L.S.Vygotsky about the correlation between education and mental development and there are various theoretical approaches and practical models based on it. We tried to compare different attitudes to the correlation between education and mental development. We analyzed work made by Galperin, by research teams led by Elkonin and Davydov, and rby esearch teams led by L.V.Zankov. Special attention is paid to Repkin's research on the psychological organization of educational material, it illustrates the interpenetration of two approaches: Galperin's ideas about the developmental effect of instruction and Davydov's theory of learning activity. The author's hypothesis needs a theoretical and experimental verification, which will have not only a narrow scientific value, but also determine the directions of changes in the content of school education in accordance with the psychological laws of assimilation.</p>

Research on the Influence of Educational Psychology on Teachers Education and Teaching

In recent years, education has been continuously developing and improving. The traditional cramming style of teaching and preaching style of education are being negated more and more. The development of modern education requires teachers to be able to master students psychology. At the same time, pay attention to the teacher-student interaction in teaching practice. Educational psychology is a science that studies the basic psychological laws of learning and teaching in the context of education and teaching. It mainly studies the psychological process of the teacher-student interaction in teaching and learning, and the psychological phenomenon in the process of teaching and learning. Although Educational psychology is closely related to the basic theories of general psychology, its main research content is students psychological phenomena and the regular pattern of psychological development under the conditions of education and teaching. The relationship between Educational psychology and pedagogy is quite close. Through the guidance of Educational psychology, teachers can understand students psychological phenomena and psychological development laws under the conditions of education and teaching. With the help of Educational psychology, it is easier for teachers to understand students learning motivation, habits, and influencing factors. Teachers, through the appropriate application of educational psychology, can improve the overall planning of education and teaching, improve teaching methods, and improve teaching efficiency.

A Shared Intuitive (Mis)understanding of Psychophysical Law Leads Both Novices and Educated Students to Believe in a Just Noticeable Difference (JND).

Humans are both the scientists who discover psychological laws and the thinkers who behave according to those laws. Oftentimes, when our natural behavior is in accord with those laws, this dual role serves us well: our intuitions about our own behavior can serve to inform our discovery of new laws. But, in cases where the laws that we discover through science do not agree with the intuitions and biases we carry into the lab, we may find it harder to believe in and adopt those laws. Here, we explore one such case. Since the founding of psychophysics, the notion of a Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in perceptual discrimination has been ubiquitous in experimental psychology-even in spite of theoretical advances since the 1950's that argue that there can be no such thing as a threshold in perceiving difference. We find that both novices and psychologically educated students alike misunderstand the JND to mean that, below a certain threshold, humans will be unable to tell which of two quantities is greater (e.g., that humans will be completely at chance when trying to judge which is heavier, a bag with 3000 grains of sand or 3001). This belief in chance performance below a threshold is inconsistent with psychophysical law. We argue that belief in a JND is part of our intuitive theory of psychology and is therefore very difficult to dispel.

РОЛЬ ВНУТРЕННЕГО МОНОЛОГА В РАСКРЫТИИ ГЛУБИН ДУШЕВНОЙ ЖИЗНИ РАСКОЛЬНИКОВА (ПО РОМАНУ Ф.М. ДОСТОЕВСКОГО "ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЕ И НАКАЗАНИЕ")

The article traces the evolution of the internal monologue as a means of revealing the depths of the spiritual life of the protagonist in Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the role of the internal monologue is explored depending on the Christian views of the novelist.It is noted that the evolution of the internal monologue is due to a change in the moral and psychological state of the hero and the surrounding reality. However, the novelist believed that a person is determined not only by character, current life circumstances, but also by free will, which can destroy their logic, the laws of psychology and become a resurrection into a new life. The internal monologue becomes the leading means of artistic and psychological analysis in the novel, when the hero chooses self-will, empties his heart and plunges into the element of rationality. Thus, the hero becomes a person of the «environment» and lends himself to a partial psychological explanation.

An Experience-Correction Method of Fractional-Order Systems Subject to Intermittent Sampled-Data Transmission: A Forgetting Curve Perspective

In this article, we establish an experience-correction (E-C) framework to deal with sampled-data fractional-order systems in the manner of general integer-order discrete-time model at sampling instants by coping with the memory effect. The designed E-C controller can be partitioned into local input and history input, respectively. Generated by current sampling, the local input is in a sense analogous to the input of integer-order system. In particular, the history input can correct all previous experience via incorporating earlier local inputs. Emphasize that the weights of earlier local inputs, norm of E-C controller together with corresponding sampling error are proved to descend to origin no slower than the Pareto function, i.e., <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal{O}(t^{-\alpha})$</tex-math> </inline-formula> , where <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha$</tex-math> </inline-formula> represents the derivative’s order. Similar to the well-known forgetting curve, we witness a rapid decline in the proportion of earlier past in E-C controller, which is with respect to one of the memory failures: transience, the deterioration of memory with the passage of time. The closer the order <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha$</tex-math> </inline-formula> is to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1$</tex-math> </inline-formula> , the faster the forgetting is. The above analysis accounts for a phenomenon not previously understood: well-performed simulation results could still be expected in existing research who ignored memory effect and only considered local input. This is owing to the fractional orders are usually hypothesized to be larger than <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.5$</tex-math> </inline-formula> and thus the weight of earlier past decays sharply over time. Furthermore, both absolute and proportional decline of earlier past’s weight will slow down when time goes by, which is consistent with memory consolidation and Jost’s law in psychology. Overall, the E-C method keeps an elegant formulation which theoretically describes the evolution of hereditary effect. Meanwhile, it is also suitable for first-order systems. Thereafter, we address related applications in fractional-order multiagent systems (MASs) subject to intermittent sampled-data communication. Numerical simulations are provided finally to substantiate the effectiveness of theoretical results.

РОЛЬ ВНУТРЕННЕГО МОНОЛОГА В РАСКРЫТИИ ГЛУБИН ДУШЕВНОЙ ЖИЗНИ РАСКОЛЬНИКОВА (ПО РОМАНУ Ф.М. ДОСТОЕВСКОГО "ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЕ И НАКАЗАНИЕ")

The article traces the evolution of the internal monologue as a means of revealing the depths of the spiritual life of the protagonist in Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the role of the internal monologue is explored depending on the Christian views of the novelist. It is noted that the evolution of the internal monologue is due to a change in the moral and psychological state of the hero and the surrounding reality. However, the novelist believed that a person is determined not only by character, current life circumstances, but also by free will, which can destroy their logic, the laws of psychology and become a resurrection into a new life. The internal monologue becomes the leading means of artistic and psychological analysis in the novel, when the hero chooses self-will, empties his heart and plunges into the element of rationality. Thus, the hero becomes a person of the “environment” and lends himself to a partial psychological explanation.

A Fechner multiscale local descriptor for face recognition.

Inspired by Fechner's law, we propose a Fechner multiscale local descriptor (FMLD) for feature extraction and face recognition. Fechner's law is a well-known law in psychology, which states that a human perception is proportional to the logarithm of the intensity of the corresponding significant differences physical quantity. FMLD uses the significant difference between pixels to simulate the pattern perception of human beings to the changes of surroundings. The first round of feature extraction is performed in two local domains of different sizes to capture the structural features of the facial images, resulting in four facial feature images. In the second round of feature extraction, two binary patterns are used to extract local features on the obtained magnitude and direction feature images, and four corresponding feature maps are output. Finally, all feature maps are fused to form an overall histogram feature. Different from the existing descriptors, the FMLD's magnitude and direction features are not isolated. They are derived from the "perceived intensity", thus there is a close relationship between them, which further facilitates the feature representation. In the experiments, we evaluated the performance of FMLD in multiple face databases and compared it with the leading edge approaches. The results show that the proposed FMLD performs well in recognizing images with illumination, pose, expression and occlusion changes. The results also indicate that the feature images produced by FMLD significantly improve the performance of convolutional neural network (CNN), and the combination of FMLD and CNN exhibits better performance than other advanced descriptors.

MOTIVATION MECHANISMS OF A COMPANY’S PERSONNEL

The article examines the mechanisms of personnel motivation that affect the work of the company's employees. Today, company managers need to solve various tasks, and most importantly, how to achieve the strategic goals of the company's activities and retain valuable employees for the company and improve their work performance. One of the ways to solve this issue is to build an effective system of motivating the company's personnel.&#x0D; The main focus of the study is on the formation and improvement of the mechanism of motivation of the company's personnel, which includes economic, social and psychological laws of influence on the behavior of employees. It is proposed to use the basic principles of motivation, methods of motivation, which effectively affect the improvement of the efficiency of the labor activity of employees and the achievement of the company's goals.&#x0D; The proposed personnel motivation mechanism is a prerequisite for increasing labor productivity and has a positive effect on the efficiency of the company's activities and the achievement of set goals.

A Quantitative Study on Expenditure Behavior among Public and Private University Students in Malaysia

The principal point of this study is to examine the relationship between the spending pattern and consumer behavior, especially as it relates to income and financial literacy, among public and private university students in Malaysia. This study adopts Keynes's Psychological Law of Consumption theory. The foremost objective of this theoretical paper was to determine whether there is any difference in spending patterns among public and private university students and the association between parental incomes and spending behavior among public and private university students, as well as to examine the relationship between financial literacy and spending behavior among public and private university students. In addition, this study seeks to determine how well students comprehend the idea of needs and desires. The association between students’ degree of financial literacy as well as their income and their spending habits will next be examined using the data. The link between endogenous and exogenous variables will be determined over both the long and short terms using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The study includes the findings from earlier investigations. The study contributed to a new understanding for the researcher of financial behavior under the categories of needs and wants which outline the importance of financial literacy, parents’ income, and demographic factors. The study also contributes to a new idea for policymakers: adapt financial literacy programs among parents and children.

Fusion of Emotional Thinking and Mental Health of Students in Vocal Music Teaching.

Vocal psychology belongs to the branch of music psychology, which is the cross-study of vocal art and psychology, and is also a new discipline with both theory and application. Vocal singing uses a thinking, conscious person as an instrument that is necessarily governed by the psyche over the physiology, relying on the brain to direct the movement of the singing muscles and the coordination of the vocal organs. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the application of vocal psychology in vocal singing and teaching, to explain the generation and development of various psychological phenomena in singing activities, to reveal the role and significance of various psychological factors, to provide singers with a theoretical basis for psychological aspects, and to correctly understand the scientific laws of the inner psychology of vocal singing. The effectiveness of classroom teaching is reflected in effective and efficient aspects. The effectiveness of a vocal lesson can be measured by the criteria of whether the teaching is oriented, scientific, artistic, and efficient. Effective teaching design is the basis of teaching effectiveness, elaborate teaching organization is the guarantee of teaching effectiveness, and flexible teaching methods are the root of teaching effectiveness; all three need to be closely combined and organically unified. Effective teaching design is a holistic thinking before the implementation of teaching; all factors related to teaching, practice, and evaluation should be fully considered in the teaching design; teachers should take the learning effect of students and the cultivation of employability as the starting point for effective teaching design; and the classroom teaching of "vocal music" is a "process" and teachers should teach in accordance with the teaching design. They should focus on guiding students to experience and cultivate their abilities in a series of "processes" such as the emotion of vocal music, the teaching situation, the effect of listening, the creation of expression, and the aesthetic value. In addition, teachers should combine the teaching methods of transmission and inspiration, classroom teaching, and after-school training and combine relatively fixed teaching methods with flexible teaching methods to maximize the effectiveness of teaching.

МЕТОДЫ И СРЕДСТВА ПСИХОЛОГИИ В УСТНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ

The article reveals the experience of applying the basic methods of psychology in oral history research. The author mainly focuses on the correct application of the method of research conversation taking into account the principles and laws of psychology. Based on the results of research, the article discusses a number of regularities that provide effective interaction between the researcher and the respondent in the process of communication. The paper presents the basic methods of psychology in order to obtain objective information from the narrator from the stage of establishing contact and the process of conversation itself.

A Brief Analysis of the Application of Psychoanalytic Theory

As the original proponent of psychoanalytic theory, Freud summarized the method of self-analysis through long-term analysis and research, and explored the causes of psychological barriers. On this basis, Freud gradually developed psychoanalytic theory and made great contributions to the field of psychoanalytic therapy. Today, psychoanalysis has a history of more than 100 years. Its theory is not rigid but has been developing and changing. Psychoanalysis, as a kind of deep psychology, is not only to describe psychological phenomena but also to explore people's psychological motivation. To reveal the surface psychological laws and explore people's deep unconscious psychological mechanism, so that the psychological state that is difficult to measure can be understood and investigated by people through a certain method.

Research on the Relationship between Mental Accounting and Compensation Incentive

Mental accounting is one of the important contents of behavioral finance research, and there is a close connection mechanism between it and compensation incentive. As people's subconscious cognitive process of money classification, recording, management, and evaluation, mental accounting can affect employees' cognitive feelings of enterprise compensation. Whether it can play the role of compensation incentive needs to explore how to establish an effective employee mental accounting. The psychological law reflected by the cognitive process of mental accounting in this paper has its particularity. Studying the cognitive process of employees' compensation management from this perspective can provide effective support for the accurate implementation of enterprise compensation incentive.

Frege's Anti-Psychologism and Its Relation to The Subject Matter of Logic

Psikolojizm on sekizinci yüzyılda ortaya çıkan ve insan zihninin tüm ürünlerinin psikolojinin yasalarına göre ortaya çıktığını iddia eden bir yaklaşımdır. Bu sebeple tüm felsefi veya bilimsel kavram ve sorunların öznel psikolojik deneyimlere veya birçok öznede gözlenenden yola çıkarak ulaşılan müşterek unsurlara göre açıklanabileceğini kabul eder. Frege yaşadığı yüzyılda ortaya çıkan Psikolojizmin felsefe ve mantık alanında doğurduğu problemleri fark etmiş ve bu görüşe karşı çıkan düşünürlerden birisi olmuştur. Tespit edebildiğimiz kadarıyla ona göre psikolojist yönelimlerin iki temel sorunu söz konusudur. Bunlardan ilki psikolojinin konusu itibarıyla mantık biliminin alanına giren “doğru” kavramını uygun bir tarzda ele alıp açıklaması mümkün olmaması; ikincisi ise bireylerin zihinsel süreçlerinden yola çıkıyor olması açısından psikolojinin normatif olması ve genel için geçerli kanunlar belirlemesinin mümkün olmamasıdır. Frege, “doğru”nun ne olduğunu sorarak soruşturmasına başlar. Doğrunun gündelik kullanımı bize sorgulanması gereken dört temel nesne vermektedir. Bunların İlki, resim veya resim gibi herhangi bir şeyin temsili olan nesneler; ikincisi, bu resimlerin zihnimizde bulunan temsilleri olarak idealar; üçüncüsü, bunlar arası ilişkilere dair kurduğumuz cümleler ve dördüncüsü, bu cümlelerin anlamı olan düşüncelerdir. Tespit edilen dört şeyden yalnızca düşünceler “doğru”nun uygun kullanımına layıktır. Bu durumda mantıkçının araştırması gereken şey de düşüncelerin doğruluğuna ilişkin kanunlar olmalıdır. Frege, mantığı bireysel tasarımlar olan idealardan dolayısıyla öznel olandan arındırmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu çaba onun mantığı formel bir dil ile ifadelendirme girişimlerinin de temel motivasyonudur. Çünkü günlük dilin psikolojik çağrışımlarından tamamen kurtularak mantık yapmak ona göre son derece zordur. Frege’nin argümanlarının, Platoncu bir zeminin olmasının Frege açısından sorunlar doğurduğu açıktır. Ancak, Frege’nin cevapladığı sorunlar da tüm psikolojist anlayışların çözmesi gereken sorunlardır.