Psycholinguistic Research Articles

”I am now on ‘speaking terms’ with my migraine monster” – patient experiences in acceptance-based cognitive behavioral therapy delivered via the internet for migraine: a randomized controlled pilot study using a mixed-method approach

ABSTRACT Migraine is a common neurological disorder globally. Migraines, with or without aura, are episodic and recurring with symptom-free periods. Frequent and prolonged attacks can lead to chronic migraine. This pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate feasibility of therapist-guided, acceptance-based internet cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) as an adjunct to standard medical care for migraine patients in Swedish primary healthcare settings using a mixed methods approach. Participants (treatment n = 15, control n = 14) underwent qualitative and quantitative assessments to evaluate feasibility, acceptance, and initial treatment effects. Interviews with participants (n = 7) indicate that most participants had struggled with migraines for decades and expressed dissatisfaction with the limited medical care. They found the flexible, digital format particularly helpful, praising its accessibility and structured learning. While they appreciated the comprehensive content, some faced challenges with the psychological language and the program pace. Post-treatment, participants reported emotional and behavioral changes, and better migraine management. Seventy-two percent of the 29 participants completed both baseline and 3-month follow-up measures. On average, participants completed 7.7 modules, with 60% completing all 10 modules. Promising effect size indicated a reduction in migraine days during the three-month follow-up. Both qualitative and quantitative data support the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention in primary care settings.

INDEPENDENT WORK AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF A PROFESSIONALLY COMPETENT SPECIALIST

The article is devoted to various issues of methods, types and tasks of independent work/self-work/ in the teaching of foreign language to foreign students. The article notes the need to differentiate the level of basic education of foreign students (preparatory courses and the first course), to pay attention on their adaptation according to their individual general "background", knowledge and emotional mood. This presented work analyzes the features of the organization of independent work/self-work; purpose of the article is to research on the role of independent work of foreign students in the process of professional training. The program for increasing the productivity of independent work should include formation of students' self-awareness, self-esteem, positive attitude to educational activities; and other points. Such work with students develops memory, thinking and logic, helps to create an English-speaking/Ukrainian-speaking environment, there by overcoming the psychological language barrier among students. The task for the author is to find effective forms of education and ways of optimization, to identify mechanisms for optimizing the educational process in accordance with this program. The authors come to the conclusion that according to the new educational paradigm, regardless of specialization and nature of work, any novice specialist must possess fundamental knowledge, professional abilities and skills of his profile, experience in creative and research activities to solve new problems, social evaluation activities; emphasizes the importance of increasing the productivity of independent work at all stages of the educational process in higher education (even working “online”).

How ready is speech-to-text for psychological language research? Evaluating the validity of AI-generated English transcripts for analyzing free-spoken responses in younger and older adults.

For the longest time, the gold standard in preparing spoken language corpora for text analysis in psychology was using human transcription. However, such standard comes at extensive cost, and creates barriers to quantitative spoken language analysis that recent advances in speech-to-text technology could address. The current study quantifies the accuracy of AI-generated transcripts compared to human-corrected transcripts across younger (n = 100) and older (n = 92) adults and two spoken language tasks. Further, it evaluates the validity of Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC)-features extracted from these two kinds of transcripts, as well as transcripts specifically prepared for LIWC analyses via tagging. We find that overall, AI-generated transcripts are highly accurate with a word error rate of 2.50% to 3.36%, albeit being slightly less accurate for younger compared to older adults. LIWC features extracted from either transcripts are highly correlated, while the tagging procedure significantly alters filler word categories. Based on these results, automatic speech-to-text appears to be ready for psychological language research when using spoken language tasks in relatively quiet environments, unless filler words are of interest to researchers.

Rethinking Resistance as Relational – Resisting Psychologization in Psychology: Lessons from Carrère’s Between Two Worlds

AbstractPsychology, and in particular mainstream positive psychology, is fuelled by discourses on resistance strategies, understood as the individual capacity to resist and adapt to negative and oppressive thoughts, circumstances, experiences, and social structures. This self-strategy of resistance is evident in positive psychology’s notions of resilience: grit, life-crafting, and job-crafting behaviors, for example. While positive psychology would have us believe these strategies are associated with overcoming hardship and living a good life, they risk imbricating people in their own oppressions. In this paper, we engage in a reading of Carrère’s Between Two Worlds (original title Ouistreham) (2021), a movie featuring multiple examples of resistance. The movie shows how precarious workers enact self-strategies of resistance to fight for a decent and bearable life. They persevere despite ongoing hardships, seek joy amidst tragic life events, and find meaning in menial labor. However, resistance also appears as relational and political, and thus escapes and exceeds self-focused psychological categories of resistance. Resistance appears as the refusal to be understood solely in individual and individualizing ways – as a psychologized and knowable subject – and is characterized by relational, contextual, and political tactics. The movie profanes established positive psychology’s individualist focus on resistance. This profanation of self-strategies of resistance affords an opportunity to rethink resistance beyond the individual and compels us to problematize the tendency to psychologize and individualize social phenomena. In doing so, our paper too resists the determination of psychological language (i.e., psychologization) and advances ideas for alternative resistances in, to, and of psychology.

Comparing the language style of heads of state in the US, UK, Germany and Switzerland during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic posed a global threat to nearly every society around the world. Individuals turned to their political leaders to safely guide them through this crisis. The most direct way political leaders communicated with their citizens was through official speeches and press conferences. In this report, we compare psychological language markers of four different heads of state during the early stage of the pandemic. Specifically, we collected all pandemic-related speeches and press conferences delivered by political leaders in the USA (Trump), UK (Johnson), Germany (Merkel), and Switzerland (Swiss Federal Council) between February 27th and August 31st, 2020. We used natural language analysis to examine language markers of expressed positive and negative emotions, references to the community (we-talk), analytical thinking, and authenticity and compare these language markers across the four nations. Level differences in the language markers between the leaders can be detected: Trump’s language was characterized by a high expression of positive emotion, Merkel’s by a strong communal focus, and Johnson’s and the Swiss Federal Council by a high level of analytical thinking. Overall, these findings mirror different strategies used by political leaders to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic.

PS-GCN: psycholinguistic graph and sentiment semantic fused graph convolutional networks for personality detection

Personality detection identifies personality traits in text. Current approaches often rely on deep learning networks for text representation but they overlook the significance of psychological language knowledge in connecting user language expression to psychological characteristics. Consequently, the accuracy of personality detection is compromised. To address this issue, this paper presents PS-GCN, a model integrating Psychological knowledge and Sentiment semantic features through Graph Convolution Networks. Firstly, the Bi-LSTM network captures local features of preprocessed sentences to accurately represent the output of sentence sentiment features. Secondly, GCNs map psycholinguistic knowledge, forming semantic networks of entities and relationships. P-GCN is designed to capture the dependency information between psycholinguistic features, while S-GCN utilises syntactic structure analysis to gather more abundant information features and enhance semantic understanding ability. Finally, attention calculation is employed to reinforce key features and weaken irrelevant information. Additionally, a sentence group model captures combined features of related sentences, effectively utilising the text structure to mine sentimental features. Experimental results on multiple datasets demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the classification accuracy in personality detection tasks.

Термины-мифоэпонимы: проблемы понимания и интерпретации

This article deals with eponymous terms in the language of clinical psychology, which incorporate the name of a mythological and/or literary character, referred to as mytho-eponyms. The necessity of categorizing them as a distinct type is justified basing on the pro-found semantic relationships between the onymic and appellative components of the term, representing a relationship of a model or prototype. The model, in this context, is not static but generally constitutes an entire mythological narrative. The challenge in understanding such terms is not only linked to professional knowledge but also to the awareness of cultural texts. To assess the extent of assimilating professional knowledge represented in mytho-eponyms, a methodology for cross-professional surveying is presented. This method includes evaluating the term from the perspectives of two professional focus groups: philology students and medical students. The survey demonstrated, on the one hand, a gradual washout of cultural information from the professional sphere and the erosion of cultural meanings. On the other hand, it served as a criterion for assessing the cognitive accuracy of the term.

IS PSYCHOLOGY ALREADY CONCEPTUALLY COMPLETED, OR ABOUT INFORMATIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN WHICH IS “OBSESSIVELY” ACCOMPANIED BY MENTAL ACTIVITY

The article considers a “paradoxical” situation of general scientific significance, which can be formulated in the question “Why does the human brain, being a physical entity, nevertheless process information biologically or socially expediently?”, although no physical law supports this. A way out of this situation is offered. It consists in indicating that the limbic region of the brain realizes the ability of a person to subjectively evaluate the biological (social) value of external objects and phenomena. Such an explanatory concept, which is, in fact, a “product” of both humanitarian and natural knowledge, allows, in our opinion, to “cross” the line of conceptual and categorical misunderstanding between these “irreconcilable” branches of knowledge. And this intersection is carried out through understanding the essence of the information activity of the brain, which occurs with the help of mental phenomena.
 It is argued that in the neural networks of the brain, along with the usual physical causality, there is an informational causality that orchestrates this physical causality. But it acts due to the presence in the brain, again, of mental phenomena. And above all, the ability of a person to subjectively evaluate (either positively or negatively) the surrounding world, and therefore, to be motivated to eliminate states of uncertainty through the process of information integration (unification, summation, accumulation), which in the language of psychology is mainly a thinking process.
 The leading role of psychology in solving this general scientific problem is considered – primarily because of the scale of its research object, which is the psyche. Psyche, which, it is believed, is an evolutionarily mature “tool” of direct human existence and adaptation to constantly changing world – to uncertainty, to information deficit.

심리학적 한국어 분석 프로그램을 사용한 언어분석 비교

In order to assess the reliability and distinguishing features of the Korean Psychological Language Analysis System (PLAS), a comparative analysis was conducted with KLIWC, a widely used language analysis program in previous research. A diverse range of text genres, including newspaper articles, editorials, non-experimental papers, comments, novels, and essays, were collected for analysis using both PLAS and KLIWC. The comparison of the categories commonly classified by both programs demonstrated a strong correlation, supporting the reliability of PLAS language analysis. Additionally, the analysis of the correlation between the categories of KLIWC and the more detailed categories of PLAS revealed a high correlation, indicating the distinctiveness of PLAS in capturing specific variables. Furthermore, a comparison was conducted between newspaper articles, which aim to convey information, and newspaper editorials, which aim to present responsible arguments on major domestic and international issues, in order to analyze the differences between informative and opinionated texts using PLAS. The analysis revealed significant differences between newspaper editorials and articles in PLAS-specific categories such as status, sensory expression, and tense pre-final endings. Through a comparison of unique categories analyzed only by PLAS, the distinctions between newspaper editorials and articles became more evident. Finally, an in-depth discussion on the characteristics and limitations of PLAS was conducted.

Retracted: The Influence of Children’s Psychological Language Development Based on Computer Digital Statistics Technology

Retracted: The Influence of Children’s Psychological Language Development Based on Computer Digital Statistics Technology

INTERCULTURAL MODEL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING: WAYS OF OPTIMIZATION

The article is devoted to various issues of methods of teaching a foreign language to foreign students. The article notes the need to differentiate the level of basic education of foreign students and individual approach to each of them, thus during studying should use different groups of tasks, and pay attention on degree of students' lexical and grammatical material, their general "background" knowledge and emotional mood. This presented work analyzes the features of the linguistic-socio-cultural method; some principles of the functional-communicative approach are clarified; emphasizes the importance of using the "translation technique" in the classroom in English and Russian, as well as the use of a thematic glossary in the course "Country Studies. History"; the importance of reading literature in Russian and English in the process of social and cultural adaptation of foreign students of the preparatory department is studied. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate various methods and techniques for presenting new material, consolidating and testing knowledge that can be used by a teacher in practical classes in a foreign language. The task for the authors is to find effective forms of education and ways of optimization, to identify mechanisms for optimizing the educational process that can develop the intercultural competence of students, as well as contribute to a positive mood of students during their staying, living and studying in our country. The authors come to the conclusion that texts and tasks for learning should be cognitive, arouse interest among students and be quite complex; it is necessary to use different groups of tasks, a small number of exercises for one rule being studied, and also actively apply game situations, tasks for finding errors and working with dialogues. The selection of reading material, the use of fundamental methods in the study of a foreign language and their integration into a modern communicative method play the important role. Such work with students (as well as the “translation technique”) develops memory, thinking and logic, helps to create an English-speaking/Ukrainian-speaking environment, there by overcoming the psychological language barrier among students. The basic research methods are cultural-typological and contrastive-comparative.

Vulnerable, threat and influencer characterisation for radicalisation risk assessment

ABSTRACT Past work on key actor detection in the area of terrorism typically focuses on the identification of Threats i.e. users with overt radical signals, or Influencers i.e. users who communicate a high volume of tweets and receive a high volume of replies from their followers. In this work, we expanded the detection of key actors to include Vulnerables, Threats and Influencers who displayed consistent behaviours and incorporated the social-level metrics between these actors to assess potential for radicalisation. Through a Twitter Analytic Pipeline which comprised a bot detector, psychological language analysis, stance detector, and social network analysis modules, we detected 14,246 Vulnerables, 25,704 Threats, and 430 Influencers out of a total of 166,653 users in Twitter conversations on the 2020 France terror attacks. A network of 570 users were identified as accounts of interest, demonstrating the utility of this approach in streamlining the detection of persistent, high-ranking Influencers and Threats while contributing to the identification of early risk signals exhibited by Vulnerables.

The role of Emotional Intelligence in Creating and Managing an Effective Learning Environment

Emotional intelligence has attracted the attention of scientists since the 1990s. E.I is a very relevant topic in modern psychology. As the name suggests, emotional intelligence is related to our emotions (affective dimension), thinking (cognitive dimension) and their interaction. The development of an adolescence into a successful personality depends equally on well-developed cognitive abilities and a high rate of emotional development. Despite the fact that genetic factors have an important influence on the development of personality, the formation of the above-mentioned skills mainly takes place in the school environment. A number of studies conducted in different countries of the world offer solid evidence that in the educational process, the development of competencies related to emotional intelligence is one of the most important factors. The ability to recognize and empathize with one's own and other people's emotions allows a person to be happier and more successful. The majority of teachers consider only the student's academic achievements as a necessary condition for success. However, in order for students to achieve success, not only cognitive and intellectual development is needed, but also their social and emotional development. Along with high academic performance, it is important for a student to quickly find a common language in relationships with others, take into account their interests, needs and skilfully resolve conflicts. Therefore, it is important not only to understand one's own feelings and emotions, but also to feel and express them, and it is also important to manage them. All this is called emotional intelligence in modern psychological language. Possession of the latter is a powerful tool for creating and managing an effective learning environment

Fears of Enchantment: Advertising Theory in Britain and the Making of a Modern Myth

This article examines the first emergence of theories of advertising in the psychological language of the nonrational mind in Britain. The theories appeared from the close of the nineteenth century in a new genre of advertising literature: books, essays, pamphlets, course offerings, and periodical publications dedicated to advertising. In dialogue with forgotten 1911 novel by Oliver Onions, Good Boy Seldom: A Romance of Advertisement, the analysis considers the anxieties that attended the new theories, which attributed unusual power to advertising and therefore challenged perceptions of the capitalist economy as disenchanted and disenchanting. It also shows the efforts that professional advertisers made to reconcile their theories with views of consumers as rational, and of the advertising industry itself as a rationalizing force. Their efforts suggest a misinterpretation by Onions and critics of advertising that he foreshadowed, who portrayed advertising professionals as bold canvassers of the public psyche. In fact, they were insecure and uncomfortable with their terms of expertise, and developed them because mounting criticisms levelled at advertising left them little choice. Nonetheless, Onions captured the lasting power of this transformation. Despite their insecurity, early professionals created a myth still harbored today, that advertisers are masters of subliminal control in capitalism.

Mythbusters united? A dialogue over Harris's integrationist linguistics and Gibson's Ecological Psychology

In this paper an integrationist linguist (Peter E Jones) and an Ecological Psychologist (Catherine Read) open a dialogue on the possibility of a productive relationship between the integrationist approach to language and communication of Roy Harris and James Gibson's Ecological Psychology of perceiving/acting/knowing. Within their own disciplinary contexts, each position is one of profound critique and innovation in relation to established and pervasive ‘myths’. Specifically, Harris is concerned with the ‘language myth’—the explicit positions and implicit assumptions in the Western language tradition (including modern linguistics) about the nature of language and the relationship between language and communication. In sharp contrast to mainstream approaches, Harris rejects both coding and representational views of meaning and takes signs (including linguistic signs) to be the product, rather than the precondition, of communicational activity. Similarly, Gibson critiques assumptions about how perception takes place, especially in the case of vision, that have informed Western science at least since Descartes' Optics. In particular, Gibson rejects the passive ‘retinal image fallacy’ of seeing in favour of an activity based non-representational perspective of ‘direct perception’. The paper offers a critical dialogue over the key theoretical perspectives of both traditions, focusing particularly on the import and implications of each theorist's claims and assumptions about the other's field. Highlighting key areas of apparent common ground across the two approaches, we also argue that Gibson appears not to be entirely free of assumptions about language that belong to Harris's ‘language myth’, while Harris appears at times to assume the ‘image’ based model of perception that Gibson rejected. In the context of current interest in a possible reconciliation or combination of integrational linguistics and Ecological Psychology, the paper, therefore, raises fundamental questions around the extent to which these independently developed programmes of demythologization are compatible or possibly synergistic.

In search of the empty moment in psychoanalysis

ABSTRACT In this article I wish to examine the psychological significance of a phenomena that I have termed “an empty moment”, and its possible contribution to psychological healing in analysis, in the presence of a selfobject. I’ll start by defining three characteristics of empty moments. Then, I’ll show that designating this moment “empty” invokes the Buddhist notion of “emptiness.” It thus points to the potential of such moments to liberate from suffering, in keeping with Buddhist thought, or—in psychological language—to lessen a patient’s distress. I’ll demonstrate the characteristics of the empty moment using the analysis of Israeli poet Natan Alterman’s poem; I’ll go on claiming that although the experience of emptiness supposedly takes place outside of the ones psyche, separate from our emergent existence, history, pain, relationships and transference, this is nonetheless an encounter with the psychological existence and hints at the possibility that suffering is not an unavoidable fate, potentially generating deep psychological change. The article ends with a rumination on the responsibility of the analyst to identify such empty moments, and to give them their appropriate weight in psychoanalysis.

Deconstructing humanitarian compassion: Ψ as method

ABSTRACT This paper discusses humanitarian compassion within the Derridean notion of hospitality. Reflecting on the age of Imperial Humanitarianism where Evangelists formed administrative missions to save the souls of the slaves in the colonial provinces of Europe, it aims to address the link of compassion with Christianity and colonialism. Setting the Christian scene of humanitarianism, hospitality as a Derridean concept is introduced to depict that compassion and aid work in-between certain ‘guest and host’ territories. The impossibility of hospitality under these circumstances highlight the play of power relations in which the other is produced. While Derrida argues that hospitality cannot be power-balanced unless the language of the host is deconstructed, psychology in the humanitarian sector performs an ‘emotional hospitality’ which seeks to extract a story of confession. Ψ as method works to open a discussion on suffering, Christianity, and colonialism as a modern form of conversion: the confession of truth in a psychological discourse. Challenging compassion and aid as constituted in psychological discourse, this paper invites therapists to rethink the contextualisation under which these ideals emerged while introducing a discussion on what the language of psychology 'does' to refugees.

Wisdom from words: The psychology of consumer language

AbstractLanguage plays a fundamental role in every aspect of life. But only recently has research begun to understand the role of language in consumer behavior. This paper offers an integrative discussion of research on the language of consumer psychology. We review some of the main areas of inquiry and discuss some key methodological approaches (e.g., automated textual analysis) that have been crucial to the area's development. Further, we outline some broad issues and opportunities in the space and highlight potential directions for future research. We hope to encourage more consumer psychologists to consider the great potential in producing new conceptual and substantive wisdom from words.

КОМУНІКАТИВНІ БАР’ЄРИ ГРОМАДЯН УКРАЇНИ ПІД ЧАС СПІЛКУВАННЯ ІНОЗЕМНОЮ МОВОЮ

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the problem of communication barriers of Ukrainian citizens during communicating in a foreign language. The concept of “communication” is defined, as well as the conditions and types of communication are considered. Communication barriers are characterized, and their classification and displays are studied. The purpose of the article is to reveal communication barriers of Ukrainian citizens during their communication in a foreign language. Our country has a political course towards the European Union, which is also one of the factors of mastering a foreign language at least at the A2 - B1 levels. According to the purpose, the following tasks were set: to analyze the concept of “communication” and to characterize the language barriers of Ukrainian citizens when communicating in a foreign language. The article uses theoretical methods, in particular, methods of analysis and generalization, which allow us to characterize the classification and identify the types of barriers. It is noted that language barriers in communication in a foreign language are one of the cornerstone problems in contact with native speakers at work, studying and travel. The analysis of scientific research shows that communication is one of the key aspects of interaction that unites people in society, makes it possible to learn from each other, cooperate, make friends, and generally exchange information. Communication takes place at different levels, from everyday conversations to formal ones, and it has different topics depending on people’s areas of activity, interests, and speech situations. It is noted that at the present stage, communication is considered in the context of rational structures of identification and individualization and includes such procedures as quantitative numbering, awareness of belonging to a generation and qualitative identification of a person. It is emphasized that “communication” is a concept close to the concept of “spoken language interaction”, but expanded. It is stated that the biggest obstacle to language acquisition is speech and other communication barriers. It is highlighted that a communication barrier in a wide meaning is an individual inability to learn a language at the proper level or to use the knowledge already acquired. The classifications are characterized, and types of barriers are identified. The barriers to communication that can be caused by various reasons are revealed. It is noted that researchers have paid considerable attention to the study of language barriers in the process of learning and practising a foreign language in the classroom. The study of the process of a foreign language learning allows us to state the presence of language barriers, among which such obstacles as the barriers caused by operational and socio-psychological factors, as well as insufficient motivation to learn a language prevail. At the same time, the analysis of scientific research shows that language barriers are obstacles that arise when using a language. They can occur for many reasons, such as limited language proficiency, poor grammar / spelling / punctuation, a pronounced accent or lack of a common language with the interlocutor. Moreover, it is noted that there may also be some technical barriers, meaning a gap in knowledge of technical equipment and software that prevents people from communicating effectively, as mentioned in the general classification of communication barriers. There are also speech and language barrier problems caused by physical disabilities, such as hearing loss or stuttering and psychophysiological ones, such as certain aphasias like dyslexia, alalia, dysarthria etc. Physical and psychophysiological barriers can make it difficult to convey the message, as well as to understand what is being said. It is remarked that when we speak a foreign language, language barriers as a part of communication barriers are usually accompanied by others, especially psychological, emotional, perceptual, and cultural ones. Therefore, it makes sense to study the phenomenon of language barriers in close connection with the mental and intellectual activity of a person. In addition, such barriers may not arise in all communication situations involving a foreign language: they may depend on the role and state, the mood of the communicators, the purpose of the conversation etc. In accordance with the above mentioned, we will distinguish between non-psychological and psychological language barriers, situational and permanent ones.

STYLISTIC FEATURES OF THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE PSYCHOLOGY TEXTS INTO UKRAINIAN

The article focuses on the stylistic features of the translation of English-language texts of popular psychology into Ukrainian. The study of the peculiarities of the translation of English-language texts from popular psychology is due to the progressive nature of the development of the field of psychology in the world and is based on an interdisciplinary approach and consideration of the translation from different points of view. The analysis of stylistic means was carried out for the aspect of displaying emotions, the main characteristics of lexical units were highlighted. Taking into account the narrow focus of the research topic and the achievements that have already been made in this area, the proposed work systematizes and highlights the main features revealed during translation, and analyzes the main ways of transmitting English-language stylistically marked units of professional psychology. The main difficulties that arise when conveying emotions by stylistic means in the English-language literature of popular psychology and their reproduction in the translated language are considered. It is noted that a successful translation brings the reader closer to the socio-cultural features inherent in the text and makes information accessible. The display of various stylistic means actualizes not only the popularity of science in society, but also encourages people to study this topic. It is emphasized that the translator’s ability to successfully apply translation transformations, preserving local features, the primarily intended content and selecting successful counterparts, indicates experience and professionalism in the given topic. The choice of appropriate translation strategies and tactics makes an impact on the general perception of literature in the researched field of popular psychology. Keywords: specialized language of psychology; stylistic means; translation methods; style; literary style.