Psychogenic Factors Research Articles

Impact of psychogenic factors on the dynamics of suicidal behavior in patients of a psychiatric hospital who have committed suicide or a suicidal attempt

The article presents an attempt to assess the impact of individual psychotraumatic events in the life of patients of a psychiatric hospital, including the strength of the psychotraumatic effect, subjective significance, duration, and impact of its resolution on the severity of suicidal risk (under the control of the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation and the Montgomery — Åsberg Depression Rating Scale). The ideas of psychiatrists about suicidal risks have been studied. The data obtained can be used to assess suicidal risk during treatment in a psychiatric hospital and in the early stages after discharge.

Explanatory Model of Psychogenic, Behavioral and Environmental Causal Attributions of Cancer, and Their Psychogenic, Biomedical and Alternative Treatment in the General Population of Medellín, Colombia.

Understanding the causal attributions for cancer, the elements affecting therapeutic adherence, and behaviors that may compromise people's health or even put them at risk of dying from this disease has garnered a considerable degree of attention. This study was designed in the city of Medellín with the aim to develop and validate a model for the study of (i) the categories that can be attributable to cancer etiology, (ii) the categories that can be attributed to the efficacy of treatment, and (iii) the relationship between the categories that can be attributed to the etiology and to the efficacy of the treatment. Structural equations were performed on 611 participants. The analysis revealed that attributing the disease to psychogenic factors distances people from biomedical treatments (β coefficient, -0.12), and brings them closer to psychogenic (β coefficient, 0.22) and alternative treatments (β coefficient, 0.24). Attributing cancer to behavioral factors brings people closer to psychogenic treatments (β coefficient, 0.40) over biomedical treatments (β coefficient, 0.24). Symbolic, cultural, and social factors were evidenced, thereby leading to the underestimation of biomedical treatments and imparting a greater degree of importance to psychogenic or alternative therapies. These therapies will subsequently affect the achievement of therapeutic objectives such as increased survival.

Does Post-COVID-19 Erectile Dysfunction Improve over Time?

Some studies have shown that there may be an increase in the frequency of erectile dysfunction after COVID-19. However, no long-term study has investigated whether this is permanent or temporary. In this study, we aimed to examine whether there was an increase in the frequency of erectile dysfunction among individuals with a history of COVID-19, and, if there was, whether their condition improved over time. In this study, a total of 125 healthy male healthcare workers, 95 with and 30 without a history of COVID-19, were evaluated in terms of erectile function. Four study groups were formed. The first three groups consisted of individuals with a history of COVID-19 confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test at different times, who recovered from the disease (time elapsed since COVID-19 positivity: <6 months for Group 1, 6 to 12 months for Group 2, and >12 months for Group 3). The individuals in Group 4 did not have a history of COVID-19 diagnosis. In order to evaluate the erectile function of the participants, they were asked to complete the five-item International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire (IIEF-5). Then, statistical analyses were performed to evaluate whether there was a difference between the groups in terms of the IIEF-5 scores. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the IIEF-5 scores (p < 0.001), and this difference was determined to be caused by the significantly higher IIEF-5 scores of Groups 3 and 4 compared to Group 1 (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001, respectively). In addition, the IIEF-5 score of Group 4 was statistically significantly higher than that of Group 2 (p < 0.001). However, the IIEF-5 scores did not statistically significantly differ between Groups 1 and 2, Groups 2 and 3, and Groups 3 and 4 (p > 0.999, p = 0.204, and p = 0.592, respectively). There may be deterioration in erectile function after COVID-19; however, this tends to improve over time, especially from the first year after active infection. Given that vascular, hormonal, and/or psychogenic factors may lead to the development of erectile dysfunction after COVID-19, we consider that in order to easily manage this process, it is important to determine the underlying cause, initiate appropriate treatment, and inform couples that this situation can be temporary.

The study of isolation in the collectives of special-purpose railroad cars as an element of the sustainable development of social systems

The article provides examples of labour social isolations. Multiple professions in which social isolation is present are compared, and differences are revealed both in the process of isolation itself and the influence of other psychogenic factors. The question was raised about the complexity of classifying labour social isolation. The definition of social exclusion is given. Teams that face social isolation were considered. The main differences were identified, both in psychogenic factors and in the isolation itself, of each profession. The fact of the existing social isolation in the collectives of specialized railroad cars was proved by conducting empirical studies in these collectives. The “Results” section presents a table that reflects the main psychogenic factors in the professions considered. Based on the data, a classification of labour social isolation was made. The classification of isolation types was represented by two groups: deprivation social isolation, rather acute isolation; irritable social isolation, less problematic but more common social isolation. The possibility of creating a universal “isolation passport” is discussed. All factors of social isolation of the group can be combined into three components: external factors; organizational and production factors; socio-psychological factors.

ПСИХОГЕННЫЕ СТРЕСС-ЗАВИСИМЫЕ ФАКТОРЫ И МЕХАНИЗМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ НАРУШЕНИЙ МЕНСТРУАЛЬНОЙ ФУНКЦИИ

The study aims to present a modern view on psychogenic stress-dependent factors and mechanisms of menstrual disorder development. 94 scientific works were selected from PubMed and Web of Science, as well as the Higher Attestation Commission and RISC journals to analyze the problem of chronic menstrual disorders caused by the presence of psychogenic stress-dependent factors, associated with living conditions, and metabolic disorders, in particular, obesity and coronavirus infection. Unfavorable environmental factors influence the development of neuroendocrine syndromes and menstrual disorders in women via changes in the psychogenic state, activation of the sympathetic link of the autonomic nervous system, disorders of neuroendocrine regulation, and other mechanisms. This results in the development of metabolic disorders, menstrual disorders, and immunodeficiency, which determine the infectious process characteristics.

РОЛЬ ИЕРАРХИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ ФАКТОРОВ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ НОЗОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ СМЕРТНОСТИ

When identifying changes in the health status of the population, it is relevant to study the modern structure of diseases. The purpose of the study is to assess the quantitative and structural changes in mortality associated with factors of different origin in the process of evolution of the regional anthropological ecosystem. Material and methods. Rates and structure of male mortality in the Irkutsk region for the period from 1990 to 2020 have been analyzed. The study used standardized mortality rates according to the European standard population. The trends were evaluated through linear models using standard Excel tools. Significance of the trend equation was calculated using F-test (IBM SPSS Statistics 23). Results. At the 1st stage (1990-1991), the structure of mortality was dominated by: diseases of the circulatory system (34.9%), neoplasms (17.6%), external causes (27.7%), and respiratory diseases (7.4%). At the 2nd stage (1992-2005), the situation was mainly determined by psychogenic factors. Those impacts are indicated as follows: sharply increased mortality from acute vascular heart and brain damages, suicide, murder and accident. At the 3-d stage (2006-2019), along with improvements in the socio-economic situation, the mortality rate was decreasing, especially across the following disease classes: diseases of the circulatory system (from 1237.3 to 785.5o/oooo), external causes (from 553.3 to 228.4o/oooo), respiratory diseases (from 182.2 to 75.2o/oooo). A long-term trend towards increasing mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases was identified. No trend in the dynamics in mortality from diseases of the digestive system was registered. Significant changes in the structure of mortality were noted for infectious and parasitic diseases, respiratory diseases, and digestive diseases indicating a phenomena of pathomorphosis. Since 2020, a new socio-ecological situation has begun to take shape due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A new coronavirus infection has become a powerful factor of pathomorphosis and restructuring of the entire socio-ecological system. Conclusion. Disease development and the relevant mortality are associated with hierarchical changes in the impact of factors of different origin (socio-economic, psychogenic, epidemiological) on the population. Pathomorphosis suggests unfavorable structural changes in the medical, demographic and socio-ecological status of the population.

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The enhanced extreme conditions of servicemen and the National Guard of Ukraine teams, units and formation activities while performing service tasks and combat missions depends on psychogenic factors which lead to disorder of psychological functions as well as to mental disorder. The impact of psychogenic factors typically manifested in such kind of phenomena: loss of ability to orient in situation; unconscious confused behavior; loss of skills in use of weapons; loss of professional qualities; negative individual emotions, moral and legal instability, which lead to cases of antisocial behavior and, sometimes � to criminal behavior. The mentioned above is also impacted destructively by information-psychological factor, which is conducted by introduction of destructive information into servicemen?s both conscious and subconscious mind which leads to distorted perception of reality and inadequate behavior of a serviceman. The introduction of destructive information also impact on group both conscious and subconscious mind which leads to changes into group psychology and collective behavior which decrease the effectiveness of special operation and represented by ineffective activities both a serviceman and a unit related to mission and task compliance and combat actions as a result. Development of protection mechanisms is quite long and hard process for an individual, which makes the issue of an individual?s protection from negative information-psychological impact actual. In particular, it is fully concerns to servicemen and military units of the National Guard of Ukraine while performing service tasks and combat missions.

Retracted: Clinical Manifestations, Imaging Features, and Pathogenic/Prognostic Risk Factors for Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD): A Case-Control Study Based on Psychogenic Factors of Patients.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/8279357.].

Existential youth depressions

To determine the clinical and psychopathological features of existential depression in youth. 53 male patients (16-25 years old) with diagnosis F31.3, F31.4, F32, F33 with existential themes of depressive experiences were studied by clinical and psychopathological method. The axial symptom of existential was over-value ideas about the meaninglessness of their own and human life with ideas of self-abasement, insolvency, low value, imperfection of society, which in most of the studied cases (79.2%) was accompanied by various degrees of severity suicidal thoughts and intentions. Three varieties were identified: with the prevalence of reflections on the meaninglessness of life (39.6%); with the prevalence of neurotic religiosity (28.3%); with an existential philosophical interpretation (32.1%). As a result of the study, the heterogeneity of existential depressions, a significant role of psychogenic factors in their formation were revealed, as a high suicidal risk. Existential depressive states differed in duration, severity of depressive symptoms, high frequency of non-suicidal self-neglect and suicidal risk.

PREVALENCE OF ORAL MUCOSAL LESIONS IN PATIENTS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN A TERTIARY MEDICAL CENTER

Background: Psychological stress adversely affects the physiological effectiveness of a person to an abundant point of melancholy. Considering the high prevalence of oral health problems in psychiatric patients, the present study was conducted to assess prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in psychiatric patients attending psychiatric outpatient department (OPD) at Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital. Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Outpatient Department of psychiatry at Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital in Biratnagar. A total number of 130 patients diagnosed with oral mucosal lesions and stress related conditions were screened. Data for this research was collected by Oral visual examination. Statistical analysis was carried out by using spss software version 21 with use of descriptive statistics like mean and percentage. Results: Majority of the participants were females constituting of 61% of the study group and male subjects with 39 % of the sample size. Major participants were of 38-48 years of range and least from 58 years and above. Schizophrenia was most prevalent psychiatric disorder. Lichen planus was mostly associated with 38% of females, while apthous ulcers were predominant in 40 % of male populations. Conclusions: Oral mucosal Lesions lessen the quality of life of patients, the role of stress and other psychogenic factors cannot be ruled out. The present study highlights the association of stress and anxiety in development of mucosal lesions in patients with psychiatric disorders.

Relationships on Old Smoking, Number of Cigarette Consumption Per Day, Body Mass Index (Bmi), Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Hypertension with The Decrease of Erection Function Performance in Men 45-64 Years Old Visiting Hospitals

The decrease in erectile function performance is the inability to sustain an erection long enough during intercourse (NIH Consensus Conference, 1993). The etiology of decrease in erectile function performance is multifactorial; organic factors, and psychogenic factors involved in the ability to get and maintain an erection (Agarwal, 2006). The decrease in erectile function performance in this study was measured using IIEF-5 questionnaire. This study is a cross-sectional observative research that use the results of the questionnaire answers of the respondents. Obtained a population of 161 people who were then screened to 109 people who fit the criteria of this research by using insidential sampling method. The results of this study showed a decrease in erectile function performance of 56.88% of the total respondents. Correlation test results showed a significant association of each variable age, duration of smoking, number of cigarettes per day, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension with a decrease in erectile function performance. Then for Body Mass Index (BMI) in this study did not show any significant relationship with decreased in erectile function performance. This is because the respondents in this study consist only of normal wight (18.5 to 24.9) and over weight (25 to 29.9). Advice given to avoid decrease in erectile function performance is to reduce cigarette consumption, and improve or treat an unhealthy condition such as BMI above normal, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia and hypertension. This study only retrieve data from the questionnaire so that the data are less and incomplete clear risk factors.

Mental disorders during the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection: causes and predisposing factors

Objective : to study the causes and predictors of mental disorders during the COVID-19 epidemic in those who turned to psychiatrist for the first time, as well as in patients with already diagnosed mental illness. Patients and methods . We examined 100 patients who turned to a psychiatrist due to a deterioration in their mental state during the pandemic, 50 patients were newly diagnosed (Group 1) and 50 with previously diagnosed mental disorders (Group 2). The study was carried out by a clinical method using a specially designed map, followed by statistical processing of the obtained data. Results and discussion . Mental disorders caused by the COVID-19 pandemic more often occurred at a young age, in patients with higher and secondary specialized education, and in single patients. In the 1st group, as a result of exposure to psychogenic factors (the influence of the media, quarantine, economic changes), anxiety (36.8%) and depressive (21.1%) disorders occurred more often, and after the coronavirus infection, depressive disorders were in the first place (54.2%). The 2nd group mostly included patients with endogenous disorders (bipolar affective disorder – 24%, recurrent depressive disorder – 20%, schizophrenia – 20%), which were exacerbated more often as a result of COVID-19, to a lesser extent – psychogenic (experiences associated with a change in material status and illness of relatives). Obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, somatoform disorders have been associated with epidemic factors. Conclusion . The results obtained indicate that there are differences between the mental disorders that first appeared during the pandemic and the exacerbations of the condition in mentally ill patients, which relate to the predictors, causes and clinical manifestations of these disorders.

The Wiesbaden Inventory for Positive Psychotherapy and Family Therapy (WIPPF 2.0) by Peseschkian N. for assessing internal resources of the individual

Introduction. The realities of life are a serious challenge to a person's resilience, readiness to overcome everyday difficulties, function effectively and interact with other people. The Covid-19 pandemic caused a serious world crisis, which is now aggravated by the war in Ukraine. Therefore, research into personal resources, which are protection against the negative psychogenic factors, is important for the science of psychology. Aim: to reveal the diagnostic capabilities of Wiesbaden Inventory for Positive Psychotherapy and Family Therapy (WIPPF 2.0) by Peseschkian &amp; Deidenbach for identifying the internal resources of the individual in empirical research, counseling, psychotherapy, and coaching. Methods. The Wiesbaden Inventory for Positive Psychotherapy and Family Therapy (WIPPF) by Peseschkian &amp; Deidenbach, the English version of the questionnaire (WIPPF 2.0), revised and supplemented by A. Remmers, the WIPPF Ukrainian version adapted by L. Serdyuk and S. Otenko. Results. The internal resources of the individual are defined as a system of interconnected capabilities (emotional, need-based, motivational, behavioral, etc.) of the individual that have a mobilizing and adapting function. It has been proven that the WIPPF is a reliable, valid and effective tool for empirical studies of the internal resources of a person. Conclusions. Wiesbaden Inventory for Positive Psychotherapy and Family Therapy is a reliable and valid tool for assessing a person's primary and secondary abilities, conflict content, conflict reactions, and role models. The WIPPF makes it possible to find out the psychodynamics of conflicts and reactions of the individuals. The Ukrainian-language version of the WIPPF corresponds to the conceptual apparatus of positive mental health sciences and can be used in personality psychology as a research instrument.

Urticaria: Etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment

Urticaria is the most common skin disease, it may be chronic or acute. Infections, medicines, psychogenic factors, food, and respiratory allergens such factors are accused of etiology. But sometimes it may be idiopathic. H1 antihistamines and short-term systemic corticosteroids are taken for the treatment. H2 antagonists may be preferred during resistant cases. Cyclosporine, omalizumab, and leukotriene receptor antagonists are other treatment options considered during missed events.

Enuresis: Nocturnal Enuresis and Diurnal Enuresis

The American Pediatric Academy proposed the acceptable definition of enuresis as, the involuntary wetting of clothes or bedding by urine during the daytime or nighttime. The main reasons of enuresis are delay in central nervous system maturation, under capacitated bladder, abnormalities of the urinary tract, nocturnal insufficient antidiuretic hormone secretion and psychogenic factors. Mothers of pediatric with enuresis observed a lower quality of life, in terms of anxiety and depression, more stress and more intensity of pain than mothers of healthy pediatric. Nocturnal enuresis is characterized as the symptoms of intermittent urinary incontinence during sleep, at a minimum age of five yrs, with a minimum duration of three months, and a minimum of one episode per month. Nocturnal enuresis (night time wetting) is more common in boys. Diurnal enuresis can be characterized as unintended urination in a pediatric old enough to have develop control or uncontrolled passing of urine that occurs after age of five yrs and also when a child who is toilet trained has wetting accidents during the day. Diurnal enuresis (daytime wetting (functional daytime urinary incontinence)) is more common in girls.

Response to Moderate and Vigorous Aerobic/Resistance Exercise in a Woman With Long-COVID

Response to Moderate and Vigorous Aerobic/Resistance Exercise in a Woman With Long-COVID

Clinical Manifestations, Imaging Features, and Pathogenic/Prognostic Risk Factors for Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD): A Case-Control Study Based on Psychogenic Factors of Patients.

Objective To survey the clinical manifestations and imaging features of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and analyze the risk factors for pathogenesis/prognosis through a case-control study based on psychogenic factors of patients. Methods According to the inclusion criteria, 200 adult patients were randomly enrolled from the maxillofacial department of our hospital from January 2020 to May 2021, including 100 patients with TMD as the study group and 100 healthy patients as the control group. The study group can be assigned into four subgroups according to their clinical manifestations: (1) articular area or/and masticatory muscle pain group, (2) mandibular movement abnormality group, (3) joint murmur group, and (4) two or more symptom groups. Based on the study of psychogenic factors of patients, the clinical manifestations and imaging features of TMD were determined, and the risk factors for pathogenesis/prognosis were analyzed. Results The distribution of psychological status in the TMD group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The distribution of anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms in the TMD group was significantly different from that in the control group (P < 0.05). Anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms were the risk factors for TMD. Compared with the control group, the incidence of abnormal MRI images in patients with temporomandibular disorders was significantly different (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in psychological status (anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms) among the three groups (P < 0.05). Anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms were the risk factors for abnormal mandibular movement and joint tremor and murmur (P < 0.05). Somatic symptoms were the risk factors for various clinical symptoms of TMD (P < 0.05). Depression was the risk factor for pain (P < 0.05). Conclusion In patients with TMD, MRI can early identify disc abnormalities and other related imaging features, which is helpful for more comprehensive clinical evaluation and treatment of TMD patients. There exhibits no significant difference in psychological status (anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms) of patients with different clinical symptoms, and abnormal psychological status may be one of the risk factors leading to different clinical symptoms and development of different types of TMD patients.

Burning mouth syndrome as a manifestation of an unbalanced psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrine axis in mentally ill women with intestinal dysbiosis: A literature review

Background: Burning mouth syndrome is currently defined as a type of chronic orofacial pain of unknown etiology; however, several publications describe this syndrome as a neurological disorder with multifactorial pathogenesis in which psychogenic, endocrine, and neuropathic factors are involved. The objective of this article is to propose an etiopathogenic model of BMS based on clinical and preclinical evidence published to date. Methods: Through a systematic bibliographic search in 4 scientific databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Embase and the Cochrane library, of articles published in English in the last 20 years. Results: We dare to propose BMS as a trigeminal small-fiber sensory neuropathy influenced by low-grade chronic systemic inflammation, in a scenario of intestinal dysbiosis or psychiatric disorders and exacerbated in peri or postmenopausal women, due to neuroprotective steroid deficiency and greater propensity to psychological disturbances. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop lines of research linked to the taxonomic and functional characterization of the intestinal microbiome in patients with BMS and to compare it with that obtained in mentally ill patients without BMS against a control group, in order, to elucidate its pathogenesis and find new therapeutic targets that allow us to better manage the syndrome, with stable responses over time.

Factors of the psychological status in victims of radiation accidents, which mitigate development of psychosomatic disorders in the long term

Relevance. In terms of environmental and social dimensions, the Chernobyl accident is the largest in the history of Russia. Radiation-hazardous incidents also occurred on nuclear submarines. The leading medical consequences of various radiation accidents in the remote period were the presence of psychosomatic pathology among the liquidators of the consequences of accidents. Intention. To determine the leading factors of psychological status among liquidators of the consequences of radiation accidents, which mitigate the development of psychosomatic disorders in the long term. Methodology. In 2019, a comprehensive in-hospital examination of 101 male liquidators of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was conducted. The examined persons were (65.2 ± 0.7) years old, the average radiation dose was 18 cSv. All surveyed liquidators had somatic pathology with an important contribution of psychogenic factors (hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, gastric/duodenum ulcer etc.). The psychological status was assessed using well-known tests. As a control, we used the reference indicators of the methods for similar gender and age groups. The information obtained was checked for normality of distribution. Arithmetic mean values and their errors (M ± m) are provided. Using the factor analysis with rotation of the array, the factors of psychological status were established. Results and Discussion. It turned out that the liquidators of the consequences of the accident have lowered indicators reflecting an active life position and quality of life. When the respective accident was mentioned, they showed irritability, a feeling of tension and alertness, which indicated their anxiety-phobic experience even in the remote period after the accident. Interest in life, its emotional saturation, and self-confidence were decreased. At the same time, indicators of manipulative and antisocial actions were lower vs the control group. In the factor analysis of psychological indicators using principal components with rotation, 5 factors were formed with a total variance of 58.6 %. Factors with higher association contained psychological signs that contributed to or mitigated psychosomatic disorders as follows: Factor 1, named as “Active life position”, accounted for 31.3 % of the total variance; Factor 2 “Negative socio-psychological consequences of a radiation accident” - 10.1%; Factor 3 “Quality of life” - 8.1 %; Factor 4 “Non-constructive models of behavior in a difficult life situation” - 4.9 %; Factor 5 “Mental health” - 4.1 %. Conclusion. The factor analysis of the results from liquidators of the radiation accident helped identify the leading positive qualities and maladjustment problems that can be targets for psycho-prophylaxis.

A descriptive study of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among female patients with sexual dysfunctions in Armenia

BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with increased risk for a wide range of negative health outcomes, in-cluding sexual dysfunctions. There is a growing interest to advance the science of ACEs to improve the lives of children and families worldwide.Participants and procedureThe purpose of the present study was to explore the extent to which ACEs occur in patients with sexual dysfunctions in Armenia. To this end, the ACE questionnaire was used to assess the presence of adverse experiences from 85 female patients with sexual dysfunctions and 155 sex- and age-adjusted controls.ResultsMore than two-thirds of the patients (74.1%) had been exposed to one or more ACEs and 27.2% had been exposed to four or more ACEs. In the control group, these numbers were 56.1% and 18.1% respectively. Patients had significantly higher ACE scores (M = 2.06, SD = 1.95) than the control group (M = 1.65, SD = 2.50). Parental divorce and witnessing mother being abused (treated violently) were the most prevalent adversities in the patients.ConclusionsThe presence of multiple adverse childhood experiences in the patient group suggests that psychogenic factors are likely involved in sexual dysfunctions. ACEs Aware initiatives in Armenia aimed at screening for childhood adversities can improve the treatment of sexual dysfunctions and ultimately improve health and wellbeing.