Pruning Time Research Articles

Training need assessment of apple growers of district Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh

The study conducted on 100 growers selected randomly from five villages of Pooh block of district Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh revealed that 55 per cent of them had medium level of knowledge about scientific cultivation of apple. A majority of the respondents had knowledge about varieties of apple (100%), pollinators in apple orchards (98%), optimum time of pruning (91%), time of planting in the field (89%) and the number of days a field should be left open before planting (84%) but lacked knowledge in the areas of weed control, management of insect pests and diseases, fruit setting and control of fruit dropping. This implies that technical knowledge in the form of short duration training programmes, on the spot guidance, demonstrations etc on the above aspects should be provided to them. The respondents needed training in postharvest technology, fruit setting, application of manures and fertilizers, weed control and marketing of apple. Unprecedented weather conditions followed by frequent road blockage particularly at the time of marketing and lack of marketing knowledge etc were some of the main constraints faced by them. The respondents suggested that the trainings should be need-based, given on practical aspects, conducted at a convenient place and they should be informed well in time.

Chemical solution is an efficient method to induce the formation of 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone derivatives in Aquilaria sinensis

Agarwood is a highly valuable resinous and fragrant heartwood used worldwide as advanced tea, incense for religious ceremonies, traditional Chinese medicine and perfume. Healthy trees do not produce agarwood; wounding and infectious disease initiate its formation. In this study, mechanical wounds, fungal elicitors and salt solution were applied to induce the formation of 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones, which are the principal compounds in agarwood. In this research, chemical solution was the best inducer that could induce Aquilaria sinensis calli to produce the highest amount of chromones E and M at 79.20 and 41.62μgg−1, respectively. Chemical solution was then applied on three-year-old saplings by transfusion to verify its induction effect. Chromones E and M were detected in treated saplings after 15 d and then increased with increasing pruning time; their contents reached 22.05 and 3.42μgg−1, respectively. Our results suggested that chemical solution was the most promising chemical inducer for agarwood production on the industrial scale.

Prohexadione-calcium, ethephon, trinexapac-ethyl and maleic hydrazide reduce extension shoot growth of apple

Prohexadione-calcium (P-Ca) is widely used to reduce vegetative growth and labour costs associated with manual pruning. Orchard studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 to determine the response of mature ‘Empire’/M.26 apple trees to individual or combined applications of P-Ca, ethephon (ETH), trinexapac-ethyl (TE), and maleic hydrazide (MH). Sprays were repeated three times at approximately 2-wk intervals starting at petal fall. All compounds reduced extension shoot growth, ranging from 40%–73% in 2012 and 26%–57% in 2013, relative to untreated controls. The greatest reduction in growth was achieved with ETH in one year and P-Ca + ETH and MH in another. The tank-mixed combination of P-Ca + ETH improved vegetative control compared with each compound applied alone. MH caused foliar phytotoxicity and damage to the apical meristem, resulting in the stimulation of lateral shoot growth. Reduction in shoot growth from any of the plant bioregulators (PBR) did not reduce dormant pruning times in the spring followi...

Modification and Performance Evaluation of Date Palm Leaf and Leaf-end Pruning Machine

Modification of date palm leaf and leaf-end pruning machine was carried out according to the following aspects: Considering the conventional pruning method, Geometric dimension of the usual garden tool (sickle) or local named Acfea, Morphological form of date palm tree, Designed machine dimension. In this study, the main aims were focused on: Agronomical specifications, - machine net weight, - on farm operation, - application efficiency. To design and develop this machine, a lightweight Hydro-motor as well as proper size frame, handle, proper, hydraulic control valve and a disk-type cutting blade were used. The machine is able to pruning the leaves and leaves-end with depth of up to 10 cm. In general, two changes were considered for on farm application: as a part of date palm service machine and /or a self-operating machine. In the first phase, because of the lack of enough space for bucket of machine to reach the date palm trunk, pruning operation can be perform from a distance from 1 to 2 meter from the main tree trunk; therefore, the designed machine was equipped with a 3-meter length boom so it can be controlled from the lifting cabin. In the second phase, for the trees that are not higher than 4 meters, the machine can be used as a self-operating machine by ladder. The machine was equipped with a short and convenient handle, which will help the pruner to reach the tree trunk for pruning the leaves and leaves’ end. The prototype pruning machine was installed to the tractor MF-285 and site conditions to test and evaluate performs the machine technical and ergonomically parameters was successful. Field operation of tractor mounted leaf and leaf-end pruning machine was performed in Date Palm and Tropical Fruits Research Institute. 95% of the confidence interval of pruning leaf and leaf-end were achieved between 8 to 14 s and 10 to 19 s, respectively. The total pruning time was gained between 9.9 to 13.8 min for each tree.

Phenology, yield and fruit quality of 'Paluma' guava tree at different pruning times

ABSTRACT Pruning guava trees at different times is an important management tool that allows year-long staggering of fruit production. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the phenological characteristics, yield and fruit quality of the 'Paluma' guava tree at different pruning times in Botucatu, SP. The study used a completely randomized design with four treatments, four replicates and a useful experimental plot plant. The treatments consisted of four different pruning times, August 27, September 11, September 26 and October 11. The following phenological phases were evaluated: branch establishment, flowering, early fruiting, fruit ripening and harvesting. It was determined the number of flower buds, fixed fruits and fixation index fruit were determined. The fruit growth curve was obtained by measuring the transverse and longitudinal diameter. At the time of harvest, the number of fruits per plant, yield and productivity were measured. In the harvested fruits, the fresh mass, the transverse and longitudinal diameter, the flesh and core thickness, the flesh and core mass, soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH were determined. The 'Paluma' guava trees pruned in August showed higher phenological stage durations than the other pruning times; however, those pruned in early September showed higher fixation index fruit, fruit yield and better physical characteristics. The guava trees pruned in August showed lower titratable acidity values and higher soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio.

Optimisation of time of application ofTrichodermabiocontrol agents for protection of grapevine pruning wounds

Background and Aims The application of Trichoderma species on grapevine pruning wound surfaces reduces wound infection from trunk pathogens that cause grapevine decline. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of pruning wound treatments containing Trichoderma as influenced by the time of pruning and time of application following pruning. Methods and Results Cultivars Chenin Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon were pruned early and late in the winter season, respectively, corresponding to the break from the winter dormancy period and the normal pruning time for these cultivars. After pruning, the wounds were treated immediately, 6, 24, 48 or 96 h after pruning with either T. atroviride or T. harzianum. Colonisation of grapevine pruning wounds by the Trichoderma spp. was dependent on the physiological state of the vines as well as the weather conditions at pruning. In dormant vines, colonisation remained high from immediate application up to 48 h after pruning. In vines at break of dormancy, colonisation was highest at 6 and 24 h after application. Natural wound infection was higher in wounds pruned in late winter compared with that in early winter. Conclusions Applying the biocontrol agent 6 h after pruning consistently resulted in a high incidence of Trichoderma spp. in both cultivars at either early or late pruning regardless of vine physiological state or the weather conditions. Significance of Study Pruning early in the season in combination with the application of Trichoderma spp. pruning-wound agents approximately 6 h after pruning can significantly reduce wound infection by trunk pathogens.

The Efficacy of Paclobutrazol Soil Application as it Relates to the Timing of Utility Right-of-Way Pruning

The plant growth regulator paclobutrazol’s effect on live oak trees (Quercus virginiana) was evaluated to determine optimum timing of application and pruning time in Louisiana. Variables considered included length of branch regrowth, branch distance to conductor, pruning time and biomass chipping time. Data were evaluated to determine the ideal application timing of paclobutrazol relative to time of pruning. Live oak trees treated with paclobutrazol had significantly reduced branch regrowth, pruning time and chipping time, as compared to control trees regardless of application timing. Paclobutrazol application on live oak trees was idealized within 90 days pre- to 90 days post-prune. Economically, significant gains were found by utilizing this tool ranging from 180 days pre- to 180 days post-prune, allowing for application timing flexibility to reduce the growth of trees near power lines. Paclobutrazol treated live oak trees demonstrated significantly less re-growth response.

ETHEPHON SPRAYS AS A DEFOLIANT IN ‘NIAGARA ROSADA’ VINE SUBJECTED TO TWO CROP PRODUCTION PER YEAR

ABSTRACT In climate region Cwa of the State of São Paulo the technique of double cropping the grapevine is possible, however, when it is time for the second pruning of the crop, most of the vine’s leaves are still in the plant, posing the problem that the use of ethephon as a defoliant could increase leaf senescence and improve the vine management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethephon spray as a defoliant in the development and production of the ‘Niagara Rosada’ vine when subjected to double cropping, and the influence this bioactivator may have on carbohydrate reserves in the branch. The experiments were conducted in a commercial, non-irrigated area in agricultural years of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. The length, diameter and total carbohydrate reserves of the branches, as well as bud break, number of clusters, crop production, length, width and mass of cluster, berry diameter, soluble solids and titratable acidity were evaluated. Ethephon treatments were applied at a concentration of 1,440 mg L-1 and 2,160 mg L-1 at 20 and 15 days before pruning. As a control, the vines were defoliated by hand at the time of pruning. A randomized block experimental design was used. Data was subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% significance level. In conclusion, we propose that ethephon sprays promoted vine defoliation and improved the bud break, altered plant development and crop production. This was not due to increases in concentration of carbohydrate reserves in the branches, but due to a higher induction stimulus of bud break, which allowed the vines to express their higher yield capacity.

Effect of type and time of pruning on flowering behaviour of Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.) in sub-tropical landscape

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of type and time of pruning on flowering behaviour of Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.) in sub-tropical landscape during 2013–15. The experiment was laid out in two-factor randomized block design comprising four different levels of pruning viz., P0 (unpruned), P1 (45 cm height from ground level), P2 (60 cm height from ground level), P3 (75 cm height from ground level) and five different times of pruning viz., T1(15th October 2013), T2(15th November 2013), T3(15th December 2013), T4 (15th January 2014) and T5 (15th February 2014). Among the levels of pruning, pruning at height of 75 cm from ground level was found to be best for increasing flowering period, quantity and quality. It induced early flowering (bud visibility at 151.53 days, bud opening at 165.33 days, full bloom at 177.87 days), greater flower number 699.33/plant and longer flowering duration 109.73 days. Among the months, February (2014) month responded best in terms of flower earliness (bud visibility at 102.25 days, bud opening at 117.58 days, full bloom at 132.50 days), more number of flowers per plant i. e. 676.33/plant and longer flowering duration 105.92 days compared to other pruning levels and time. The treatment combination pruning at 75 cm from ground levels in February month was the best for good quality flower production.

Effect of pruning intensity on growth, yield and fruit quality characteristics of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv. Gola

The present investigation entitled “Effect of pruning intensity on growth, yield and fruit quality characteristics of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv. Gola” was carried out at the Main Experiment Station, Department of Horticulture, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Faizabad (U.P.) during the year 2009–2010. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four treatments and replicated in four times. The maximum plant height and plant spread was measured with 50% pruning intensity, but differences were found non-significant, while number of sprouted shoots per branch and shoot length varied significantly due to various pruning intensities. The various maximum yield attributing characters were obtained with 50% pruning intensity. The maximum (109.21 kg per plant) fruit yield has been achieved by employing 50% severity of pruning. The highest (75%) severity of pruning has been adjudged as supra-optimal level of pruning severity (negative effect) in increasing fruit yield. Significantly higher total soluble solids (T.S.S.) and vitamin-c has been analyzed in fruits with 50% severity of pruning followed by 25% pruning intensity and lowest noted in control, while acidity of fruits varied non-significantly. The highest reducing and non-reducing sugars, and total sugar of fruits have been analyzed by 50% pruning intensity and lowest one in control but variations were found non-significant in above all biochemical parameters. The maximum plant growth achieved through devised more open tree canopy mechanism which paved the way for significant enhancement of yield attributing characters (fruit set and fruit retention with bold-fruit size and weight) and ultimately better yield having improved quality of fruits have been achieved by employing moderate severity of pruning (50%) under optimum pruning time condition (3rd week of May).

Época e intensidade de poda no desenvolvimento e produção de amoreira-preta cv. Xavante cultivada em sistema orgânico

The practice of winter pruning, held in temperate fruit, has great influence on the development and production of these crops. Changes in pruning system may result in significant changes in the time of harvest, yield and fruit quality.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of time and intensity of pruning in the development and production of blackberry cv. Xavante in organic production system. The experiment was conducted during the crop year 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 in the experimental orchard of the State University of Centro-Oeste (Unicentro)Guarapuava - PR. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with five replications in a 2x2 factorial design, with two pruning times: early and late, and two intensities of pruning side branches: short and long, a total of four treatments. The variables analyzed were: budding percentage (%), percentage of flowering (%), average fruit weight (g), number of fruits, total soluble solids (°brix), yield (kg), estimated yield (kg ha-1) and early yield (kg plant-1 and %). The time and intensity of pruning did not influence the average fruit weight and soluble solids. Early pruning can be a good strategy to obtain higher yields in early harvest. Early and long pruning is recommended in the most productive terms.

Yield and crop cycle time of peaches cultivated in subtropical climates and subjected to different pruning times

<p>The cultivation of peaches in regions of subtropical and tropical climate is currently achieved through a set of practices such as using less demanding cultivars in cold conditions, applying plant growth regulators to break dormancy, and performing specific pruning, like production and renewal pruning. Research on the climate adaptation of cultivars is of great importance in establishing a crop in a given region. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of three cultivars subjected to different production pruning times in Botucatu/SP, where 2-year old peach trees were evaluated, grown at a spacing of 6.0 x 4.0 meters. The experimental design was a split plot design with four blocks, using the cultivars Douradão, BRS Kampai and BRS Rubimel, and the subplots corresponded to pruning times in May, June, July and August. Ten plants were used per plot, with the four central plants considered useful and the remaining considered as margins. Pruning in June and July showed the best results in terms of percentage of fruit set and production. The cultivar BRS Rubimel showed the best percentage of fruit set when pruned in June (44.96%), and best fruit production when pruned in July (18.7 kg plant-1). Pruning in May anticipated the harvest of cultivar BRS Rubimel by 13 days whereas pruning carried out in July and August provided late harvests for cultivars Douradão and BRS Kampai.</p>

Yield and crop cycle time of peaches cultivated in subtropical climates and subjected to different pruning times

The cultivation of peaches in regions of subtropical and tropical climate is currently achieved through a set of practices such as using less demanding cultivars in cold conditions, applying plant growth regulators to break dormancy, and performing specific pruning, like production and renewal pruning. Research on the climate adaptation of cultivars is of great importance in establishing a crop in a given region. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of three cultivars subjected to different production pruning times in Botucatu/SP, where 2-year old peach trees were evaluated, grown at a spacing of 6.0 x 4.0 meters. The experimental design was a split plot design with four blocks, using the cultivars Douradão, BRS Kampai and BRS Rubimel, and the subplots corresponded to pruning times in May, June, July and August. Ten plants were used per plot, with the four central plants considered useful and the remaining considered as margins. Pruning in June and July showed the best results in terms of percentage of fruit set and production. The cultivar BRS Rubimel showed the best percentage of fruit set when pruned in June (44.96%), and best fruit production when pruned in July (18.7 kg plant-1). Pruning in May anticipated the harvest of cultivar BRS Rubimel by 13 days whereas pruning carried out in July and August provided late harvests for cultivars Douradão and BRS Kampai.

Pruning in guava (Psidium guajava) and appraisal of consequent flowering phenology using modified BBCH scale

The guava (Psidium guajava L.) shows well defined phenological stages during growth, flowering and fruiting stages depending upon climatic conditions which of course is amenable to manipulations through cultural interventions. The BBCH scale (Biologische Bundesantalt Bundessortenant and Chemiscle Industrie) is used for recording the data of the different phenological stages in coded form starting from bud development, vegetative stages, floral stages and ends in fruit maturity. Pruning is an important tool for increasing the production but it impacts the normal phenological stages by causing variation in the occurrence of principal and secondary stages. Therefore, the normal BBCH scale proves to be erroneous. In order to assess the quantum of variation on the normal phenology, an experiment was carried out in the guava cv. Lalit for collection of phenological data using the traditional nomenclature described by Fleckinger (1945) and to relate them to the BBCH general scale in pruned or unpruned trees. Significant variation in the principal growth stages was observed as a result of pruning during February, May and September. The duration between the pruning and the beginning bud sprout was from 11 to 15 days during different times of pruning. In contrast, the control unpruned tree showed bud emergence within 2-3 days. The flowering in February and September pruned trees ranged from 78 to 93 days from flower opening and took 153 and 150 days, respectively, for the fruit ripeness as compared to control (129-146 days). Interestingly, beginning of bud sprout occurred in 7 days in May pruning as compared to 3 days in control and the 50 % flowering was hastened and occurred in 43 days and fruit ripening took 136 days. Thus the normal BBCH scale proved to be erroneous in trees subjected to pruning. Phenology of guava according to the traditional Fleckinger Code and the aberrations in the BBCH General Scale resulting from pruning is described in this paper.

Effects of Timing and Intensity of Summer Pruning on Reproductive Traits of Two Southern Highbush Blueberry Cultivars

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) summer pruning can increase yield by promoting healthy fall foliage to support the reproductive development. However, there has been little research to examine the effects of timing and intensity of summer pruning in subtropical conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of summer pruning timing and intensity on reproductive traits of mature ‘Jewel’ and ‘Emerald’ southern highbush blueberry (SHB) plants (V. corymbosum L. interspecific hybrid) in subtropical Florida. The effect of pruning time was evaluated by removing 30% of the canopy in June or July. The effect of intensity was evaluated by pruning either 30% or 60% of the canopy in June, followed by removal of the upper 5 cm of regrowth (“tipping”) in July. Both timing and intensity used nonpruned plants as a control. The same plants were evaluated over three consecutive seasons (June 2011–May 2014). Main effects of pruning time, intensity, and tipping were evaluated. Tipping did not affect the reproductive traits evaluated. ‘Emerald’ reproductive traits were unaffected by either summer pruning time or intensity over the 3-year study. ‘Jewel’ yield was unaffected in the first year, but was increased by 48% and 65% in years 2 and 3, respectively, in the 30% pruning treatment compared with the nonpruned control. Lack of pruning in ‘Jewel’ decreased inflorescence bud number compared with moderate pruning likely due to more diseased foliage that increased defoliation. Thus, pruning effects on reproductive traits were cultivar dependent. Leaving ‘Jewel’ plants unpruned for two or more seasons reduced inflorescence bud number and yield.

Hydraulic Circuit of Mechanical Pruner Drive for Hops on Low Trellises

Abstract A mechanical pruner serves for pruning new hopvine shoots in spring. The later yield depends on the right timing and quality of pruning. That is why hop pruning is one of the most important agrotechnical procedures. A double-disc mechanical pruner used on high trellises cannot be used on low trellises due to its large size. Abroad, for pruning hops on low trellises a specially adapted sprinkler is used (chemical pruning). With regard to the effort to minimize the chemical environmental burden, we opted for the design of the mechanical pruner. Firstly, the low trellis, mechanical pruner, and also elements used in the design of hydraulic circuit are described. Next part of the paper is devoted to the input requirements for both the hydraulic circuit and the mechanical pruner designs. Then a description of an adapted inter-axle carrier used for the experimental model of the hop mechanical pruner and of the effected field measurement follows, along with interpretation of the measured data. These data are depicted in clearly arranged graphs showing the dependency of pressure and hydraulic oil flow on the cutting disc rotational frequency.

Effect of Time and Level of Pruning on Vegetative Growth, Flowering, Yield, and Quality of Guava

Poor quality fruit production in the rainy season and failure to manipulate production periods are common problems for guava production in India and Nepal. As a possible management to overcome these problems, a field experiment was conducted to understand the effect of time and level of pruning on growth, flowering, yield, and quality of guava. An experiment was laid out with split-pot design allocating three pruning times (mid-April, early May, and mid-May) and four pruning levels (0-, 10-, 20-, and 30-cm tip removal) with three replications in each treatment. Increased level of pruning in early May increased the leaf number and area both in rainy and winter seasons. Similarly, an increased level of pruning and delayed pruning increased the fruit size and fruit weight in both seasons. In the winter season, fruit yield per tree was increased by plants pruned in early May. Total soluble sugar (%) of fruits increased with the increased level of pruning in both seasons irrespective of timing of pruning, but fruit acidity was not affected by both treatments. In conclusion, pruning plants at a 20 cm pruning level in early May was the most effective management to reduce yield in the rainy season and to enhance yield and quality in the winter season.

"MINIMAL PRUNING" IN FREE SPINDLE BUSH PEACH TREES TO AVOID AN UNPRODUCTIVE PERIOD

In Italy the “minimal pruning system” (a definition derived from the grapevine pruning technique) is generally utilized in peach orchards. One of its main rules is to initially obtain a “free spindle bush” shape, avoiding cutting back the scion at planting time but using lateral shoots to form future fruiting branches. This experiment involved a comparison of three high density peach plots of 0.5 ha each (with 1,500, 1,100 and 1,100 trees/ha), two varieties (‘Big Top’ and ‘Magique’) budded on GF677, that were trained until the 4th year, according to three “minimal pruning techniques” applied for the free bush system. The trees were converted to a proper “spindlebush” trees between the 3rd and 4th year and resulted in: 1) equilibrated minimal pruning, practiced during Winter and Summer; 2) reduced pruning time, through reducing the number of pruning cuts, utilizing several temporary fruiting branches (4-6/tree) and pruning only in Winter; 3) further reduction of the number of cuts (time) and then equilibrating the load of fruit with thinning and pruning, leaving more fruiting branches (up to 6-10/tree) in Summer. The “free spindle bush” at a density of 1,500 trees/ha performed very well when an equilibrated method of pruning was applied (yield of 18-20 kg/tree/yr with ‘Big Top’ and 55-64 kg/tree/yr from the 2nd to the 4th year with ‘Magique’, corresponding to a cumulative yield of 192 t/ha up to the 4th year. A further reduction of the pruning time was achieved in plots 2 and 3. By utilizing the production of older wood (branches of 2-3 years) the ‘Big Top’ trees achieved a higher yield (from 32 to 46 kg/tree/yr), but ‘Magique’ yields stayed the same. The most significant result of the highest equilibrated HDP system (1,500 tree/ha) was the size of the ‘Big Top’ fruit: 57% of the fruits were classified as size A and AA, versus 17-21% in the other two systems. With ‘Magique’ 40% of fruits were sizes A-AA almost comparable with the other two systems. Between the two systems which used old bearing wood, the performance was highest and better (for size) on the second plot (1,100 trees/ha) where the Winter pruned old branches were generally no more than 4-6/tree and therefore most of the best fruiting shoots were maintained on the trees.

THE PRUNING DEMANDS OF 'ROYAL GLORY' AND 'SYMPHONY' PEACH CULTIVARS IN TWO TRAINING SYSTEMS AND SIX DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS

The pruning intensity of two peach cultivars grafted on six different rootstocks and two tree shapes (modified spindles and vase-shaped crowns) was evaluated during years 2008-2011. The cultivars ‘Royal Glory’ and ‘Symphony’ were evaluated on the rootstocks GF 677, Lesiberian, Ishtara, Julior, Pumiselect, and MrS 2/5 (Prunus cerasifera A— P. spinosa). As the control, ‘Redhaven’ grafted on vineyard peach seedling rootstock was chosen. For the intensity of pruning treatment, five trees from each combination were evaluated for time to prune and the results were expressed cumulatively in the seconds. After a statistical evaluation, various combinations were selected with different pruning time consumption. The rootstock Pumiselect was the weakest with the most preliminary decline. The very good canopy structure for both spindle and vase-shaped crowns was achieved in the combination with the rootstock Ishtara.

CAN A CHANGE IN VINEYARD PRACTICE MITIGATE WARMING DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE?

Predicted warming resulting from climate change is expected to advance the phenology of grapevines. As a consequence, where traditional vineyard methods are used, fruit will ripen earlier in the growing season and potentially under warmer conditions. This in turn may alter the flavour and aroma profiles of wines grown in many of the traditional winegrowing regions of the world. Modified vineyard management practices may be used to negate the effects of changes in development time from warming as indicated from techniques that delay the onset of veraison (e.g., delaying pruning time, reducing the leaf area to fruit weight ratio, and/or using plant growth regulators after fruit set). These practices may counteract a small (+0.5°C) increase in average daily temperature enabling current grape cultivars to continue to be grown in traditional regions. However, these modified practices may be insufficient to reverse the advance in phenology resulting from a temperature rise of 2.0?C.