Provisions Of Polish Law Research Articles

Permissibility of the involvement of the Polish armed forces to secure the electoral process in Poland

The purpose of this research is to establish whether it is permissible for the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland to be involved in the electoral process when none of the states of emergency provided for by the Polish Constitution cannot be introduced. So, my aim is to answer the question whether the Polish Armed Forces can ensure the security of the electoral process in Poland. To this end, one must examine the Polish legal system, composed of not only provisions of Polish law, but also of binding supranational law and soft law. It is beyond the scope of this study to explore possible measures to be taken based on the provisions of Section 20, “Militarization and Protection of Objects of Special Importance for the Security or Defence of the State” of the Act of 11 March 2022 on Homeland Defence (consolidated text: Journal of Laws of 2022, item 2305), since, as Article 600(1) provides, “in the event that a state of emergency is declared in the entire territory of the Republic of Poland, a state of war, mobilization, and in time of war, the Council of Ministers may extend militarization to the units eligible for militarization and under the obligation to perform tasks vitally important for the security or defence of the state”.

ON THE CONCEPT OF A WORK ESTABLISHMENT TRADE UNION ORGANISATION AFTER THE AMENDMENT TO THE PROVISIONS OF THE COLLECTIVE LABOUR LAW OF 2018

The presented study concerns the concept of a work establishment trade union organisation after the changes introduced to collective labour by the Act of 5 July 2018 amending the Act on Trade Unions and certain other acts. Its main purpose is to consider the impact of changing the concept of an employer on the concept of a work establishment trade union organisation. The research is based on a dogmatic and legal analysis of the provisions of Polish law as well as on case-law and legal writing statements. As a result of the considerations, the Author comes to the conclusion that the above-mentioned changes to the legal regulations create complications that are difficult to explain. In the Author’s opinion, the only way out of the legal impasse would be to change the law by assuming that the employer within the meaning of Article 3 of the Labour Code and within the meaning of the provisions of collective labour law is an entity with legal capacity within the meaning of art. 33 and art. 331 of the Civil Code.

Uporczywa terapia w świetle orzecznictwa i doktryny w aspekcie praw pacjenta i skorelowanych z nimi obowiązków lekarza

Persistent therapy is the continuation of treatment despite having assessed the patient’s clinical condition as showing no prospect of improvement, having exhausted all available treatment options and having found that continued therapy would extend the patient’s suffering with no chance of improvement. Persistent therapy is an exception from the physician’s obligation to provide medical assistance in each case when delay could result in the threat of loss of life, serious bodily injury or serious health disorder. Provisions of Polish law do not provide for any special procedure for consent by an authorized body (e.g. court) for discontinuation of treatment as the result of a finding of no medical indications for its continuation. Accordingly, it rests upon the medical staff to make and implement the decision in this regard. This includes first and foremost making a collective decision, reflecting all circumstances relating to the patient’s clinical condition in the medical records, and giving effect in practice to the patient’s rights — including the right to be informed about the condition of one’s health, to give informed consent to the provision of a medical service, and to die peacefully and with dignity — as appropriate given the patient’s state of consciousness.

Юридические основания трудоустройства иностранцев в Польше: исторический очерк, современность и пандемия COVID‑19

Goal – the article analyses the most important legal acts regulating the employment of foreigners in Poland. The article aims to evaluate the adequacy of the introduced legal changes to the needs of the Polish labour market. The assumed hypothesis was that the legal regulations on the employment of foreigners in Poland are adjusted to the changes in the economic reality. Research methodology – the article includes an analysis of the available literature and the current legal acts that regulate the studied problem. Moreover, observations con cerning the adaptation of Polish legal regulations to the constantly growing interest of foreigners in the Polish labour market were made in the article. Score/results – the conducted analysis allowed us to verify the research hypothesis positively. It has been acknowledged that the provisions of Polish law in the field of employment of foreigners have been adapted to the changing economic conditions, al though the procedure for obtaining work permits for foreigners remains complicated. Originality/value – the article shows a cross-section of changes that have taken place in Polish labour law in the field of employment of foreigners in recent years.Changes in the Polish labour law have been presented chronologically, which helps to organize the knowledge on the topic. Moreover, it also considers the current problem of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on legal aspects of employment of foreigners in Poland.

Tryb ratyfikacji przez Rzeczpospolitą Polską decyzji Rady Europejskiej (UE, Euroatom) 2020/2053 z 14 grudnia 2020 r. w sprawie systemu zasobów własnych

In determining the correct procedure for ratification of Council Decision 2020/2053, the author has analysed the provisions of Polish law and European Union law. In the author’s opinion, on the basis of the Council Decision there is no transfer of powers of state authorities within the meaning of Article 90 of the Constitution. Therefore, in Polish conditions this will mean the requirement of the application of the so-called “large” ratification, referred to in Article 89 para. 1 of the Constitution. Such a solution is supported both by the substantive content of the provisions contained in Council Decision 2020/2053, the previous practice of ratifying Council Decisions on the system of own resources of the EU, as well as the order to apply a “pro-EU” interpretation.

Issues concerning divorce in European Court of Human Rights case law

The article deals with the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in the context of the individuals’ possibility to dissolveone’s marriage in general and other issues related to divorce.Starting with the case of Johnston and Others v. Ireland (1986) ECHR made it clear that a right to divorce cannot be derived fromArticle 12 of the Convention (Right to marry). The Court stated that drafters of the Convention had no intention to include in Article12 any guarantee of a right to have the ties of marriage dissolved by divorce. On the other hand, in case of F. v. Switzerland (1987)ECHR stated that if national legislation allows divorce, which is not a requirement of the Convention, Article 12 secures for divorcedpersons the right to remarry without unreasonable restrictions.In more recent cases the Court dealt with issues concerning the lengthy divorce proceedings that impaired applicants’ right tomarry again. In this aspect the Court would not exclude that a failure to conduct divorce proceedings within a reasonable time could incertain circumstances raise an issue under Article 12 of the Convention. However, in such cases the Court emphasizes more on the issueof the violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention in light of the failure of the domestic authorities to conduct the divorce proceedingsefficiently.Another side of divorce proceedings was reviewed in case of Babiarz v. Poland (2017) where the applicant complained that byrefusing to grant him a divorce the authorities had prevented him from marrying the woman with whom he had been living and had achild. The situation arose due to the provisions of Polish law that a divorce could not be granted if it had been requested by the partywhose fault it was that the marriage had broken down, if the other party refused to consent. In the Court’s view, if the provisions of theConvention cannot be interpreted as guaranteeing a possibility, under domestic law, of obtaining divorce, they cannot, a fortiori, beinterpreted as guaranteeing a favourable outcome in divorce proceedings instituted under the provision of that law allowing for adivorce.

Provisions of Polish Law Concerning Interventions Against a Family Affected by Violence – The „Blue Cards” Procedure, its Legal Nature and Practical Problems and Related to Application

The subject matter of this article is the analysis of the provisions of the “Blue Cards” procedure initiated in the case of obtaining information about the use of domestic violence. The introduction presents the implementation thereof on the basis of the Act on Counteracting Domestic Violence. Next, the normative definition of domestic violence and family member and problems related to their practical application are discussed. The final sections illustrate the legal nature of the “Blue Cards” procedure, its course and legal steps that may be taken by a person suspected of using violence and family members affected thereby. Przepisy prawa polskiego dotyczące podejmowania interwencji wobec rodziny dotkniętej przemocą – procedura „Niebieskie Karty”, jej charakter prawny i praktyczne problemy związane z jej stosowaniem Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza przepisów procedury „Niebieskie Karty”, inicjowanej w przypadku powzięcia informacji o stosowaniu przemocy w rodzinie. Na wstępie przedstawiono genezę wprowadzenia tej regulacji na grunt ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu przemocy w rodzinie. W dalszej kolejności przybliżono normatywną definicję przemocy w rodzinie i członka rodziny oraz problemy związane z ich praktycznym stosowaniem. W kolejnych częściach przedstawiono charakter prawny procedury „Niebieskie Karty”, jej przebieg oraz kroki prawne jakie może podejmować osoba podejrzana o stosowanie takiej przemocy oraz członkowie rodziny dotknięci taką przemocą.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE LIQUIDATION OF THE BANK ENFORCEMENT TITLE AND SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS

The subject of the article is an analysis of the regulation of the banking enforcement title in the provisions of Polish law, the reasons for its revocation by the Constitutional Tribunal in the judgment of 14.04.2015 and the use of instruments by banks for the quick and effective recovery of claims from their clients. Considerations are conducted both in the context of the constitutional principle of and the principle of equality of arms between banks and their clients in court proceedings, as well as social expectations regarding the abolition of banking privileges. The article also analyzes the effects of the repeal on 07.11.2019 of the Article 485 § 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure which constitutes the basis for banks to obtain orders for payment in order for payment based on an excerpt from bank books signed by persons authorized to make statements regarding the property rights and obligations of the bank, which in practice constituted a kind of new version of the repealed banking enforcement title.

PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS – SELECTED ISSUES

This article contains considerations regarding the protection of personal data included in the provisions of Polish law and international regulations. It raises the issue of the right to collect information about citizens by public authorities. It contains an interpretation of the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg and, in particular, the Act of 29 August 1997 on the protection of personal data. It also contains statistical data on proceedings initiated and committed crimes related to obstructing public authorities from accessing information, destroying data, computer sabotage, preventing the production of computer software related to cybercrime. In the article, the author also focuses on the analysis of the number of final convictions pronounced by the courts for such offenses and the types of penalties adjudicated for them in the last twelve years.

Rozpowszechnianie utworów a autorskie prawa majątkowe jako przedmiot harmonizacji w prawie Unii Europejskiej

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i analiza głównych problemów związanych z zakresem autorskich praw majątkowych do rozpowszechniania utworu. Punkt wyjścia stanowią zmiany, jakie zachodziły w ustawie o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych w ciągu ostatnich dwudziestu lat. Zmiany te podyktowane były z jednej strony postępem technologicznym i powstaniem nowych sposobów eksploatacji utworów szczególnie w środowisku cyfrowym, a z drugiej – koniecznością dostosowania prawa polskiego do prawa Unii Europejskiej. W związku z tezą Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej, że harmonizacja w zakresie prawa do publicznego udostępniania utworu ma charakter maksymalny, w prawie polskim nie mogą istnieć żadne odstępstwa od standardu wyznaczonego w prawie Unii. W przypadku prawa do rozpowszechniania utworów oznacza to konieczność zapewnienia, że prawo to obejmuje te sposoby eksploatacji, które objęte są art. 3 dyrektywy 2001/29/WE o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych w społeczeństwie informacyjnym, zgodnie z wykładnią TSUE. Przedmiotem artykułu jest zatem omówienie najistotniejszych tez z bogatego orzecznictwa TSUE, a następnie przedstawienie kluczowych problemów, jakie na tle prawa Unii powstają w prawie polskim, w szczególności w odniesieniu do odtwarzania nadań w miejscach publicznych i kwalifikacji udostępniania linków.