Provisional Measures Research Articles

PANDEMIA DA COVID-19 E SAÚDE MENTAL: O TRABALHADOR E A RESPONSABILIDADE DO EMPREGADOR NA MODALIDADE HOME OFFICE

This article is about the theme of labor law, reflecting on the main changes in employment contracts in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, discussing how the relationship between the worker and the employer's responsibility in the home office modality exists at the time of COVID-19 pandemic and what are the problems to mental health. In this sense, the research develops the general goal of analyzing the responsibilities of the employer and worker in the current situation of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil in relation to the home office work modality, as well as the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the worker´s mental health. The research methodology starts with a literature review of bibliographic and legal nature and it is developed through a research of exploratory and descriptive nature under the perspective of qualitative research and content analysis. As a result the analyzes carried out show, based on the direction of Article 6 of the new wording of the CLT, highlighting that the current Provisional Measures no 1.045/2021 and no 1.046/21, present points that require a more in-depth discussion for understanding and clarification on the relationship of the employment contract for the Home office modality. As for the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of workers, the research also shows that physical distancing and isolation measures can be effective in combating the COVID-19 pandemic, but it can also configure the number of workers who may have illnesses or mental disorders caused by the effects of the pandemic.

THE ROHINGYA GENOCIDE CASE (THE GAMBIA V MYANMAR): BREACH OF OBLIGATIONS ERGA OMNES PARTES AND THE ISSUE OF STANDING

On 23rd January 2020, the International Court of Justice indicated provisional measures to protect the Rohingya from the alleged genocidal acts committed in Myanmar. Rejecting the argument made by Myanmar, the World Court decided that The Gambia has standing before the court although it was not directly injured by the alleged wrongful act. The court applied the concept of “obligations erga omnes partes” in the context of its ruling on standing. The court, however, did not elaborate more on the concept and did not touch on its details. Since this case had attracted so much international attention, the concept has become a trending topic for legal discourse. This article, therefore, is an attempt to resolve the issues of whether the concept of obligations erga omnes partes has been established as a rule of customary international law and whether such an obligation may arise from any type of multilateral treaty and any provision in a multilateral treaty. To this end, the article analyses the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the case law of international human rights courts and the work and the valuable commentary of the International Law Commission on Article 48 of the Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally wrongful Act 2001. The article concludes that the concept of obligations erga omnes partes has been established as a rule of customary international law, that it may arise from any type of multilateral treaty and that it is applicable only in relation to the provision of a treaty that is essential to the accomplishment of object and purpose of the treaty.

The proportionality of provisional measures in ICSID arbitration

International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) tribunals increasingly regard proportionality as a requirement for the indication of provisional measures. While proportionality's relevance to the application of substantive investment protection standards has received significant scholarly attention, less discussed is proportionality's potential impact in the provisional measures context. In light of proposals raised in the ongoing ICSID Rules Amendment Project to codify a requirement of proportionality for provisional measures, this article analyses how proportionality might be used to address State concerns regarding the effect of provisional measures on their sovereign prerogatives. It argues that the proportionality requirement's codification could meaningfully alter the approach of ICSID tribunals to provisional measures in a way which is valuable to States, but which remains fair to investors. To do so, this article outlines specifically what is meant by the ‘proportionality requirement’ in the context of the ICSID provisional measures framework, as well as the concerns which have animated State comments regarding its proposed codification in the ICSID Rules (Section 2). This article then contends that the proposed codification has the potential to meet State concerns at little cost to investors (Section 3). In order to illustrate the point, ICSID tribunals’ treatment of requests for the suspension of domestic tax enforcement is contrasted against their treatment of requests for the suspension of criminal investigations or proceedings.

A REFORMA DO ENSINO MÉDIO E A FORMAÇÃO DA CLASSE TRABALHADORA NO RIO DE JANEIRO

In this paper we aim to develop a critical study about the High School Reform proposal, as well as, identify the main effects that it will produce. This Reform was established by Provisional Measure 746/2016 (MP 746/2016) and, subsequently, it was turned in the Law 13,415 / 2017. The main focus is explaining the incipient process of construction and regulation of the Reform of High School, and of the Curriculum Common National Base in the state education network of Rio de Janeiro. We point some facts about the process in Rio de Janeiro, such as, how the process of reformulating high school in the administrative and pedagogical scope is already a process that has been happening by 10 years in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, we consider that dynamic is related to the pro-capital economic policy adopted in Brazil since the 1990s, which was deepened by the recent Reforms. In this context, there is an accelerating process of privatization of higher education, organized through the agenda of the dominant sectors in the area of education.

Regulação governamental em tempos de crise no segmento privado do ensino superior brasileiro

Neste artigo tem-se como objetivo de discutir os impactos dos movimentos regulatórios nas IES brasileiras a partir do panorama apesentado nos atos regulatórios publicados desde o início da pandemia covid-19 no Brasil. Por meio de uma análise documental, considerando portarias, pareceres e medidas provisórias publicadas desde março de 2020, buscou-se compreender a dinâmica regulatória neste período de crise e o papel de cada entidade neste processo. Ao analisar os dados as categorias de análise foram concebidas a partir da análise de conteúdo e ofereceram condições para compreender o movimento que impactou o ensino superior brasileiro. Os resultados demonstram que o papel do Conselho Nacional da Educação foi essencial para a prototipação do modelo brasileiro de ensino mediado por tecnologias.

Judicial intervention in granting interim measures in international arbitration

AbstractArbitration as a dispute settlement mechanism is gaining popularity due to various factors such as its consensual nature and flexibility as compared to court proceedings. Independency of arbitration as an adjudication mechanism has enhanced and distanced it from the involvement of national courts. However, there may be times when parties may seek intervention of courts to secure interim or conservatory measures till final award in rendered. This article discusses whether an emergency arbitrator is a proper arbitrator who renders enforceable decisions and whether the provisional measures so granted should be construed as final award or not.

Precarização do trabalho em saúde e o sofrimento mental no Brasil no contexto da COVID-19

O presente estudo teve como objetivo refletir sobre as repercussões da precarização do trabalho em saúde e o sofrimento mental enfrentado por profissionais da saúde, no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil. Síntese de conteúdo: trata-se de um ensaio teórico crítico, realizado a partir da problematização da Medida Provisória 927 de 2020, aplicada ao contexto da pandemia da COVID-19, que tem resultado na superexploração do trabalhador da saúde. Compreende-se que o desmonte das leis trabalhistas tem ocorrido de modo sistemático e difuso no Brasil, porém, nos últimos três anos, essa vertente tem se intensificado, encontrando no contexto da pandemia pelo novo coronavírus espaço para se estabelecer como meio legítimo. É a partir desta ação do Governo Federal que a flexibilização dos contratos trabalhistas, o aumento da jornada de trabalho, a redução do tempo de descanso e desobrigação sobre a segurança e a saúde ocupacional se estabelecem como meio legal. Isso acarreta o agravamento da precarização e da sobrecarga do trabalho, resultando em sofrimento mental pelos profissionais da saúde. Conclusão: torna-se fundamental ampliar o debate o peso da legislação trabalhista, portanto de suas reformas, sobre a saúde do trabalhador, o que impacta sobre a prática das entidades de classe e dos órgãos trabalhistas em prol da proteção dos direitos sociais e da preservação da saúde mental dos trabalhadores.

A aplicação de medidas cautelares pessoais em audiências de custódia: um olhar a partir da prisão em flagrante de pessoas em situação de rua

O artigo partiu da pergunta: como ocorre a aplicação de medidas cautelares pessoais nos encontros presenciais entre atores jurídicos e pessoas em situação de rua em audiências de custódia? Realizou-se pesquisa de campo no Núcleo de Prisão em Flagrante e Audiências de Custódia de Salvador, em dois períodos do ano de 2018, coletando dados em distintos contextos de demanda por ordem na cidade, para entender os sentidos conferidos por juízes, promotores e defensores em relação às medidas cautelares em espécie. Dentre a observação de audiências com 69 custodiados, a pesquisa teve como amostra operacional casos de 19 pessoas em situação de rua. Em relação a estes, também foi realizada análise documental dos 19 autos de prisão em flagrante e 52 processos pretéritos, entre ações penais e autos de prisão em flagrante, que constavam como registros criminais. Expandindo a análise para além da mera ausência ou insuficiência de fundamentação nas decisões e analisando a técnica do “paredão” como procedimento informal de audiência, problematizou-se as funções não declaradas que vêm sendo atribuídas às medidas cautelares, a depender do contexto de demanda punitiva, e a conformação da lógica da “prisão a médio prazo”. O trabalho conclui que as medidas tidas como alternativas, além de não serem debatidas sob os critérios legais de cautelaridade, exercem uma função de antecipação punitiva e se inserem na gestão sociorracial urbana, apresentando conexões mais profundas com a prisão preventiva, que é mantida em seu horizonte.

Mutual legal assistance under the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement

This article provides an analysis of the new provisions in the EUUK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) that govern Mutual Legal Assistance in criminal matters. While only few provisions of the European Investigation Order are picked up by the TCA, it is mostly based on the Council of Europe’s European Mutual Assistance Convention of 1959. An overview on applicable law is provided, after which a closer look is taken at procedural aspects in general as well as specific differences between previously applicable and new provisions. In this respect, two conditions for issuing a request are considered, namely availability in similar domestic cases and proportionality. Grounds for refusal, provisional measures and legal remedies also are highlighted. The authors conclude that the new provisions leave a lot of unanswered questions and that while mutual legal assistance can continue, it will happen at reduced pace.

Provisional Measures of Trademark Enforcement in Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis with Malaysia and USA

Trademark is mark, name, sign, smell or a sound distinguishes goods and services of one undertaking from goods and services of other undertakings. It is required to be distinctive and non-descriptive. It losses its distinctiveness when registered owner of trademark does not take prompt action against its infringement. Provisional Measures of trademark enforcement is a measure initiated by the owner of trademark during civil or administrative procedure of trademark enforcement to prevent further counterfeiting of his trademark and to protect evidence he relies upon during civil or administrative procedure of trademark enforcement. Provisional Measures of trademark enforcement in member states of World Trade Organization (WTO) must be expedient, adequate, fair, equitable, and must not be complicated, costly and time consuming. Provisional measures of trademark enforcement is a civil procedure where owner of trademark may ask the Court to prevent counterfeiter from trademark counterfeiting. This study is qualitative method of research a comparative analysis of provisional measures of trademark enforcement in Pakistan, Malaysia and USA. After a comparative analysis of provisional measures of trademark enforcement in Pakistan, Malaysia and USA, it is found that Lanham Trademark Act 1946 is comprehensive trademark law of United States of America (USA) prescribed grounds to grant and refuse to grant injunctions to prevent trademark counterfeiting. It is also found that there is a requirement in Lanham Trademark Act 1946 for a person against whom injunctive relief is passed to submit report in writing about manner and method of compliance with injunction order. These findings are required to be prescribed in trademark law of Pakistan for betterment of provisional measures of trademark enforcement.

Pleonasmo Jurídico da MP nº 966/2020

O presente trabalho tem o escopo de fazer uma análise crítica da MP n. 966/2020, que dispõe sobre a responsabilização de agentes públicos por ação e omissão em atos relacioandos com a pandemia da covid-19. A referida norma, todavia, apenas reproduziu dispositivos inseridos pela Lei n. 13.655/18 à LINDB, assim como do Decreto n. 9.839/19. A mencionada legislação, reforçando o pragmatismo jurídico, busca criar um ambiente propício para o gestor público bem intencionado e que quer agir de maneira inovadora, o que se afigura útil para suplantar a crise atual. Instado a se manifestar, o STF, utilizando-se do pragamatismo, estabeleceu parâmetros interpretativos a fim de harmonizar a MP n. 966/2020 à Constituição. Acredita-se que, não obstante salutar a manifestação do Supremo, a Medida Provisória, ao repetir o que já normatizado, em nada inovou, incorrendo em um pleonasmo jurídico desnecessário.

Wellbeing Literacy: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Preliminary Empirical Findings from Students, Parents and School Staff.

Aims: Wellbeing literacy is the intentional use of wellbeing relevant vocabulary, knowledge and language skills to maintain or improve the wellbeing of oneself, others and the world. In this study, we operationalize the human aspects of the concept of wellbeing literacy and empirically test its relationship with wellbeing and illbeing. We also assess its incremental variance in wellbeing and illbeing, after controlling for existing and well-established predictors of these constructs within education settings. Methods: We developed and empirically tested the Wellbeing literacy 6-item (Well-Lit 6) scale to assess the concept of wellbeing literacy in the education context. The scale was developed based on a working definition of wellbeing literacy, in combination with the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA)’s definition of literacy. The Well-Lit 6 was administered via a cross-sectional survey to three Australian samples that comprise different elements of Australian education systems: students (N = 1392), parents (N = 584) and school staff (N = 317). Results: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) suggested the six items of the Well-Lit 6 form an independent construct, empirically distinguishable from other wellbeing-related constructs (e.g., general wellbeing, resilience, and emotion regulation). Convergent analyses showed wellbeing literacy was positively related to wellbeing and negatively related to illbeing. Incremental validity analyses showed wellbeing literacy predicted variance in wellbeing and illbeing after controlling for participant demographics, resilience, and emotion regulation, showing initial evidence of incremental validity. Conclusions: Our results provide preliminary evidence that wellbeing literacy is a distinct construct from wellbeing and illbeing, and it also demonstrates significant unique variance in these constructs over and above resilience and emotion regulation. The Well-Lit 6 is a useful provisional measure of wellbeing literacy, although we suggest a fruitful avenue for future research is to develop a more comprehensive scale of wellbeing literacy that denotes specific facets of communication, allowing a fuller exploration wellbeing literacy, its components, and their antecedents and consequences. We offer further recommendations for future research and discuss limitations with our approach.

The Question of Jurisdiction in the 2019 Arbitration between Ukraine and Russia

Abstract This case, involving the Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov, was initiated by Ukraine against Russia under Annex VII, UNCLOS, on 1 April 2019. Having cleared the stage of provisional measures before the ITLOS, it is pending before an arbitral tribunal established under Annex VII. After the ITLOS proceedings, there is room either to broaden the scope of jurisdiction for the tribunal or to narrow it. The question of jurisdiction to be considered here reflects wider issues common to other arbitral proceedings under Annex VII. Two propositions will therefore be considered. The first is that, as the dispute may lie in the source of the supposed right for the Ukrainian warships to pass through the strait, the 2003 Cooperation Agreement may displace the UNCLOS, divesting the tribunal of jurisdiction. The second proposition is that, if the incident of 25 November 2018 involves, solely or primarily, a dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the UNCLOS, the provisions should include those of Articles 19, 25 (1), 30, 45, and 311, which provide other causes of action.

Relações Executivo-Legislativo na Perspectiva da Medida Provisória no Brasil e do Decreto-Lei em Portugal | Executive-Legislative Relations from the Perspective of the Provisional Measure in Brazil and the Decree-Law in Portugal

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the relationship between the executive and legislative branches from the comparison between the presidential system adopted in Brazil and the semi-presidential system in force in Portugal. The research seeks to identify whether different systems of government produce different results in the capacity of the executive branch to intervene and direct legislative production. To produce a comparison between the two countries, the prerogative of the Brazilian president to produce Provisional Measures was used as an analysis variable and in the Portuguese case the production of Decree-Laws initiated by the Prime Minister. The research comprised the post-democratic period in the two countries, covering 26 years in Brazil and 37 years in Portugal. The results found demonstrate the high capacity that the Portuguese Prime Minister finds to direct legislative production, but this has not remained stable over time. In Brazil, the President’s ability to obtain legislative support for his initiative projects is quite precarious, but this resource has remained stable throughout the analyzed period.

Unofficial English Translation of Brazilian Provisional Measure 1068, on Content Moderation

Unofficial English translation of provisional measure on content moderation in Brazil, amending Marco Civil da Internet.

An Investigation Into Medical Waste Management Practices In Hospitals In Northern Peninsula Malaysia

The main aim of the study was toinvestigatethe medical waste management practices located in the north part hospitals in Malaysia. The northern part includes (Penang, Kedah, Perlis and Perak States). A questionnaire survey was mainly used for gathering information concerning different medical waste management aspects by identifying training services, segregation, and containers, storage, collection, transportation as well as ward attendants. Forty (40) hospitals (public and private) located in the above-mentioned stateswere targeted. The sample size of the whole study was 250 questionnaires; these questionnaires came from different hospitals where they located in the states of Penang, Kedah, Perlis, and Perak. As results, it was found from the analysis that although training programs were offered in the most places, there were not common centralized areas for training and even not applicable at all by 3.5% within the hospitals surveyed in Penang state accordingly to the administrative questionnaire. However, ongoing training programs either for old or new workers had been not identified. The responsibility for the waste to get segregated obviously not practiced by clear designated staff. Other numbers of problems that hospitals are facing in terms of medical waste managementinclude lack of sacks which are not totally subjected to tear, lack of provisional measures carried out to prohibit liquids running out from waste and not enough protective gear were used by workers. From the results of this study, it was clear that medical waste had not received sufficient attention according to WHO recommendation standard. Therefore, it was concluded that the majority of the examined areas had shown lack of practices in terms of segregation, collection, storage and transportation in dealing efficiently with medical waste management. In addition to that, all the interested parties (government, hospitals and workers at healthcare facilities) wrer recommended to implement a safe reliable medical waste management strategy, not only in legislation and policy formation but also particularly in its monitoring and enforcement, which can be achieved by the cooperation of Ministry of Health, Environmental Quality Authority, Ministry of Local Government, and Non-Governmental Organizations working in the same fields.

Digging Deeper into the “Plausibility of Rights”-Criterion in the Provisional Measures Jurisprudence of the ICJ

Abstract Since 2009, the ICJ has included a plausibility requirement as a condition for indicating provisional measures as demanded by the applicant. What that criterion exactly means and how it is to be applied remains uncertain. This short contribution delves into some blind spots, which have not to date been meaningfully discussed either by the Court or in legal writings. The two main issues turn around the meaning of “preservation of rights” and the applicable standard for determining plausibility. In particular the rights-limb is replete with legal intricacies. Further, some ancillary aspects are discussed, e.g. the link of plausibility with jurisdictional issues. Various conclusions are drawn and some preferred interpretations uttered on these questions.

Direito à alimentação adequada e a medida provisória 870/2019: um estudo à luz da constitucionalidade

RESUMO:O presente estudo pretende refletir sobre a efetividade do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada no Estado Democrático de Direito à luz da teoria de justiça enquanto desenvolvimento das capacidades humanas, e a constitucionalidade da Medida Provisória (MP) n. 870, editada em 01 de janeiro de 2019, que revogou as disposições da Lei n. 11.346/06 referentes às atribuições e composição do Conselho de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (CONSEA), órgão de diálogo e participação social, que compõe um dos pilares do Sistema de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SISAN). A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na abordagem qualitativa a partir da revisão crítica da literatura. A reorganização administrativa do novo governo por medida provisória é legítima, porém a extinção do órgão implicaria na inviabilidade do Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional ao não transferir a outro ente suas competências, violando a dimensão organizativa dos Direitos Fundamentais. No cenário de fortes desigualdades, em um ambiente de baixa participação social, as ameaças poderiam desconstruir a ideia de Justiça a partir da lógica do bem-estar social, afetando a concretização do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada.

Utilização de um podcast para disseminação de informações sobre a MP/936/2020: um relato de experiência

Diversas foram as mudanças trazidas pelo novo coronavírus, principalmente quanto a direitos e deveres. Sendo assim a Universidade Estadual do Tocantins por meio do projeto de extensão “Saúde virtual: a prevenção dentro da sua casa” com objetivo de dirimir dúvidas, bem como disponibilizar orientações relacionadas à pandemia do novo coronavírus e seus impactos em diversas áreas promoveu divulgações e atendimentos de forma online, este relato de experiência trata-se da ação integrante do projeto, vivenciado por acadêmicos e professores na produção de um podcast a respeito da Medida Provisória 936/2020, desenvolvido no âmbito do Projeto de Extensão: “Saúde Virtual: A prevenção dentro da sua casa”. A metodologia utilizada foi o procedimento de pesquisa bibliográfica apresentado de maneira descritiva, para criação do podcast houve treinamento de áudio visual, o material foi disponibilizado no site que teve 566 visitações. Desta forma percebe-se que houve a garantia de acesso à informações pertinentes durante o período de pandemia, provocou-se também a vivência e a prática do uso de tecnologias pelos professores e alunos.

Guillaume Kigbafori Soro and Others v. Rep. of Côte d'Ivoire (Afr. Ct. H.P.R.)

On April 22, 2020, the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (the Court) rendered an order for provisional measures in the case Guillaume Kigbafori Soro and Others v. Côte d'Ivoire. In this decision, the Court found that the situation of the applicants who were facing criminal proceedings domestically was sufficiently urgent and grave to ask Côte d'Ivoire to halt the execution of the arrest and detention warrants issued against them, with a view to preserving their rights and avoiding irreparable harm against them.