Provision Of Supplements Research Articles

Impact of a breastfeeding promotion program for Hmong women at selected WIC sites in Northern California

The very low rate of breastfeeding among Hmong immigrants to the U.S. is of concern to the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The objective of this intervention was to increase breastfeeding initiation by specifically targeting attitudes towards infant feeding among Hmong WIC participants. The intervention group (n = 63) was compared with a control group (n = 349) of women who had delivered infants within the previous 8 months. The intervention consisted of a prenatal class and individual meeting, immediate support within 3 days postpartum, and a final interview 3 to 6 weeks postpartum. In the intervention group, 24 women (38.1%) initiated breastfeeding and 11 (17.5%) were still breastfeeding at the final interview, whereas in the control group, 19 women (5.4%) reported breastfeeding at their first postpartum WIC interview at 3 to 6 weeks postpartum (17.5% vs. 5.4%; p = .002). Older mothers were more likely to breastfeed. Primary reasons for choosing formula included the availability of WIC vouchers and the perception that formula feeding was more convenient. Barriers to breastfeeding initiation included delayed first breastfeed (mean = 20 hours postpartum), separation of infant and mother, provision of supplements in the hospital, and gifts of formula at discharge. This study illustrates that a short-term, targeted intervention can have a positive effect on the initiation of breastfeeding.

Improved body weight status as a result of nutrition intervention in adult, HIV-positive outpatients

Objective Malnutrition is an important consequence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); involuntary weight loss greater than 10% is one criterion that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention uses for the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This study was designed to determine whether nutrition intervention in a group of adult, HIV-positive outpatients affected weight maintenance.Methods We undertook a retrospective review of 175 patient charts from the AIDS Reproductive Health Clinic and the Center for Special Studies at The New York Hospital. Forty-nine charts were excluded because the patient expressed a desire to reduce weight, discontinued medical care, or died. Seven charts were eliminated because of missing data. In the remaining patients (n=119), weights were recorded for the initial clinic contact and for a follow-up visit at least 6 months later. Nutrition intervention completed by a registered dietitian was indicated on 42 patient charts (intervention group); intervention included dietary assessment, intake analysis, appropriate counseling, follow-up, and provision of supplements as needed. The remaining 77 charts did not indicate nutrition intervention; this group was called the nonintervention group. Differences between the intervention and nonintervention groups were analyzed using the two-tailed Fisher exact test and the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test.Results Forty-two subjects (35% of the total) received nutrition intervention, including all of those with gastrointestinal problems (n=10) and wasting (n=11). Individuals in the intervention group gained a significant (P < .02) 1.2±11.4 lb (mean ± standard deviation; median= +3 lb) compared with those in the nonintervention group who lost a mean of 3.5±12.8 lb (median= −4 lb). Twenty-six subjects (63%) in the intervention group maintained or gained weight compared with 32 subjects (42%) in the nonintervention group.Conclusion The results of this study suggest that nutrition intervention in HIV-infected persons can improve nutritional status and may lead to an enhanced ability to fight infection.

Carbon cycle variations on the Earth's surface during the last two glacial cycles

Data concerning carbon cycle variations on the earth's surface during the past 200,000 years are reviewed. The variations of the surface temperature ( T) and concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the atmosphere of Antarctica are compared to those of the isotopic ratios of oxygen 18O/ 16O ( δ 18O) and of carbon 13C/ 12C (° 13C) of waters in the deep oceans for the two last glacial cycles. This comparison shows that the decrease of the atmospheric CO 2 concentration is accompanied by a carbon transferase from the continental biosphere to the oceanic deep waters. At the glacial maximum this transfer is estimated to be about 500 GtC (1 GtC = 10 15g of carbon) equivalent to 25% of the carbon storage of the biosphere. It occurs mainly in the high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere by incorporation of CO 2 into particulate matter during photosynthesis. It is shown that the mean oceanic productivity does not increase with a supplementary supply of ions such as phosphate (PO 4 3−) or nitrate (NO 3 −) but that the intensity of the thermohaline circulation is certainly reduced. As the warming up of the oceans and the melting of the ice-sheet begin carbon transfer takes place to restore the continental biosphere. Another carbon transfer of a much more important intensity is also at work in the sea shore environment. Its intensity could be sufficient to renew the entire carbon of the continental biospheric, atmospheric and oceanic reservoirs in a length of time comparable to a glacial cycle. This fact shows the importance of studying the deposition of carbon in oceanic zones which are uncovered with drops in sea level. At the present time data on the coastal environment in relation to the global carbon cycle are very scarce and warrants more research in this area.

The response of spring-born suckled calves to the provision of supplementary feeding when grazing two sward heights in autumn

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to measure the response of spring-born suckled calves to supplementary feeding when they grazed, with their dams, on swards of different heights in the autumn. Two swards were maintained at mean heights of either 5·8 cm or 9·0 cm, and calves were offered 0, 0·76 or 1 -51 kg organic matter (OM) per day of a commercially available supplement for a period of 60 days until weaning. Supplement intakes by the calves grazing the taller sward increased throughout the 60-day period, but did not exceed 0·75 kg OM per day. There was no response in terms of calf live-weight gain to the provision of supplement on the sward maintained at 9·0 cm. On the shorter sward, intake of supplement increased at a greater rate and reached 0·75 kg OM within 3 weeks. Maximum intake by those calves offered 1·51 kg supplement OM per day was 1·25 kg OM per day. The provision of supplementary feeding when mean sward height was 5·8 cm resulted in a significant increase in calf live-weight gain (P &lt; 0·05), although supplementary feeding did not fully compensate for the reduction in milk and herbage intakes because of partial substitution of supplement for herbage. During the winter after weaning the calves that had previously grazed the shorter sward showed increased live-weight gain compared with those that had previously grazed the taller sward but prior supplementary feeding was without significant effect in this group.

The scavenging of U, 230Th and 231Pa during pulsed hydrothermal activity at 20°S, East Pacific Rise

Uranium, Th and Pa isotopes were measured in eight box-cores from two transects to the west of the East Pacific Rise at 10°S and 20°S. Sediment geochemistry (Al, Ca, Fe, Mn) and water column paniculates (Mn) suggest that highly metalliferous plumes, rich in Fe and Mn, are emanating from the rise crest at 19°S. Measurements of 230Th xs and 231Pa xs indicate decreasing sediment accumulation rates from the rise flank (0.4 cm ky −1) to the Tiki Basin (0.23 cm ky −1). Over this geographical area Al is found to have a constant flux of 3.6 × 10 −4 g cm −2 ky −1. Application of an Al constant flux model to ridge crest metalliferous sediment reveals two 1,000 year pulses of hydrothermal activity during the Holoccne (since 11,000 y BP). These hydrothermal pulses are characterised by hydrothermal Fe/Mn ratios (3.5:1), enhanced 230Th and 231Pa scavenging, and low 230Th xs/ 231Pa xs ratios (3–4). The similarity of the 230Th xs and 231Pa xs ratio to the dissolved seawaterrauo suggests that in fracuonation of the isotopes occurs during scavenging. Supplementary supply of dissolved 230Th and 231Pa in a westwards-moving water mass is suggested.

Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. 10. The effects of concentrate supplements on the voluntary consumption and digestion of a medium quality roughage

Feed intake and digestion studies were conducted with sheep offered a medium quality roughage and given various concentrate supplements. The provision of supplements in amounts equal to c. 23% of voluntary roughage consumption always decreased roughage intake. The decrease with wheat-based supplements was little affected by supplement feeding frequency, by use of ground grain rather than whole grain or by the provision of additional essential nutrients, but its magnitude was reduced by c. 30% with use of buffer salts to prevent decline in rumen digesta pH. The supplements were associated with less digesta in the alimentary tract and less rumination. Supplements increased the rate of liquor outflow from the reticulum and the rate of marker clearance from the reticula-rumen. The rumen digesta and reticulum digesta differed with respect to particle size distribution and only some 30% of the organic matter in reticulum digesta was in particles too large to pass to the omasum. The data were considered to be consistent with a concept that the regulation of roughage intake involves an interplay between the animal's energy metabolism and the quantity of digesta in the reticula-rumen and to indicate (i) some discrimination against the larger particles in digesta flow from the rumen to the reticulum, (ii) appreciable discrimination on the basis of size of particle in digesta flow from the reticulum to the omasum, and (iii) regardless of state of subdivision, constraints applied to digesta passage to the omasum which could have affected the level of feed intake achieved.

Glucose Water Supplementation of the Breastfed Infant During the First Three Days of Life

A review of breastfeeding management literature fails to identify guidelines for use of water supplements or complements for the breastfed infant in the first three days of life. Admonitions to avoid routine provision of supplements or complements to the breastfeeding infant do not distinguish between formula or glucose water as supplements. In some hospitals, a bottle of glucose water is offered after each breastfeeding. Rationales for providing supplementary or complementary feedings of glucose water are identified. The risks and benefits of this practice are examined.

Induced Regeneration of Calvaria by Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) in Dogs

In the adult dog, a 14-mm skull trephine defect regenerates only incompletely in the lifetime of the individual. Only about half of the defect is repaired; the regenerated part develops by extension of growth from the bony rim. Correlated roentgenographic and histomorphometric methods demonstrate that new bone develops by proliferation of preexisting osteoprogenitor cells lining the diploë and perivascular cells of the bone marrow stroma. An autogeneic bone graft, including bone marrow, provides a supplementary supply of cells in a homostructural framework and generally completes the repair process. Transplants of bone marrow alone fail to repair the defect. Implants of bovine bone morphogenetic protein (bBMP) and a carrier consisting of matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid rich protein (without any additional bone or bone marrow) induce repair almost as completely as an autograft. BMP-induced bone regeneration is incomplete in the thin lateral temporal marrow-deficient part of the cranium. Implants of BMP plus bone marrow induce complete repair, suggesting that calvarial bone regeneration is bone marrow stroma-dependent for a supply of target cells. The target for BMP in cranial bone regeneration is the perivascular connective tissue cells (pericyte) of the host bed marrow stroma and endosteum. The molecular mechanism of differentiation of pericytes into osteoprogenitor cells is not known, but the process is irreversible, heritable, and presents a solvable problem.

Life of powder metallurgy bearings with boundary self-lubrication

The largest portion of the powder metallurgy industryVs production (55% by types of parts and 70% by tonnage) is powder metallurgy sliding bearings [I] impregnated with oil. The efforts of scientists and production personnel have been directed primarily toward the development of materials and bearings operating with flood lubrication (in an oil bath, with supplementary supply of oil to the gap, etc.). Under such operating conditions the advantages of porous bearings are not manifested to the greatest degree. Their use is most effective with the formation of a lubricant film only as the result of the oil located in the pores. However, the absence of scientifically based principles for providing selflubricabilitY is the reason for frequent failures, low operating times until failure, and loading conditions which are delaying the wide use of powder metallurgy bearings without supplementary lubrication.

Utilization and Disposal of Fly Ash and Other Coal Residues in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Review

AbstractA major shift to coal as an energy source adjunct with more stringent air quality standards will result in the increasing production of vast quantities of the already difficult‐to‐dispose coal residues in the United States. Since coal residues contain potentially hazardous substances, improper handling and disposal could cause undesirable environmental effects. This report intends to summarize impacts of land‐oriented utilization and disposal of various coal combustion residues.The physical and chemical properties of coal ashes are dependent on the coal's geological origin, combustion conditions, efficiency of particulate removal, and degree of weathering before final disposal. Coal residues, applied on cropland, are not practical sources of essential plant nutrients N, P, and K; however, they can effectively serve as a supplementary supply of Ca, S, B, Mo, and Se to soils. Fly ash could also be an effective amendment in neutralizing soil acidity. Many of the observed chemical and biological effects of fly ash applications to soils resulted from the increased activities of Ca2+ and OH− ions. Most unweathered fly ashes, especially those coming from the subbituminous and lignite coals of the western U.S., are high in these constituents and usually will cause high soil salinity. The accumulation of B, Mo, Se, and soluble salts in fly ash‐amended soils appear to be the most serious constraints associated with land application of fly ash to soil.

Auxin-Promoted Transport of Metabolites in Stems ofPhaseolus vulgarisL.: FURTHER STUDIES ON EFFECTS REMOTE FROM THE SITE OF HORMONE APPLICATION

i v L) u i iv n v_^ x The proposal that indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) regulates acropetal transport in stems by acting along the transport channel was further investigated using decapitated seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris. Concentrations of two inhibitors of auxin transport, which did not interfere with IAA-promoted basipetal transport, were found to decrease the IAA-promoted component of acropetal metabolite movement. This latter inhibition was relieved by treating the stems with a supplementary supply of IAA below the point of inhibitor application. These observations, together with the finding that the response time of transport to hormone action was strongly dependent on the distance over which IAA needed to move to be present throughout the length of the transport channel, provide support for the above proposed mode of IAA action. INTRODUCTION The previous paper in this series (Patrick and Wareing, 1978) described an attempt to ascertain the site (localized v. remote) of indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) stimulation of acropetal metabolite transport in decapitated stems of Phaseolus vulgaris L. seedlings. Adopting an approach pioneered by Davies and Wareing (1965), these possible action sites were isolated experimentally using the auxin-transport inhibitor, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), applied midway along the decapitated internode. Under these conditions a TIBA-induced reduction in the IAA-promoted component of acropetal assimilate flow was associated with a TIBA inhibition of basipetal IAA movement (Patrick and Wareing, 1978). Moreover, it was found that by applying IAA below the TIBA ring IAA-promoted transport was restored. On this evidence, it was argued that IAA-promoted acropetal transport depended on stem levels of IAA distant from the point of hormone application. However, whilst TIBA appeared to act specifically on IAA-promoted acropetal transport (Patrick and Wareing, 1978), the possibility of some effect unrelated to inhibition of auxin transport could not be ruled out unequivocally. Based on these considerations, and the need to subject the problem to other experimental approaches, further studies were undertaken. Essentially, the critical TIBA experiments were repeated using two inhibitors of auxin transport (viz. l-(2 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.128 on Wed, 07 Sep 2016 06:03:22 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 2 Patrick—Auxin-Promoted Transport carboxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-l,3-dione (ACP1.55) and eosin (Katekar and Geissler, 1975)). Unlike TIBA, which is an auxin competitor (cf. Gaither and Abeles, 1975), these two inhibitors are considered to interfere with IAA action solely through their capacity to inhibit polar auxin transport (Katekar, personal communication) and, as such, are ideally suited to regulate specifically IAA levels in decapitated stems. Another approach was based on the premise that, if IAA promotion of acropetal metabolite transport was dependent on the presence of IAA at remote sites along the transport pathway, then the lag period (i.e. duration between application of IAA and onset of promoted assimilate flow) should be a function of the distance over which IAA must move to reach these sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Conceptual aspects of water re-use

A simplified model of a municipal water recycle system is presented and gives a clear picture of the relationship between process variables such as the intensity of the treatment, the accumulation of pollutants and the number of times the water is re-used. The model can be used to determine the necessary requirements for the treatment process in order to reach a certain desired drinking water quality. This model is extended to cover a variety of practical conditions. It is also shown that accumulation under practical conditions is limited, even if there is no treatment. The model predicts that the recycle system can utilise a low quality supplementary supply, e.g. brackish water. Although the model is derived for a recycle system for domestic water supply it can be used for any closed loop water system.

Energy in the 1980s - Natural gas

This paper reviews the world’s existing natural gas reserves and future expectations, together with natural gas consumption in 1972, by main geographic regions. The present and future supply and demand situation in each of the main natural gas markets, namely the U.S.A., the U.S.S.R., Japan and Western Europe, are discussed in the context of rising energy demand. The reasons are examined for the apparent paradox that, although now and for many years to come, the world has a theoretical abundance of natural gas reserves, in practice a number of important markets are already short or will soon be so. The paper will conclude by discussing the problems of meeting the developing future demand for natural gas with available indigenous production combined with supplementary supplies, including imports and manufactured substitutes.

Establishing parameters of the supplementary power supply for transistorized voltage regulators

1. The regulation coefficient and the voltage ripple of the supplementary source exercise an important influence on the parameters of a TVR. 2. Design formulas were derived and checked experimentally which make it possible to establish the parameters of the supplementary source.

Supplementary Supply for Wichita, Kan.

This article discusses Kansas' Cheney Reservoir multipurpose project located on the Ninnescah River, Wichita's second water supply, that was conceived and carried out cooperatively by the city of Wichita and the Bureau of Reclamation. The municipal water supply pool has a volume of 149,500 acre‐ft and is calculated to produce a yield of 35 mgd during a drought period such as that of 1952‐56. Under normal rainfall conditions, the pool can be expected to provide 60 mgd. Major works constructed by the city include the Cheney Reservoir pumping station, pretreatment works and appurtenances, the raw‐water transmission line, and a communication and control cable. For convenience, the pumping facilities and the pretreatment works are discussed separately, although they are housed in the same structure.