Provision Of Supplements Research Articles

Status of Kuwait's fishery resources: Assessment and perspective

For the first time, the production of fisheries in Kuwait was assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively by comparing the production of the late 1980s and the mid-2000s using official data. The results indicate that total fisheries production has declined over time, with local production (artisanal and industrial) having decreased by approximately 25%, while imports increased by 25%, representing 62% of the total fisheries production over time. Current consumer preferences have led to increased demand of fish species formerly having inferior commercial importance. The verified per capita fish consumption in 2010 was 22.32 kg yr −1 suggesting the existence of an unrecorded supplementary supply of fish. Predictions show a dramatic decrease in fishery production by 2025, with a low supply of only 0.5 kg per individual per annum. The results have practical implications for legislators’ management strategies for the sustainability of local fishery stocks. ► Fisheries production in Kuwait was analyzed using data from official sources. ► Type (category) of local fishery landed has dramatically changed over time. ► Estimated per capita fish supply exhibits a steep decreasing trend. ► Verified per capita fish consumption suggests unrecorded supplementary fish supply. ► Projection shows a collapse in local fisheries production by 2025.

Faktor ibu dalam pemberian suplemen pada anak prasekolah

Background: Most children already meet their daily nutrient needs through food intake. However, many of them still consume food supplement. Supplement use becomes popular, but the pattern of supplement provision amongst preschool children has never been investigated. As the supplement use increases, there is an increased risk of over consumption of several micronutrients. Objective: To evaluate the predictors of preschooler’s supplement intake related to mother’s socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics and to compare dietary pattern and nutritional status of preschool children who consume and did not consume supplements.Method: This is an observational study with case control design. The subjects were preschool children enrolled at Bandar Lampung Kindergarten and their mothers. The case and control group consisted of 79 mothers, respectively. Sociodemographic information and frequency of dietary supplement consumption were collected via parental questionnaires, including a 24-hour food recall.Result: Most children consume multivitamin supplement once a day (65.45%).The most infl uential factor for mothers to give food supplement to their child is media exposure. Mothers from families with higher income, lower educated, consume supplement and highly motivated were signifi cantly more likely to give food supplement to their child than their counterparts. Excluding nutrient intake from supplement, there were no differences in nutrient intake between supplement consumers and non-consumers. There were also no differences in nutritional status between supplement consumers and non-consumers.Conclusion: The most infl uential factor for mothers to give supplement to their child is media exposure. There were no differences in nutritional status and nutrient intake between supplement consumers and non-consumers.

The influence of herbage mass and supplementary feeding on nutrient flows and animal performance in grazing, lactating ewes

SUMMARYThe present paper examines the effect of the type of supplement given to grazing ewes in early lactation on the performance of ewes and lambs on temperate sown pastures. Lactating ewes grazed perennial ryegrass pastures at either low- or high-herbage masses, between days 8 and 96 of lactation. On the low-herbage mass treatments, ewes were either unsupplemented or received either an energy supplement (sugarbeet pulp) or a protein supplement (1:1 sugarbeet pulp:formaldehyde-treated soyabean meal) between days 8 and 50 of lactation. The provision of supplements or the higher herbage mass led to increases in live weight (LW) and body condition score of ewes during days 8–50 of lactation, while unsupplemented ewes on the low-herbage mass treatment lost LW and had lower body condition scores. After supplementation finished, previously supplemented ewes or those grazing the higher herbage mass lost LW and condition, while unsupplemented ewes grazing the low-herbage mass gained both LW and condition. Non-treatment factors such as ewe dentition score significantly affected ewe and lamb LW gains. Regression analyses indicated that lamb LW gains between days 8 and 50 of lactation were 40–60 g/d greater in lambs from supplemented ewes or ewes grazing the higher herbage mass cf. unsupplemented ewes. Overall, there was no difference in the response of ewes or lambs to the type of supplement. Milk yields were estimated in a subset of ewes (replicate 4). Ewes on the high-herbage mass treatment or those supplemented with protein had higher milk yields than those on the low-herbage mass treatment or those given the energy supplement. Supplemented ewes in this replicate had higher metabolizable energy intakes (MEIs). Measurements of digesta flow in a further subset of ewes indicated that both supplements resulted in greater ruminal and post-ruminal supplies of energy and protein than in the unsupplemented ewes at the lower herbage mass, but differences in ruminal and post-ruminal nutrient provision between the supplements were less than had been intended. It is suggested that this is the reason for there being no statistical difference in the performance of ewes and lambs in response to the type of supplement.

Shrinkage Characteristics of Experimental Polymer Containing Composites under Controlled Light Curing Modes

The adsorption of polymethylmethacrylate polymer of different molecular weight at the aerosil/ethyleneglycol- or 1,3 butanediol-dimethacrylate interfaces was determined to provide microstructured networks. Their structural characteristics were determined to be controlled by the amount of polymer initially supplied to the system. The sediment (the settled phase) characteristics, determined as a function of the polymer concentration and the rate of the polymerization shrinkage determined for composite resins, obtained by extrusion of the sediment after centrifugation, were found to be correlated. The specific role of the adsorbed polymer was found to be differently perturbed with the supplementary supply of dimethacrylate based monomer additives. Particularly, the bisphenol A dimethacrylate that generated crystals within the sediment was found to impede the shrinkage along the crystal lateral faces and strongly limit the shrinkage along its basal faces. Addition of ethyleneglycol- or polyethylene-glycoldimethacrylate monomers was determined to modify the sedimentation characteristics of the aerosil suspension and the shrinkage properties of the composites. Finally, the effects of stepwise light curing methods with prolonged lighting-off periods were investigated and found to modify the development and the final values of the composite shrinkage.

To reform or be reformed: Can clinical dietitians survive without research as part of their everyday practice?

To reform or be reformed: Can clinical dietitians survive without research as part of their everyday practice?

On a multi-period supply chain system with supplementary order opportunity

This paper considers a supplementary supply–order system in a multi-period situation. In each period, the buyer first places an initial order based on the demand prediction; he has the opportunity to place a supplementary order with the supplier after the demand of that period is realized. The supplier maintains an inventory, and decides the quantity to be produced and the quantity to be provided for the supplementary order in each time period. We formulate the problem as a multi-period inventory game, and derive the optimal production and order policies for the supplier and buyer, respectively. The existence and uniqueness of Nash equilibrium is proved in the generalized multi-period setting, and the closed-form Nash equilibrium solution is obtained when the parameters are stationary. Numerical study is performed to reveal more managerial insights. We find that the supplementary supply–order mechanism, if designed properly, can effectively improve the multi-period supply chain performance.

Vitamin D Deficiency Masquerading as Metastatic Cancer: A Case Series

Patients with vitamin D deficiency can present with nonspecific bone pain and findings on radionuclide bone scanning that may suggest metastatic malignancy. In this report, we present 4 such cases, in which clinicians initially pursued diagnoses of metastatic malignancy and did not consider vitamin D deficiency and osteomalacia in the differential diagnosis. Eventual recognition of vitamin D deficiency and provision of supplementation resulted in prompt resolution of symptoms for each patient. In appropriate cases, timely consideration of a diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency can mitigate the anxiety associated with undergoing an evaluation for cancer.

Low Maternal Vitamin E Intake During Pregnancy Is Associated With Asthma in 5-Year-Old Children

Several epidemiological studies have found associations between asthma and lowered intake (and blood levels) of antioxidant vitamins including, C, E, and β-carotene as well as trace elements such as zinc. Supplementation has not, however, consistently lessened the risk of asthma-related outcomes. The authors previously reported an increased risk of wheezing at age 2 years when maternal vitamin E intake was reduced during pregnancy. The present longitudinal cohort study enrolled 1861 children whose mothers were recruited during pregnancy and who have been followed up to age 5 years. Both a food frequency questionnaire and plasma levels were used to assess maternal nutritional status. Asthma status was assessed by skin-prick testing in 700 children, estimates of 1-second forced expiratory volume (FEV 1 ) in 478, and measurements of exhaled nitric oxide in 167. No consistent associations were found between wheezing, asthma, eczema, or atopic sensitization at age 5 years and the maternal intake of vitamin C or β-carotene, but maternal vitamin E intake during pregnancy, determined at 32 weeks' gestation, correlated negatively with wheezing and asthma in the children. Maternal plasma levels of α-tocopherol during pregnancy correlated positively with postbronchodilator values of FEV 1 . Maternal intake of zinc during pregnancy correlated negatively with both active asthma and having asthma at any lime. The association between maternal vitamin E intake during pregnancy and the child's intake at age 5 was very weak, and no consistent associations were found between respiratory outcomes and children's intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, or zinc at age 5. These findings warrant further studies to determine whether dietary change or the provision of supplements during pregnancy can lower the risk of asthma and related outcomes in young children. It also remains unclear whether any associations between maternal nutritional status and adverse respiratory outcomes persist in later childhood.

The role of nitrogen in promoting the toxic cyanophyte Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in a subtropical water reservoir

Summary1. The relative contribution of dissolved and atmospheric nitrogen to promoting dominance of the toxic nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was examined in a subtropical water reservoir, North Pine Reservoir.2. A combination of process studies in situ and analysis of historical water quality data suggests that nitrogen fixation was not the principal mechanism for acquiring nitrogen and unlikely to be the mechanism whereby C. raciborskii gains a competitive advantage. Ammonium was the preferred nitrogen source, followed by nitrate then nitrogen fixation.3. Ammonium uptake rates in the euphotic zone were higher in the summer and autumn months compared with winter and spring coinciding with lower ammonium concentrations. Nitrate uptake rates did not appear to vary seasonally and were lower than those for ammonium in the summer, but similar in winter. Nitrate concentrations were higher in winter than summer and generally higher than ammonium concentrations.4. Ammonium and nitrate uptake rates were similar at light intensities between 10% and 100% of surface light, contrasting with primary productivity which peaked between about 10 to 20% of surface light. Thus the phytoplankton population was adapted to low light conditions but remained able to utilise dissolved inorganic nitrogen over a wide range of light conditions.5. The ammonium pool in the surface waters was relatively small compared with the phytoplankton uptake rates, and ammonium must therefore be rapidly recycled through the food web over periods of less than 1 h. Short‐term depletion may result, during which time the higher concentrations of nitrate are likely to provide a supplementary supply of nitrogen.6. The dominance of C. raciborskii in this reservoir is more likely to be due to a superior ability to scavenge and store the low concentrations of phosphate, and a superior adaptation to the low light conditions exacerbated by artificial mixing.

The feeding of rhinoceros in captivity

Rhinoceros are large herbivores that are adapted for gaining energy from the fermentation of fibrous plant material. In this paper we address issues of oversupplementation of energy (leading to obesity) and minerals (particularly iron in Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis), outline a diet design that relies on forage as the staple component with a reduction in use of pelleted compound feeds and give suggestions for supplement provision. Acquisition of adequate roughage is probably the most important step in the feeding management of large herbivores and should be regarded and organized accordingly. Ration calculation must be an integral part of diet design to avoid the imbalances that are currently observed, especially in relation to mineral provision. The use of grain or grain products in pelleted compound feeds is largely discouraged.

都市下水処理流動床型脱窒素リアクターにおける優占脱窒素細菌の特定と機能遺伝子の定量

Molecular approaches were applied to study the identification and enumeration of denitrifying bacteria in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR). The FBR was continuously operated as a unit for the removal of nitrogen from domestic sewage treatment plant effluents, with a supplementary supply of methanol as a carbon source. By denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA, it was revealed that the Thauera group was dominant among the denitrifying bacteria in the biofilms obtained from the FBR. The oligonucleotide probe THA155 for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was newly designed for specifically targeting the Thauera group. THA155 was able to detect Thauera cells from the biofilm sludge, but only 0.9-5.7 percent of DAPI-stained total cells was hybridized. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting of the gene sequences of nitrite reductase gene, a key enzyme of denitrification processes, was performed to quantify denitrifying bacteria cells including the Thauera group. An excellent correlation was found between the number of nirS genes in the biofilm sludge and the activity of denitrifiers in the FBR. Therefore, the quantification of the nirS gene by real-time PCR can be an appropriate tool for monitoring denitrifying bacteria in nitrogen removal reactors.

Evaluating Education Programmes in Arts Organisations

This paper reports a study funded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and conducted at the University of Exeter into the assessment procedures adopted by arts organisations in respect of their educational programmes. Arts organisations are being woven by government ever more closely into the politics of culture and one aspect of this development has been the encouragement they have received to participate in and supplement provision for the arts in schools—generally seen as experiencing cut-backs and slim-down. The study finds arts organisations unclear about their educational role and hence uneasy as to how their educational work might be evaluated. So far the funding agencies have given little support or guidance. The paper argues that, for teachers and artists to work effectively together, and for that work to be systematically evaluated, an agreed theoretical framework has to underpin the partnership.

Iron Supplements: Scientific Issues Concerning Efficacy and Implications for Research and Programs

Iron supplementation remains an important strategy for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia and can produce substantial improvements in the functional performance of iron deficient individuals and populations. Many potential benefits of iron supplementation require further exploration, including its effect on vitamin A and iodine metabolism. There is strong evidence that vitamin A and riboflavin deficiencies affect iron utilization from supplements and are important on a global scale, but little evidence that folate and vitamin B-12 deficiencies play a major causal role in the global burden of anemia. The efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplements for the prevention and treatment of anemia must be further evaluated. Because weekly supplementation with iron is effective at improving iron status, this option should be thoroughly explored and evaluated in the context of programs for the prevention and the treatment of iron deficiency and anemia. More conformation is warranted concerning the number of tablets that must be consumed in different situations, and the efficacy of supplying other micronutrients weekly with iron. Weekly supplementation programs may improve the logistical and economic constraints that currently limit the provision of supplements to the many target population groups for whom they are recommended, but usually fail to reach. Further work is required to clarify the purpose, delivery and outcomes of iron supplementation programs.

Impact of Three Categories of Supplements on In Sacco Ruminal Degradation of Urea-Treated and Untreated Straw Substrates

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of three categories of supplements on intake and diet induced difference on degradation of straw substrates. Sixteen crossbred cattle fitted with rumen cannula were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. Animals were fed on wheat straw ad libitum without any supplement except mineral mixture (control; T1) or supplemented with concentrate mixture (CS; T2) or green Lucerne (GLS; T3) or urea-molasses block lick (ULS; T4). Total dry matter intake in T2, T3 and T4 was increased by 70, 54 and 49%, respectively compared to T1 which was only 1.55 kg/100 kg B.Wt. Other than control animals, straw intake was less on T3 than T2 or T4. In Sacco degradation of untreated and urea treated wheat or paddy straw in different treatments indicated that the supplements had a significant (p<0.01) impact on rapidly soluble (A) and insoluble but potentially degradable (B) fractions of straw. Urea treatment increased fraction-A but, provision of supplement improved fraction-B also. Effective degradation (ED) of OM was better on T2. Rate of degradation (C) of OM and CWC was dependent on diet and type of straw but hemicellulose and cellulose were related to latter factor only. ED of cell wall carbohydrates (CWC) was similar in T2 and T4 but higher than T3. CS was more effective in improving the degradation of both untreated and urea treated straw while ULS was effective on the former only. CS had more impact on superior quality straw while contrary was true with ULS. Although GLS improved intake and degradability of untreated and urea treated straws, its bulkiness affected the straw intake compared to other supplements. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. Vol 15, No. 2 : 195-204)

Effects of experience on voluntary intake of supplements by cattle

Experiments examined the effects of prior experience of young cattle on their voluntary intake of supplements, and variability among animals in intake of supplements. Variability was measured using supplement labelled with lithium salts. Experiment 1 examined the effects of offering a concentrate supplement to calves before and/or after weaning on their subsequent intake of the same supplement and of a loose mineral mix supplement. Experience of the concentrate supplement increased acceptance and reduced variability in intake of the loose mineral mix supplement. However, neither voluntary intake (mean is 105 g DM/head.day) nor variability in intake of loose mineral mix supplement was affected by prior experience. Experiments 2 and 3 examined variability in intake of loose mineral mix supplement by weaners in larger groups or offered molasses–urea supplement, respectively. Experiment 4 examined the effects of provision of supplements and/or exposure to human activity and handling on subsequent intake of loose mineral mix supplement. Supplementing grazing weaners with concentrates had a transient effect by increasing voluntary intake of loose mineral mix supplement, but increased exposure to supplements, and human activity and handling while held in yards after weaning had no effects. Variability among animals in intake of loose mineral mix supplement (CV is 52–103%) tended to be greater than with the concentrate or molasses-based supplements (CV is 23–43%), irrespective of previous experience. There were fewer than 1% non-eaters of concentrate supplement and 0–7% non-eaters of loose mineral mix supplement. In experiment 5, prior experience of loose mineral mix supplements increased intake of such supplements by weaners during weeks 1 and 2 but not from weeks 3 to 9. In experiment 6, intake of loose mineral mix supplement by adult cattle was not affected by their experience as weaners of a similar supplement. In conclusion, although prior experience of supplements by young cattle sometimes increased their initial acceptance and voluntary intake of supplements, longer-term intake of supplements was not affected.

Can 14 C-labeled photosynthetic products move between Pinus densiflora seedlings linked by ectomycorrhizal mycelia?

• Movement of 14 C-labeled photosynthetic products via ectomycorrhizal mycelia linking seedlings of Pinus densiflora is investigated here, a process which may have the potential to be highly ecologically significant. • Paired seedlings linked by hyphae of either an unidentified ectomycorrhizal fungus designated T01 or Pisolithus tinctorius were prepared by arranging mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal seedlings in an observation rhizobox and allowing mycelial links to form. Shoots of the initially mycorrhizal seedling were photosynthetically labeled with 14 CO2 and movement of 14 C chased by time-course autoradiography. • Within 3d, 14 C was transferred to mycelia and mycorrhizas formed on the unlabeled seedling, but little 14 C was subsequently transferred to the roots and shoots. The reverse movement of label was also demonstrated. Mycelial fans of T01, with greater hyphal density, accumulated more 14 C than mycelia of P. tinctorius, whereas higher radioactivity was detected in hyphal strands than in the mycelial front of P. tinctorius. • Ectomycorrhizas and mycelia are strong sinks for photosynthetic products, and C transfer can occur bi-directionally in the mycelia. However, as yet no direct evidence indicates any benefit to receiver plants and, thus, supplementary supply of C to understory individuals may not be ecologically significant.

Interactions between heat stress and nutrition in sheep fed roughage diets

Intake, digestion and growth were examined in young Merino×Border Leicester wether sheep held for 44 days in either cool (13–15°C, thermal humidity index 56–58) or hot (32–40°C, 50–70% relative humidity, thermal humidity index minimum 83–84, maximum 83–88) environments. The sheep were offered diets of medium quality hay ad libitum alone (Con) or supplemented with either 22 g air-dry/kg metabolic liveweight (W0·75) of barley grain fortified with urea and sulphur (Bar/N) or 10 g air-dry/kg W0·75 of fishmeal (FM). Intake of the Con diet by the sheep in the cool environment was high at 79 g DM/kg W0·75 per day. Sheep in the hot environment had higher rectal temperatures and higher respiration rates (40·1°C v. 39·2°C, 196 v. 56 respirations/min respectively, P&lt;0·01). The hot environment reduced (P&lt;0·05) total dry matter (DM) intake, estimated metabolizable energy (ME) intake, liveweight (LW) gain and nitrogen (N) balance. The provision of supplements did not change total DM intake, but increased (P&lt;0·05) organic matter digestibility, estimated ME intake, LW gain and N balance. Wool growth was increased much more by the FM than by the Bar/N supplement, indicating that the supply of absorbed amino acids was increased substantially by the FM supplement. Neither voluntary intake nor productivity were influenced by any interactions between the thermal environments and the balance of nutrients provided by the diets. In conclusion, in these young sheep consuming a high intake of a medium quality roughage diet, moderate heat stress reduced intake and growth but did not affect the relative responses of the sheep to supplements providing principally fermentable ME or a similar amount of fermentable ME and additional metabolizable protein.

Rainwater Harvesting - A Possible Seasonal Addition to Bangalore Water Supply

Abstract The conservation by storage in underground cisterms of a significant proportion of local rainfall, to provide a supplementary supply during the non-monsoon months, is a feasible proposition. Basic requirements in respect of cistern capacities, possible supply levels, excavations required, possible layout and preliminary cost estimates are indicated.

Food Availability as a Determinant of Pairing Behaviour in the European Robin

1. Male and female European robins, Erithacus rubecula, defended separate territories from August to January. Pairs formed between January and March. 2. The benefits of early pairing were twofold: first, as 20% of males failed to pair there was strong competition for females; second, although pairing was initially costly in terms of individual foraging success, bachelors invested more time advertising in the long term. 3. Birds on individual territories encountered large food items more frequently than those on pair territories. This decrease in foraging success within pairs was identified as a cost of territory sharing. 4. To test the hypothesis that food availability underlies the defence of individual territories in winter, and the timing of switches to pair territoriality, I manipulated food supply and recorded individual behaviour. 5. Compared to controls, males provided with extra food were forced to repel intruders more frequently, yet advertised for mates earlier and paired earlier. 6. Pair members whose supplementary food supply was temporarily withdrawn spent less time consorting than controls. This suggests that an elevated food supply helped individuals to afford the costs of sharing their food resources, and thus to pair and lay clutches early. 7. The influence of food supply and territoriality on population density and social behaviour is discussed.

Improving the mechanical properties of steels using low energy, high temperature nitrogen ion implantation

The use of nitrogen ion implantation to increase the surface hardness of structural steels is well documented. Traditionally this involves the use of high energy nitrogen ion beams (approximately 100 keV), with a relatively low beam current density because high energy beams are necessary to produce the required penetration into the material to achieve a significant depth of hardened material. Hardening needs to occur in a region whose size is comparable with the scale of the deformation associated with the tribocontact. 100 keV nitrogen ions typically penetrate into steels only about 0.1 μm and the range of possible tribological applications is thus restricted by this shallow treatment depth. In plasma nitriding processes the nitrogen ions approach the substrate with much lower energies but the ion currents are sufficiently high to cause considerable substrate heating. In this study an ion beam process has been used which more closely approximates plasma nitriding conditions. This involves the use of comparatively low energy nitrogen ion beams (1–2 keV), with higher beam current densities and, where necessary, additional heating to increase the sample temperature to approximately 400 °C at the surface. Secondary ion mass spectrometry has been used to assess the extent of nitrogen diffusion into a range of steels. The nitrogen penetration depth (and profile shape) depends both on the ion beam parameters and the structure and composition of the steel. Additional experiments conducted with a supplementary supply of nitrogen gas in the form of a vacuum chamber backfill demonstrate that increasing the nitrogen supply can increase nitrogen take-up for some materials. For a 30 min implantation at 263 μA cm −2 the penetration depth was a substantial fraction of a micrometre and is greater than the profile produced by high energy implantation in some cases. The hardness of the implanted steels can be correlated with the extent of nitrogen take-up, the amount of diffusion during implantation and softening induced by annealing of the steel substrates. Considerable hardening is achieved for some steels (e.g. M2 high speed steel) whereas for other steels the improvements are less obvious (e.g. 304 stainless). These observations are discussed in the light of the nitridability of the steels.