Financial Provision Research Articles

ОСНОВЫ ИСЛАМСКИХ ФИНАНСОВ И БАНКИНГА: ПРИНЦИПЫ И ПРАКТИКА

The main thesis in Muslim finance is the fact that money itself has no value. From the point of view of Islam, Muslims cannot lend or receive money from anyone, while expecting benefits. The development of the Islamic financial market is an important global process. This research is based on the analysis of the development of the Islamic financial market and banking, the basic principles of Islamic banking, as well as alternative mechanisms and tools of Sharia financing are studied. The analysis of the changes and development of Islamic banking necessitated the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, formal logic, comparison, induction, deduction, etc. Islamic finance represents a unique form of financing based on the principles of Sharia law. They offer alternative mechanisms and tools that avoid the interest rate system and usury. The article discusses the principles of Islamic banking, which include the rejection of interest-bearing transactions, the provision of financing based on partnership and fair risk sharing. Islamic finance has significant potential for development and expansion in the global financial system. They offer opportunities for ethical investment and financing of projects that promote sustainable development and social progress. However, the introduction of Islamic banking requires the development of appropriate infrastructure, regulatory and legal frameworks, as well as qualified specialists. Further research and development of Islamic finance will help expand their application and strengthen the position of this form of financial activity in the global economy.

ГРАНТИ USAID ТА UKAID ДЛЯ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ РІВНЯ ПРОЗОРОСТІ, ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ТА КЕРУВАННЯ В УПРАВЛІННІ ДЕРЖАВНИМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАМИ УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the possibilities of grant assistance under the SOERA Program, which is financed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in the amount of 100 million US dollars and is implemented by its contractor – the Deloitte company. It is emphasized that for Ukraine such a tool of financial support is relevant in the context of both the implementation of the reform of state-owned enterprises in Ukraine and the involvement of "third sector" organizations in this process, the role of which is important for influencing the authorities in making key decisions. It was emphasized that the SOERA Program provides an opportunity for civil society organizations and educational institutions to receive grants and implement projects that will contribute to increasing the level of transparency, efficiency and management of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and state assets of Ukraine, in particular, through conducting research, developing methodologies, projects program documents, recommendations, as well as organization of public distribution of developed materials. The objectives of the program were analyzed, the main ones of which are: providing support in creating a comprehensive and effective centralized information system for SEs (data collection and reporting) with the aim of helping the Government and other interested institutions make informed decisions regarding the sale and management of SEs, financial support for the development and implementation of a reform strategy SOE based on factual data and implementation roadmap, improvement of the legislative and regulatory framework to support the implementation of SOE reform and privatization strategy, support for the development by the Government of Ukraine of effective operational management mechanisms for enterprises that remain state-owned, ensuring transparency of SOE corporate management, reducing corruption among them is the reduction of fiscal pressure on state-owned enterprises, promotion of the growth of the private sector and direct foreign investment, and public support for state-owned enterprise reform and privatization. The importance of compliance by the applicant organizations with all criteria of acceptance of the Program and the development of the project according to its recommendations as a condition for making a positive decision on the provision of financing for projects is substantiated. The consequences of the implementation of projects with the financial support of the SOERA Program and their significant impact at the national and subnational levels are summarized.

Управління фінансовою діяльністю сільськогосподарських підприємств в Україні

The aim of the article is to substantiate the need to manage the financial activities of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine in the context of ensuring a sufficient amount of financial resources to fulfill all production and non-production goals. In the context of the study, the essence of financial activity has been defined and its functional characteristics have been allocated, which allows for a detailed assessment of its role in the financial provision of enterprise development. The main factors influencing the financial activity of agricultural enterprises are systematized, the consideration of which is the determining function of the management process. An analysis of the main indicators of economic development of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine has been carried out, which has allowed to define the level of profitability of their activities, which indicates the availability of own financial resources in the structure of sources of financial support. It is substantiated that the profitable activity of agricultural enterprises does not allow them to fully finance their own needs of expanded reproduction, and high prices for fixed assets and current assets force them to use other sources of financial security. The main methods of financial support for the activities of agricultural enterprises have been researched and described in detail, which has allowed to substantiate the use of the most alternative methods of financing, which are reduced to self-financing, lending, State financial support and leasing. In order to study the management aspects of ensuring the efficiency of financial activities, the stages of management are presented with a clear detailing of the functions at each of them, which makes it possible to correctly approach the management process and determine its main elements. In order to ensure the efficiency of management of financial activities, the main structural elements of this process have been identified and the features of the activities of agricultural enterprises, which should be taken into account in the development of managerial decisions, have been clearly allocated.

Фінансовий потенціал солідарної пенсійної системи України та шляхи його покращення

The solidarity pension system currently plays a major role in the functioning of the pension system of Ukraine. It is the first level of the domestic pension system that accounts for the main financial burden of pension payments to Ukrainian citizens. The aim of the scientific article is to assess the financial potential of the solidarity pension system of Ukraine, determine the impact of various factors on its condition and search for additional sources of financing pension payments for citizens of retirement age. The article pays special attention to the analysis of the challenges that society has received under martial law in the country, and their impact on the features of the financial provision of the pension sector. The results of the study show that the crisis in the national economy, as well as negative trends in the demographic sphere, significantly affected the financial condition of the main financial institution of the solidarity pension system – the Pension Fund of Ukraine (PFU). During the study period, the Pension Fund’s own financial resources are not enough to fulfill its obligations to Ukrainian pensioners, so there is a deficit of the PFU. It is determined that it is covered by the State Budget of Ukraine, as well as financial resources of international financial organizations. Attention is drawn to the fact that the minimum and average pensions of Ukrainian pensioners, although they tend to increase, are much lower than the incomes of citizens of retirement age in most European countries. In order to promote the diversification of sources of income for citizens of retirement age, to raise their level to European standards, it is necessary to introduce a mandatory accumulative pension system. It is noted that accumulative pension programs together with redistributive ones will contribute to strengthening the financial potential of the pension sector and increasing the incomes of Ukrainian pensioners.

Social contract as a tool for overcoming poverty of the working-age population: assessment of budget efficiency and directions of modernization

One of the promising instruments of social support for the population in the Russian Federation is a social contract, the feature of which is the conditional nature of social payments, requiring poor citizens to take active actions to improve their living situation (job search, vocational training, doing business). This study analyzes the Russian and foreign experience in organizing social contract instruments (the TANF program in the USA and the RSA program in France). The subject of the author's research is the effectiveness of budget expenditures of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation for the financial provision of the social contract mechanism in the context of the allocated areas of assistance. Special attention is paid to the legal support of the functioning of the social contract in terms of methods for evaluating its effectiveness and the distribution of appropriate subsidies from the federal budget. Based on the criterion proposed by the author of the relative amount of budget expenditures per citizen who has overcome the poverty threshold, an assessment of the budgetary effectiveness of various areas of assistance under the social contract is carried out. The conclusion is made about the difference in the evaluation results when using official indicators and the author's approach. Thus, official data indicate the success of the results of the social contract program, comparable with foreign analogues. The author's assessment of budgetary efficiency showed the irrational use of budgetary funds: 60% of financial resources in 2021-2022 were directed to the least effective area of assistance. Additionally, the problems in the mechanism of federal co-financing of expenditures of regional budgets for the use of the instrument are identified. The author identifies the methodological shortcomings of the current methodology for evaluating its effectiveness. Based on the identified problems, changes are proposed in the regulatory framework governing the financial mechanism for providing assistance on the basis of a social contract. These results are of high practical significance for the activities of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, as well as regional executive authorities responsible for the implementation of the social contract.

Financial Provision of Sustainable Development of Territorial Communities of Ukraine as a Factor of Real Decentralization of Post-War Recovery

Financial Provision of Sustainable Development of Territorial Communities of Ukraine as a Factor of Real Decentralization of Post-War Recovery

Judicial Reforms and the Imperative for True Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria

Fiscal federalism is all about adequate financial provisions and autonomy to component units of a Federal State. It is an arrangement whereby revenue sources and allocations are shared amongst the three tiers of Governments in such a way that each of the level exists independently with enough resources and allocations to function as a Government properly. By the combined readings of Sections 81(3), 84(1) (7), 121(3), 124(1), 162(9) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, show that finances meant for the judicature is controlled by the Federal Government which bears down negatively on the functions of the judicature. The aim of this paper is to examine the need for judicial reforms in Nigeria which will bear on the quality of justice delivery in the country. It seeks to examine the present constitutional provisions on fiscal matters and how it affect judicial reform in Nigeria. The article delved into the legal framework to bring to the fore the necessity to put in place true fiscal federalism in the judiciary in order to have effective judicial reforms. It adopted the doctrinal method of research and used primary and secondary sources such as the Constitution, relevant statutes, case law, textbooks and articles in journal. Findings from the study revealed inter-alia that the Judiciary has been starved of funds thus making it unable to make the much needed impact. The implication of these findings is that without quality fiscal federalism to the judiciary in Nigeria the much clamour for reforms will continue to be a mirage. The paper recommended inter-alia that the provisions of Executive Order No 10 2020 should be inserted in the Constitution so as to protect the finances of the Federal and State Courts.

Analisis Pengawasan Pembiayaan Syariah Pada Perbankan Syariah Sebagai Penerapan Prinsip Kehati-hatian (Studi Kasus Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Serang Timur)

Sharia banks have the main function of channeling public funds in the form of financing. Financing at sharia banks is an effort to make a profit. However, on the other hand, it also has high risks and can even result in banking losses. The quality of financing must be maintained because it is included in most of the productive assets of sharia banks. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of supervision of sharia bank financing through the precautionary principle. This type of research includes field research and uses descriptive qualitative methods. Research was conducted at BSI KCP East Serang to obtain data sources from employees, managers or policy makers by means of observations, documentation and interviews regarding mechanisms and strategies in implementing sharia financing supervision. The research results obtained are that BSI KCP East Serang has implemented good corporate governance (GCG) which is inherent in BSI's business activities. The Bank implements it based on the principle of prudence and in accordance with the existing theory that analyzes financing using the 5C + 1S principles, and complies with all applicable regulations and legislation. The application of the principle of prudence in sharia financing at BSI KCP East Serang is carried out through two forms of supervision, namely preventive supervision and repressive supervision. The application of the principle of prudence to the supervision of financing provision has had a positive impact, namely improving the health of the bank.

Інноваційна державна політика в агропромисловому комплексі України як чинник забезпечення продоволь-чої безпеки

Ensuring food security is the primary strategy of the state agricultural policy of Ukraine because, despite the crisis phenomenon provoked by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, the country's agro-industrial complex remains one of the drivers of support for the national economy of Ukraine and acts as a guarantor of food security for many countries of the world. The methodological basis of the research was modern general and unique methods of scientific knowledge, inductive and deductive, analysis, synthesis and generalization, and forecasting. Economic, social, political, and technological factors are identified among the factors contributing to or hindering the implementation of innovative state policy during the study. It has been established that to increase the efficiency of innovative activity in Ukraine, it is necessary to develop a national innovation strategy and action plan that will determine the priorities, goals, indicators, and mechanisms of innovation policy in the agro-industrial complex to ensure food security and increase the competitiveness of agricultural products on world markets. A mandatory condition for its implementation is the provision of adequate financing, tax, and other incentives for implementing innovative projects by subjects of agricultural production. Ukraine has significant potential for innovative development of the agro-industrial complex to ensure food security. At the same time, this is hindered by several problems related to insufficient funding and insufficient institutional support for innovative activities, low interaction and cooperation between the research, educational, business, and government sectors, lack of commercialization and technology transfer, insufficient market and demand orientation, low competitiveness and internationalization of innovative Ukrainian products and services, etc. Therefore, to increase the efficiency of innovative activity, it is necessary to develop a national innovation strategy and an action plan that will determine priorities, goals, indicators, and mechanisms of innovation policy and provide adequate financing, tax, and other incentives for innovative projects and subjects of innovative activity in the agro-industrial complex to ensure food security. Keywords: innovative policy, food security, armed aggression, agriculture, agro-industrial complex, export, strategy.

Institutional Quality, Financial Inclusion and Income Inequality: A study of Selected Asian Countries

Focusing on selected Asian countries offers a regional perspective on income inequality dynamics, contributing to a better understanding of the factors driving income disparities in diverse socio-economic contexts. Income inequality is a pervasive and pressing issue in many Asian countries, posing significant challenges to inclusive economic growth, social cohesion, and sustainable development. Despite efforts to address income disparities through various policy interventions, the factors contributing to lessening income inequality remain poorly understood, particularly in the context of institutional quality and financial inclusion. Therefore, there is a need for empirical research to examine the role of institutional quality and financial inclusion in mitigating income inequality across selected Asian countries. This study has investigated the impact of financial inclusion with institutional quality, economic growth, and foreign direct investment on income inequality in Asian emerging economies. The authors have used data from 2012 to 2020 to check the relationship between dependent and independent variables. We have used the Gini index as a dependent variable and financial inclusion, institutional quality, GDP per capita, and foreign direct investment are taken as independent variables. GMM results show that financial inclusion and institutional quality are contributing towards lessening poverty in these economies. Moreover, foreign direct investment and GDP per capita also decrease the income disparity of these nations. It is suggested for better financial services provision and a stable environment for high growth and foreign direct investment.

Regulation of the Freedom of Religion in Czechoslovakia after 1989 as a Reaction to the Legal Practice of the Totalitarian Regime

Following the political changes of 1989, Czechoslovakian believers were finally able to enjoy their long-awaited freedom. This article highlights how the legislative framework of the new democratic system responded directly to the specific areas where the rights of believers and religious institutions were suppressed by the previous totalitarian government, influenced by Marxist-Leninist atheism. Compared to other Eastern Bloc countries, Czechoslovakia is unique in its complete suppression of Catholic male religious orders. The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms [Listina základních práv a svobod], which guarantees the autonomy of churches and religious societies, explicitly provides for the right of churches to establish religious institutions. The first four sections of the text examine the precise legal and extrajudicial measures taken by the Communist regime to curtail churches, with ensuing sections exploring the constitutional guarantees and legislative basis for religious freedom in Czechoslovakia and, later, the independent Czech Republic. Legal regulation encompasses more than the individual rights of believers. It also pertains to church activities in a variety of public interest areas, their financial provision, and state recognition of new churches and religious societies.

Investigating the link between green finance, environmental orientation, and carbon neutrality: A panel study of the metal extraction sector

In the natural resources exploitation sector, metal industry is considered as one of the major carbon emitters. In this context, this study aims to explore the role of green finance and environmental orientation in improving the carbon neutrality of the firms operating in this sector. The data was collected from two large economies' metal sectors: the People's Republic of China (PRC) and India. Five years of data from 2015 to 2019 was collected from 98 firms from financial statements and other sources. Given the nature of the data, panel cointegration was employed to analyze the developed model. Keeping in view the findings of these three diagnostic tests, it was clear that our model did not fully meet the assumptions to apply a normal panel. It led us to apply a panel-corrected standard error (PCSE) approach, which accounts for the violations of assumptions (autocorrelations, heteroscedasticity, and cross-sectional dependence) as identified in the results of diagnostic tests. The PCSE approach the can preserve the OLS parameter estimates while adjusting the standard errors (SE) to counter the issues found in OLS estimation. These results explain that the provision of green finance can help improve the carbon neutrality of firms in the metal sector of the PRC. Further, the results on the impact of environmental orientation on carbon neutrality are also significant, showing environmental orientation's instrumental role in improving carbon neutrality. Further, the interaction role of environmental orientation in the association between green finance and carbon neutrality is tested creating an interaction term by multiplying both variables. The results show a statistically significant role of environmental orientation in the association between green finance and carbon neutrality. These findings coefficient that, in the case of the PRC, the joint effect of green finance and environmental orientation is statistically significant. The results on the impact of environmental orientation are also significant, confirming its instrumental role in improving carbon neutrality. In short, our findings, suggest that by embracing such an environmental orientation, organizations can position themselves as leaders in carbon neutrality and contribute to a more sustainable future.

Некоторые аспекты управления проектами в сфере строительства медицинских гостиничных объектов

The modern provision of medical services through medical hotels can be attributed not only to the upward trends of the Russian accommodation system, but also, first of all, to an increase in the variety of forms of healthcare facilities providing high-quality medical services and comfortable accommodation. The article provides an overview of the main stages and stages of design in the construction of medical hotels. The main factors influencing the development of this direction in the construction of medical facilities have been identified. The article also provides a sequence of stages in the implementation of the medical hotel project. The paper focuses on the importance of using outsourcing and outstaffing in the design and implementation of the construction of medical hotel facilities, as well as any other means of medical placement, and managing them in the project. Conclusions are drawn that the management of the design of the construction of medical hotel facilities in modern realities is associated with a number of problems and challenges, among which in the first place is the provision of sufficient financing, the search for investors, coordination on compliance with the norms and requirements for the safety and operation of the facility in the future, compliance with deadlines and work schedule, a high level of defect-free project, compliance with a number of industry requirements, etc.

INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN THE FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF INNOVATION ACTIVITY OF ENTERPRISES

The present dictates to the Ukrainian society the latest approaches to solving the issue of socio-economic direction: the solution of economic problems provides an opportunity for the implementation of the social fulfillment of the state’s obligations to the population. A significant burden on the implementation of budget policy is borne by the financial sector of the economy, where the main role is assumed by a new economic concept – social capital, which determines and corrects the main role of a person. Society is responsible to the state, in turn, it requires full fulfill­ment of the state’s obligations to society. This chain of interconnection and interaction "person-business-state" is based on trust and mutual understanding, which is the driver of progress and innovation in all spheres of activity of the state and the Ukrainian people. Social capital has its own tendencies of development and influence on the financial provision and resource of innovation ac­tivity of enterprises, which can be identified as a unity of economic interactions and relations that are formed for the effective and comprehensive use of all possible sources of financial savings and resources and obtaining the maximum effect and further growth of efficiency and innovation. It is the management of an enterprise aimed at development and innovation activities aimed at an effec­tive increase in production and economic activity, which affects the socio-economic balance between business and society under the strict control of the state. The development of the theoretical basis of innovations in the enterprise and its practical application in the future can contribute to the development of the financial sector of the state, which is extremely necessary and relevant in the conditions of crisis and war. The development of social capital introduces a new strategy and path of innovation into the system of economic relations, which is aimed at overcoming the crisis and prospects for the future development of the country.

STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF STATE GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS IN THE ECONOMIC COOPERATION SPHERE OF THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP COUNTRIES

This scientific research explores the key aspects and challenges associated with Ukraine's European integration process, as well as the country's role and place in global globalization processes. The main focus is on analyzing the impact of these processes on the Ukrainian state governance system, its adaptation to the standards and practices of developed countries, particularly in the context of rapprochement with the European Union. The study examines the legal and regulatory aspects of European integration, identifying the obstacles and opportunities arising in the integration process, including the lack of clear long-term planning, coordination problems among government bodies, and insufficient staffing and financial provision. The research also includes an overview of the current state of relations between Ukraine and the European Union, revealing stagnation trends and regression in these relations, as well as analyzing issues related to the limitation of democracy and human rights violations in Ukraine. The study concludes with recommendations for improving the mechanisms for implementing Ukraine's European integration policy. A comprehensive approach is proposed, which includes adherence to the state strategy, resolution of conflicts in the European integration process, ensuring citizen participation and establishing public control, and ensuring transparency and accountability of government bodies. This approach involves the active engagement of all stakeholders in the integration process, aligning internal reforms with European standards, and ensuring Ukraine's sustainable development on the path to European integration. Keywords: globalization, integration, Eurointegration, integration policy, public control, state governance.

Cryptocurrencies from a behavioural finance perspective

In today’s world, cryptocurrencies are no longer a technological miracle for a small group of programmers. They have become a very common investment instrument that attracts the attention of both traditional investors (funds and traders) and those who are not interested in classical markets and investing in general. This is especially true for bitcoin. The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of behavioural psychology in making investment decisions in cryptocurrency markets. The research methods included analysing historical data on cryptocurrency prices, as well as observing investors’ reactions to important events and news related to cryptocurrencies. In addition, behavioural analysis methods were used to understand and predict investors’ reactions to various incentives and situations in the cryptocurrency markets. The results of the article describe the main provisions of behavioural finance, which are necessary for an overview of the cryptocurrency market. The impact of the main topics of behavioural finance research is also considered. It should be noted that in the absence of a large amount of data, the study of the cryptocurrency market and the behaviour of participants is mainly a hypothetical assessment, and the empirical aspects of the study are copied from the behavioural finance of the classical market. Considering the cryptocurrency market from the point of view of behavioural finance, the main points of view of different parties were considered: both supporters of cryptocurrency and those who consider this phenomenon to be an economic bubble in a technological wrapper. The information reflecting the main biases of behavioural finance, which relate to both classical markets and cryptocurrency markets, is systematised. The study of cryptocurrencies from the point of view of behavioural finance reflects the practical value in understanding the impact of behavioural factors on price dynamics and investment decisions in cryptocurrency markets

Macroeconomic imbalances of the formation of the public debt of Ukraine under the conditions of martial state

The article examines theoretical-methodical and applied aspects, the justification of management decisions in solving existing problems related to modern macroeconomic imbalances in the formation and maintenance of the national debt of Ukraine in the post-pandemic period and under martial law. The peculiarities of the formation and growth of the state debt of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law are analyzed. In order to develop recommendations for minimizing the negative impact of the risks of the growth of the national debt of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law, the author’s definition of the concept of «macroeconomic imbalance» was formulated, under which it is proposed to understand a certain imbalance or imbalance between various economic indicators on the scale of the entire national economy, and its types are also defined (budgetary, trade, consumer demand, investment and financial imbalances). It has been established that the main reasons for the significant imbalance of revenues and expenses in the budget of Ukraine are the irrational use of budget funds, economic instability, the military aggression of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine, the presence of certain shortcomings in the legislative base, and the growth of the state debt. Indicators of macroeconomic development and their influence on the formation and servicing of the state debt and the economic security of Ukraine are determined. The main principles of ensuring the management and regulation of the state debt of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law due to the observance of the doctrine of internal debt are substantiated; financial provision of the state’s needs in terms of provision of expenditures on the country’s defense capability, their economic feasibility and coordination with monetary and fiscal policy. It has been proven that the formation of the national debt can have different consequences for both the country and the population, in this regard, the factors of negative influence have been identified and the risks associated with the formation and growth of the national debt of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law for the country have been structured. as a whole and for the population. A program of specific measures to minimize the negative impact on the formation of the state debt of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law is proposed.

Keberhasilan Penyuluhan Melalui Karakteristik Penyuluh dan Petani

Agricultural extension is a system of conveying information and innovation with communication to increase knowledge and skills and change the attitudes and behavior of farmers. The success of agricultural development is supported by the quality of human resources, especially extension agents as the main actors, and farmers as targets. Human resources that consist of individual external and internal factors are the driving force and synergist of other resources to achieve the objectives of counseling. The research aims to formulate the success of counseling through the characteristics of frmers and extension workers with a quantitative descriptive method using the Speech Communication Model theory. Primary data was obtained using interviews and structured questionnaires for 65 extension workers and farmers using proportionate stratified random sampling in 9 sub-districts, Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan, while the entire extension population was taken, then analyzed using SEM-PLS. The results showed that the characteristics of extension agents had a positive effect in terms of demography, competence, and service input, as well as farmer’s characteristics in terms of demography, characteristics, and communication affordability which had a high effect on the success of extension. Characteristics of farmers and extension workers have a positive correlation with extension activities, which means that the higher ability, competence, skills, and motivation of farmers and extension workers, the success of extension can increase to achieve the goals of extension, realize an increase in the lives and welfare of farmers. Efforts can be made through training activities, technical guidance, and so on as needed. In addition, government support in the provision of financing, facilities, infrastructure, and supporting activity programs in efforts to increase competence and service input in the success of extension.

Tariff setting for solid waste management services in Kazakhstan: problems and ways to solve them

The improvement of the pricing mechanism in the field of solid household waste management (MSW) is due to the need to transition to a sustainable waste management system. The current state of affairs in the field of solid waste management is characterized by chronic underfunding. Regulatory documents on the current regulatory instruments in this area do not fully implement the regulatory impact on the financial provision of the sphere of solid waste management. In this regard, the problem of scientific research and the search for ways to improve the efficiency of the process of tariff formation for solid waste management services is extremely urgent. The article provides a critical analysis of the normative primary sources for calculating the tariff for solid waste management services and determining the norms for the formation and accumulation of municipal waste (CO). The results of experimental author's studies of calculating tariffs and determining norms in retrospect over recent years with the identification of local features in their dynamics are presented, recommendations are given to improve the organization of sample observations in determining norms, as well as determining the volume of waste exported. Based on the logic of the economic factor analysis of the regulatory model of tariff calculation, the problematic provisions of the current methodology for calculating the need for financial resources for the collection and transportation, sorting and disposal of solid waste, determining the annual tariff per unit of solid waste and determining the rate of formation and accumulation of CO, appropriate recommendations have been developed to eliminate the identified problems. The conclusions and recommendations of the study will be useful to state bodies, local representative and executive authorities, economic entities, experts interested in the development of the sphere of solid waste management.

The Implications of BMT Financing on MSMEs Development

The capital problem faced by MSME businessmen is the difficulty in reaching banks due to the inability to provide bankable requirements. BMT aims to develop productive businesses and invest in improving the quality of economic activity in the real sector, especially micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs. BMT in Banyumas Regency helps members overcome capital problems through a variety of products. This study aims to find out how MSMEs develop after getting financing from BMT in Banyumas Regency. Therefore, this study uses a quantitative approach with 150 samples and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test ( two related samples test) as a tool. The results of the data analysis show that there is a significant difference between before and after the provision of financing on indicators of capital, sales turnover, income/profit, number of customers, and number of workers. Then, the results of the different tests show that the provision of financing is considered effective because it has given different results in a positive direction after the provision of financing. Except for the number of workers, the results of the analysis show that half of the sample shows no increase in the use of the number of workers.