Provincial Administration Research Articles

In silico analysis of the potential mechanism of a preventive Chinese medicine formula on coronavirus disease 2019

Ethnopharmacological relevanceWith the spread of Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19), combination with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used as a prevention and therapy strategy in China. Xin guan No.1 (XG-1) prescription is a preventive formula recommended by the Hunan Provincial Administration of TCM to prevent the pandemic of COVID-19. Aim of the studyTo explore the potential preventive mechanisms of XG-1 against COVID-19 in the combination of network pharmacology approach, single-cell RNA expression profiling analysis, molecular docking and retrospective study. Materials and methodsEncyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ETCM) database was used to determine the meridian tropism, active components and target genes of XG-1. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analysis were conducted by R Cluster Profiler package (3.14.3). Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of human lung (GSE122960) was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed by R Seurat package (3.1.2). Cytoscape (3.7.2) was used to construct the interaction network. The main ingredients in XG-1 were identified by HPLC- Q-TOF- MS and used for molecular docking with COVID-19 3CL hydrolytic enzyme and angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2). A retrospective study of 47 close contact participants from Dongtang Community of Hunan Province was conducted to evaluated the preventive effect of XG-1. ResultsAccording to the network pharmacology analysis, XG-1 formula was closely related to lung-, spleen- and stomach-meridians and include a total of 206 active components and 853 target genes. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment revealed that XG-1 mainly regulated cellular amino acid metabolism process and neuroactive ligand-receptors interaction. The scRNA-seq profiling showed that angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was principally expressed in alveolar type 2 epithelial cells (AT2). 153 genes were up-regulated in AT2 cells expressing ACE2 and 12 genes were obtained by intersecting with XG-1 target genes, of which 3 were related to immunity. Five main chemical ingredients were detected in XG-1 sample by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The molecular docking showed that Rutin, Liquiritin and Astragaloside Ⅳ had a good affinity with COVID-19 3CL hydrolytic enzyme and ACE2. Compared with participants who didn't take XG-1, preventive treatment with XG-1gradules resulted in a significant lower rate of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid (P < 0.0001). ConclusionThe present study showed that XG-1 exerts a preventive effect in close contacts against COVID-19. The underlying mechanism may be related to modulate immunity response through multiple components, pathways, and several target genes co-expressed with ACE2. These findings provide preliminary evidences and methodological reference for the potential preventive mechanism of XG-1 against COVID-19.

STAGES OF FORMATION OF ARCHITECTURE OF CHISINAU ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS

This article reveals the stages of formation of the architecture of administrative buildings in the city of Chisinau on the background of historical and economic transformations, that took place in Moldova from the late 19th to the early 21st century. The article reflects the results of analysis, which made it possible to identify nine periods of evolution of the architecture of administrative buildings from the provincial administration buildings to office and business centers. Based on specific examples, the article demonstrates the transformation of compositional techniques not only of this typological group, but also of public buildings in general, as well as stylistic changes in their architecture from eclecticism and neoclassicism, through modernism and postmodernism, to deconstructivism and high-tech.

The first private newspaper of the Taurida Governorate– "Crimean Leaflet"

This article examines the establishment of private periodical press of the Taurida Governorate in the late XIX century. The object of this research is the first private newspaper &amp;ndash; &amp;ldquo;Crimean Leaflet&amp;rdquo;. The author explores the socioeconomic processes and censorship conditions, which affected the emergence of the Crimean private periodicals. An overview is given to the historiography and sources used in this work. The first part of the article studies the sociopolitical and cultural-historical prerequisites for the emergence of mass media in the governorate. The second part examines the process of opening and operation of the newspaper, its outline, biography of the publisher, as well as composition of the editorial board. The third part reveals the subject matter of the published materials and the peculiarities of interaction of the newspaper with the provincial administration and censorship authorities. The author also analyzes the reasons why the newspaper was shut down. In conclusion, the author reviews the role of the newspaper in formation of private provincial press, and its impact upon public relations in the Taurida Governorate. The scientific novelty consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of previously unstudied archival materials, as the historiography virtually had no records on the newspaper and the personality of the publisher. This work contributes to studying the development of private press in the Taurida Governorate, as well as reveals certain details of state policy with regards to provincial press in the late XIX century.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan Konsumen Dalam Pembelian Sayuran Di Pasar Simpang Tujuh Ulee Kareng

Vegetables are food items consumed by the population to meet its daily food needs and the provincial administration reports that the people of Aceh increased in consumption of vegetables and fruits by 2018, as much as 18,1%. The study aims to find out what factors affect consumer decisions in the purchasing of vegetables and to find out which factors most strongly influence the decision of the consumer in the purchasing of vegetables at the Ulee Kareng. The study is carried out in the Ulee Kareng market in December 2020. Data collection methods are done with survey methods using a survey method using questionnaire made up of 6 (six) sub-chapter on lifestyles, attitudes, qualities, prices, locations, and purchase decisions related to research and analysis methods using regression analysis with the help of the SPSS device. The results of this study indicate that lifestyle, attitude, quality, price, and location factors affected the decision of buying vegetables in the box-market seven Ulee Kareng and that the price factors were the most dominant to influence the decision of buying vegetables in the Ulee Kareng Seven Intersections.

НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ПОЛЬСКАЯ ШКОЛА И РОССИЙСКАЯ БЮРОКРАТИЯ: 1905–1907 ГГ.

The history of the movement for a national Polish school in 1905–1907 was for a long time a part of research on the history of the first Russian revolution; the “school strike” in the Kingdom of Poland was studied separately, but the position of the top Russian bureaucracy on that issue was not considered in detail. The article considers an evolution in the positions of the top Russian bureaucracy on the issue of teaching in Polish in the schools of the Kingdom of Poland during the first Russian revolution. For the first time, the differences between the positions of official Petersburg and the provincial administration of the Kingdom of Poland are shown. The provincial administration was more interested in achieving stability in the province by liberal methods and was ready to make concessions when the members of the Council of Ministers and Nicholas II initially held an ambiguous stance. Based on the analysis of the interdepartmental correspondence, part of which is introduced in the scientific circulation for the first time, it is concluded that hesitation of the tsarist government in resolving the issue of the national Polish school did not contribute to the stabilization of the situation in the region during the revolution, and the winning liberal course did not have the anticipated effect.

Gendarme staff officer and provincial administration: K.Ya. Flige in the 1830s–1840s

Gendarme staff officer and provincial administration: K.Ya. Flige in the 1830s–1840s

ХОРОШЕЕ МЕСТНОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ВО ВЬЕТНАМЕ - НА ОСНОВЕ ИНДЕКСА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ВЬЕТНАМА ЗА ПОСЛЕДНИЕ ГОДЫ

Currently, public governance theory and "good governance" have a profound and positive influence on the government reform process in many countries around the world today. In essence, good governance is the set of principles and criteria on social management to maximize public interests as well as promote and ensure the harmonious and sustainable development of a country. It can be said that good governance is both the ideal state and the goal that government reform in countries is aiming for, and the guiding principles for the design and operation of the state apparatus, government or system. In recent years, reform of government as well as reform of local government, according to good governance theory in Vietnam, has achieved many outstanding results. This is evident in the improvement in the indicators of provincial governance and public administration (Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (hereinafter referred to as PAPI)) in Vietnam over the years. Based on the survey results of PAPI in recent years, the article analyzes the good governance level of the local government of Vietnam, offers comments and assessments and proposes solutions on how to increase and strengthen the reform of local government in Vietnam according to good governance theory.

«“Между осенью и снегом” дорог в Томской губернии нет»: дороги, средства транспорта и особенности путешествия по Сибири во второй половине XIX в.

The article examines the condition of roads in Siberia in the second half of the 19th century, identifies the related characteristics of the Siberian land vehicles and skills of coachmen obtained in the harsh climatic conditions, with enormous distances between stations and the need to spend long hours in transit. The sources for this article are travel notes and memoirs written at the end of trips. The work of the German geographer and ethnographer R. Andre, travel notes of the American J. Kennan deserve special attention. Among the works of domestic authors who passed through Siberia in the middle or at the end of the 19th century, the notes of the writer A.P. Chekhov, and of the merchants I. Zavalishin and N. Chukmaldin deserve attention. Documents of the State Archive of Tomsk Oblast (GATO), which contain information about the state of communication routes in Tomsk Province, are attracted for a more complete picture. Thus, the documents of the Fund “Tomsk Provincial Administration (1823-1916)” allow, in particular, tracking the passing travelers' reaction to the unsatisfactory condition of roads in Tomsk Province at the end of the 19th century. This article aims to summarize the facts that relate to the state of Siberian roads, land vehicles, skills of Siberian coachmen, as well as to identify the features of travel in Siberia in the second half of the 19th century. In the course of the study, the authors come to the following conclusions. The condition of roads generally did not satisfy people traveling through Siberian provinces. This was especially true during the off-season when the roads were heavily flooded and washed away by rain or meltwater. Our compatriots' negative comments on Siberian roads in general merge into the common chorus of complaints by foreign travelers. Although there were exceptions when both Russian travelers and foreigners praised the state of the roads in some provinces of Siberia, which was reflected in the archives and travel notes. In winter, the moving speed increased because the snow-covered roads were easier to move along on a sled. However, during severe frosts, there was a great risk of freezing on the road. Because of the harsher climate and the need to stay on the road longer than in the European part of Russia, it was necessary to use vehicles with design features that made them more stable in Siberia. The preparations of the coachmen and the coachmen's preparation of their horses for a long journey influenced its successful outcome. Coachmen had large energy expenditure and were to have endurance. Siberian coachmen maintained a high moving speed with the help of their horses. This fact surprised both Russians coming from the European part of Russia and, especially, foreigners.

Государственное регулирование рыболовства в России в XIX – начале ХХ в.

The article, mainly based on Siberian material, examines the problem of regulation of fishing in the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th century, when serious consequences of predatory, unrestricted use of natural resources became apparent to the public and local officials. There is an awareness of the need for restrictive measures at the level of regional administration and the inattention of the general imperial power structures to this issue in relation to Asian Russia. Fishermen actively opposed any regulation of the time and methods of fishing in Siberia. Fishing in Asian Russia had no restrictions until the Soviet era. The officials found justification for this primarily in the rights of the foreign population to use traditional fishing grounds. All the lands of Siberia remained officially state-owned and during the XIX century, fishing grounds were gradually transferred to tax articles. Attempts to regulate the rental relations of the aboriginal population and fishermen, undertaken by local authorities, have not yielded great results. Somewhat more important were the measures to regulate the relations of fishermen and hired workers at capitalist fishing enterprises – strezhevye sands. The resolutions of the Tobolsk provincial administration obliged fishermen to give workers special clothes and shoes, improve nutrition, meat, fish, bread, porridge, butter, kvass and tea were to be included in the workers' diet. The working day was limited to 15 hours a day. The resolutions ordered to arrange separate rooms for workers to rest, imputed polite treatment of workers and an increase in wages to 30 rubles. per season. District police officers were appointed responsible for the execution of the resolution. This kind of control made the regulations practically useless. The fishing industry of Siberia remained throughout the 19th – early 20th century a field of spontaneous regulation based on the economic traditions of the Russian and aboriginal population.

Stručni ispiti kao element profesionalizacije uprave

In recent years, a significant reform has been implemented in Serbia in the field of professional development of civil servants, but professional exams have remained outside the essential reform processes. An extremely large number of professional exams, which today are conducted by various state and provincial administration bodies, are taken not only by state, provincial and local officials, but also by subjects outside the public administration system, require priority systematic regulation of a number of legal issues laying in the right way contributed to the process of professionalization of the administration. Given that the state professional exam appears as a general exam and that all employees are required to pass it, regardless of the type of administrative body in which they work, the central place in the reform of the system of professional exams in the administration should belong to this type of exam. Legal regulations should precisely regulate the relationship between the state professional exam and all other special or professional exams, primarily through the issue of exam programs, and then the manner of education and composition of examination commissions, exam fees, exam procedures, keeping records of passed exams, issuing certificates, etc. Legal regulations should precisely regulate the relationship between the state professional exam and all other special or professional exams, primarily through the issue of exam programs, and then the manner of education and composition of examination commissions, exam fees, exam procedures, keeping records of passed exams, issuing certificates, etc. Further successful continuation of the process of professionalization of the administration depends on the manner in which the mentioned issues will be regulated, because without a well-designed and carefully constructed system of professional exams, results achieved in previous years in the field of professional development of employees will remain without real significance.

ДУХОВЕНСТВО И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ АНГЛО-ШОТЛАНДСКИМ ПОГРАНИЧЬЕМ ПРИ ПЕРВОМ ТЮДОРЕ

The use of clergy in public administration was a tradition of medieval England, including in the counties bordering Scotland. The first Tudor also engaged representatives of the clergy for diplomatic missions, participation in local government and even in the military-administrative sphere. Richard Fox, Bishop of Durham, was perhaps the most striking example of such participation of prelates in government. But Fox's special role in the affairs of the Anglo-Scottish borderland was connected not so much with his spiritual rank as with his proximity to the monarch. Here we can trace the desire of Henry VII to control the provincial administration with the help of loyal individuals who were not associated with the elites of the region.

“German Issue” in Crimea during the First World War

The article describes the specifics of the campaign that unfolded during World War I to combat “German dominance” in Crimea. Special attention is paid to the ideological component of this process, which, in particular, manifested itself in the confrontation between the newspaper Yuzhnoye Slovo, which was close to the provincial administration, and the newspaper Yuzhnye Vedomosti, which defended the pro-German position of the local zemstvo (county council). From the first days of the war, two concepts were actively used in the Crimean press: the unification of all peoples of the region in the face of danger, and Germany as the main culprit of the war. The latter inevitably gave rise to a negative attitude towards the German community in Crimea. Examples of intolerance towards the Germans and discussions on the “German issue” that developed on the pages of the press are provided. The anti-German campaign resulted in the renaming of settlements. Examples of loyalty to Russia by Crimean Germans are considered. Measures taken in the Taurida province to eliminate German land tenure are analyzed. The local zemstvo organized a deputation to Petrograd, which was supposed to achieve a softening or abolition of the liquidation legislation. At the same time, the right-wing circles saw the liquidation as a tool for the forced Russification of Crimea and the strengthening of state positions in the multinational border region. In fact, the struggle against “Germanism” led to a socio-economic crisis in the Taurida province.

A gold coin of the Roman emperor Anthemius (467 – 472 AD) from Črnomelj

During construction work in the centre of Črnomelj in 2019, archaeologists discovered a gold coin from the period of Late Antiquity. This tremissis of the Roman emperor Anthemius was minted in Rome 467–472. It has two special features: a lower weight than the average for tremisses, and grafitti on the reverse of the coin. The great variety of the types and quantities of the minted solidi of Anthemius is partially reflected in the hoard finds discovered in Italy and northern Europe. In terms of the published coins, it can be established that there are few single finds of the coins of Anthemius, and among them tremisses are especially rare. Investigation of the distribution of single-coin finds outside and inside the Empire has shown that tremisses of Anthemius are very rare. The monetary circulation on the territory of presentday Slovenia in the second half of the 5th century almost ceased, and the small number of coins could well indicate a transition to a barter system. Gold coins otherwise predominate in the circulation; they must be connected, most probably, either to the military or to the work of the provincial administration.

The Ottoman Postmaster: Contractors, Communication and Early Modern State Formation*

Abstract Prevailing historiography views the use of contractors by states as indicative of a loss or decentralization of power. This article takes the case of the Ottoman postmaster to demonstrate how contracting could in fact strengthen early modern empires and to argue that the binary spatial metaphors of ‘centralization’ and ‘decentralization’ cannot adequately explain how power worked in the early modern world (about 1500–1800). Indeed, recent scholarship has highlighted the scale and significance of military contractors in early modern European warfare. However, contractors were not confined to expanding military capacity; they were also employed to expand administrative capacity in diverse arenas. Evidence from Ottoman fiscal documents and judicial registers shows how contracted postmasters played a crucial role in strengthening the imperial bureaucracy’s supervision of a sprawling postal system. In contrast to war-making, which involved the short-term mobilization of vast resources, maintaining a large-scale infrastructure required long-term co-ordination across multiple dispersed nodes, and this entailed a different spatial configuration of power that disrupts the dichotomous paradigm of centralization and decentralization. Ultimately, a holistic appraisal of early modern state-building needs to consider not just cases of war-making or provincial administration, but also pan-imperial infrastructures like information and communication systems.

Vasily Tatishchev and the Activities of a Provincial Chancellery in the Writings of Jonas Hanway, English Merchant and Traveller

The text published here is a translation of a chapter and a few excerpts from the British merchant and traveller Jonas Hanway’s book, An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea. The translated sections are united by the common theme of V. N. Tatishchev, with whom Hanway met in 1743–1744. In Hanway’s book, we find his impressions of Tatishchev, who was serving at this time as governor of Astrakhan, as well as the rumours and opinions circulating about Tatishchev in St Petersburg and the local region. Hanway also quotes a letter written by Tatishchev a few years after this meeting in Astrakhan, in which he requested assistance in the publication of his Istoria Rossiiskaia. Hanway’s observations on the administrative practices of provincial officials and institutions are of considerable interest. Here, Hanway informs the reader about Tatishchev’s relationship with the authorities in Petersburg, his business affairs, and his rather multifaceted reputation. Isolated extracts from Hanway’s text were translated and published in the mid-nineteenth century: these mainly focused on Tatishchev’s letter and personality. In this new publication, we provide a translation (with commentary) of all the information that Hanway provides about his two stops in Astrakhan: this allows us to better understand the context of his meeting with Tatishchev. The translation is based on the third edition of Hanway’s work: an introductory article is provided, offering general information about Hanway, his book, and the condition of Astrakhan’s provincial administration during the Englishman’s visit.

Use of Prisoners of War Labor in Karelia During the First World War

The article describes the study of using prisoners' labor in Karelia during the First World War. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time the angle of approach to this problem was beyond the traditional context of the issue, that usually covers the details of the Murmansk railway construction and prisoners labor service. The author analyzed the proposals which were put forward by the Zemstvos and by the governing bodies of the Olonets and Arkhangelsk provinces. They proposed to use the labor of prisoners in the implementation of several infrastructure projects, which were aimed at achieving major strategic defense objectives, as well as at solving local economic problems. The text has a special focus on the problem of using prisoners of war in the field work in Karelia. The study concluded that the labor of war prisoners was hardly used in Karelia. The only major construction project, which included prisoners labor, was the construction of the Murmansk railway. Several reasons for that were defined and presented in the article. Firstly, it was due to the reluctance of the Central authorities to spend money on major projects duplicating the railway to Murmansk, which was under construction. Secondly, it was caused by the position of the Olonets provincial administration, which resisted the additional inflow of prisoners of war to Karelia. Thirdly, it was dependent on the specificities of local peasant population and its regional economic structure.

THE ROYAL LAW OF PATRONAGE AS A MECHANISM OF STATE REGULATION OF THE FINANCIAL AND PROPERTY SITUATION OF THE BASILIAN MONASTERIES OF THE COMMONWEALTH

The purpose of the research is to investigate the evolution of the royal right of patronage on the basis of the privileges of the Lavriv Basilian Monastery. The research methodology is based on analytical and synthetic critique of royal privileges. A comparison of different editions of privileges, which were preserved in the confirmations of later times or were included in the majestic books of the Standing Committee of the Governor’s Office in Lviv, was made. Preference is given to the use of accrued privileges in the city act books. The scientific novelty of the research is seen in the establishment of the legal influence of the royal administration on the activities of the Basilian monasteries. The Conclusions. The Polish administration tried to control the activities of the self-governing bodies of the Basilian Order, demanding that its Constitutions be in accordance with the religious legislation of the Commonwealth. During the 17th – 18th centuries, the royal right of patronage in the Basilian Order underwent a certain evolution: from the appointment of hegumens, archimandrites to the regulation of property security. Such changes were due to the desire of the Order to achieve full self-government. For this purpose, the Basilian monasteries were removed from the jurisdiction of the local bishops and handed over to the protoarchimandrite. Protohegumens received the right not only to represent, but also to appoint hegumens of monasteries. The royal administration retained a limited right to approve candidates for the positions of archimandrites, with the exception of the protoarchimandrite, who was elected by the General Chapter of the Order. At this time there is a transition to the introduction of the election of senior administrative positions (protoarchimandrite, protohegumen, general and provincial consuls), while the middle (archimandrite) and lower (hegumen) rank of officials of the Order retained the ancient right to appoint as king (archimandrite), so on the part of the provincial administration (hegumens). The analyzed system of the administrative system of the Order was based on a mixed form of government: the election and appointment of officials at different levels (local, provincial, general). However, the restriction of the administrative component in the royal law of patronage did not mean its complete elimination, because the next component – property regulation – continued to operate. Royal privileges transferred table land ownership to the use of monasteries located on their lands, and determined their economic rights and freedoms.

El aporte de la ciencia ciudadana para generar un monitoreo visual de cianobacterias en el embalse Los Molinos, Córdoba, Argentina

Citizen science involves the participation of the entire community in scientific activities and promotes the active contribution of citizens in research projects through their efforts, knowledge, tools and resources. The community living nearby a reservoir suffers the main consequences of cyanobacteria blooms and usually has a popular knowledge of the problem and a great enthusiasm to collaborate in research tasks. This study describes a joint project between the community and the Faculty of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of the National University of Córdoba, the Special Rescue Group of Calamuchita and the Provincial Administration of Water Resources. This initiative includes the collaborative monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms in Los Molinos reservoir in an unprecedented experience in reservoirs in the province of Córdoba (Argentina). Secchi depth is described as an excellent indicator for recreational use. The participation of students of the Alfonsina Storni school in Potrero de Garay and of the Special Rescue Group of Calamuchita, who reported valuable data on the reservoir conditions in relation to cyanobacterial blooms and transmit the main results and conclusions to their families, coworkers and the whole community, is here underscored.

Atatürk Dönemi Erzincan Valileri

Sözlükte vali “bir şeye çok yakın olan; yetkili kişi, yönetici” anlamındadır. Bu yönüyle vali, Türk devlet geleneğinde, idarenin başı olarak eyaletlerde ve şehirlerde asırlardır kamu bürokrasisinin en temel figürlerinden birisi olmuştur. Halkın devlet ile özdeşleştirdiği bu yapı, Osmanlı Devleti’nin son döneminde önemli bir değişim geçirerek, merkeziyetçi devlet anlayışının kurumsallaşmasında önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Tanzimat Dönemiyle başlayıp, ilerleyen süreçte zaman zaman yeniden yapılandırılan taşra bürokrasisinde, valiler merkezi yönetimin mutlak temsilcisi olmakla birlikte; siyasi, askeri ve ekonomik yetkileri oldukça sınırlandırılmıştır. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulmasıyla, taşra yönetimindeki mutlak merkeziyetçi yapı daha da artırılarak, yeni rejimin taşradaki en önemli temsilcileri, dolayısıyla da hedeflenen dönüşümün en önemli mümessillerinden birisi valiler olmuştur.Bu makalede, cumhuriyetin ilanıyla başlayıp 1939 yılına kadarki süreçte Erzincan’da valilik yapan Hasan Faiz Bey, Ahmet Cevdet Bey, Mehmet Fevzi Bey, Ahmet Azmi Bey, Hasan Tahsin Bey, Ali Kemali Bey, Ahmet Muhtar Bey ve Mehmet Fahri Bey’in dönemlerinde yaşanan gelişmeler üzerinde durulmuştur.

Sign language planning and policy in Ontario teacher education

The Deaf Ontario Now movement of 1988 called for more hiring of deaf teachers and the full implementation of American Sign Language (ASL) across the curriculum in schools with deaf students. In 1989, the Review of Ontario Education Programs for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students recommended that ASL become a language of instruction at the Ernest C. Drury School for the Deaf in Milton, Ontario. Subsequently, the school became the site of a pilot bilingual bicultural project that led to the ratification of a policy statement on bilingual bicultural education for deaf children at all three anglophone provincial schools with deaf students in Ontario. In 1993, Bill 4 was incorporated into the Ontario Education Act, sanctioning the use of ASL and Langue des signes quebecoise as languages of instruction in all schools for deaf students in Ontario. Despite this seeming progress at the policy level in sign language planning in Ontario deaf education, there has been a marked pattern of resistance to systemic change at levels of government and teacher accreditation, the university teacher of the deaf preparation program established in 1991, and provincial school administration. This paper outlines the trajectory of deaf community activism, policy change, and subsequent resistance.