Jujuy Province Research Articles

Diversidad alfa y beta de thrips (Thysanoptera) y agentes de control biológico en flores de crisantemo (Chrysanthemum sp.) de dos ecoregiones en la provincia de Jujuy, Argentina

The objectives of this study are to identify thrips and their biological controllers, to analyze their abundance in three flower opening stages stages of chrysanthemum crops, and to determine alpha and beta diversity in two ecoregions of Jujuy province (Argentina). The study was carried out in the Chaco ecoregion (ECH) in October and November 2016, and in the Prepuna ecoregion (EP) in February and March 2018. On each date, six replicates of five flowers were excised in the stages: flower bud , semi-open flower and open flower. Diversity profiles and rank-abundance curves were built, and Jaccard's coefficient of similarity was applied. The diversity profiles showed significant differences in thrips communities. In the ECH, 15 thrips species were identified; the dominant and permanent species were Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Five species were recorded in the EP, although Frankliniella gemina Bagnall and Thrips tabaci Lindeman on their own represented 78% of the total abundance. In the ECH, 20 entomophagous species/morphospecies were recognized, and 19 in the EP; antocorids were dominant in both ecoregions. The thrips and the entomophagous communities of chrysanthemum flowers were different (34%) between the ecoregions studied.

Minería y metalurgia prehispánica en el Noroeste Argentino

This paper synthetizes what we know so far about pre-Columbian mining and metallurgical activities, during pre-Inka and Inka times, in the present-day territory of Jujuy province (Argentina). To do so, we analyze the extractive and productive contexts that we and other scholars have studied in the three eco-regions of the province, in order to identify the direct and indirect evidences of mining, smelting and manufacture of metal objects. Based on the results, we state that despite the availability of metalliferous minerals in the province, the pre-Columbian mining activities have not reached a large scale, neither in extent nor in intensity, and they would have been carried out mainly in the Puna and in an area of the Sierras subandinas. There is evidence of metallurgical production in the Puna as well as in the Cordillera Oriental, especially in the Quebrada de Humahuaca, which dates from pre-inka Late period (second millennium AD) and Inka times and shows the use of gold, silver, copper, tin and their alloys, and the consumption of metallic artefacts in diverse contexts. The Inka conquest would have generated certain modifications in the organization and access of raw materials, but not in the production techniques.

Widespread hydrothermal alteration overprinting epizonal Ordovician rocks in the Puna region of Argentina (Salta and Jujuy provinces)

X-ray-diffraction and textural studies under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using backscattered electron images were employed to outline the thermal post-depositional evolution of Ordovician slates and metavolcanic rocks from four representative localities in southern Puna (the Sierra de Guayaos, the southern zone of the Sierra de Cobres, Cordón de Pozuelos, and Cordón del Gallego) and the Sierra de Cochinoca-Escaya in northern Puna of Argentina. In the case of a meta-andesite that in a previous study had displayed complex clay mineralogy, additional XRD analysis along with a detailed TEM study was performed.Clay mineralogy, Kübler index and chlorite geothermometry indicated that the rocks had undergone prograde metamorphic evolution attaining the epizone. Textural evidence proves that the metamorphic event was syntectonic with the folding that affected this succession, producing a conspicuous slate cleavage in sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Afterwards, the rocks were affected by hydrothermal alteration that produced retrograde changes in mineralogy at centimeter, micron and nanometer scales. The hydrothermal fluid partially dissolved the metamorphic minerals and enhanced the crystallization of clays, kaolinite being the most frequent clay in the altered rocks. Alunite-jarosite was identified in one slate and also evidences of metal transport, suggesting an acid hydrothermal fluid and temperatures between 100 and ~ 300 °C. These data confirm that the Ordovician successions of southern Puna were affected by widespread hydrothermal alteration, as the equivalent rocks in northern Puna. The hydrothermal event was probably associated with the intrusion of the Eastern Puna Magmatic Belt.In the meta-andesite outcropping in the Sierra de Cochinoca-Escaya, HRTEM images and compositional mapping reveal the steps in the paragenetic evolution of the hydrothermal event that produced the alteration of mafic phenocrysts and the formation of intergrowths between high-charge corrensite, trioctahedral vermiculite, and kaolinite.

Olfactory dysfunction and chronic cognitive impairment following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in a sample of older adults from the Andes mountains of Argentina

BackgroundCOVID‐19 has affected more than 150 million people. The causal coronavirus, SARS‐CoV‐2 has infected twice as many individuals who have remained asymptomatic. COVID‐19 includes central nervous system (CNS) manifestations and may result in chronic neuropsychiatric sequelae. Risk factors for COVID‐19 sequelae overlap with those for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), particularly older age and ApoE4 status. The Alzheimer’s Association Consortium on Chronic Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (CNS SC2) established harmonized definitions, ascertainment and assessment methodologies to evaluate and longitudinally follow up cohorts of older adults with variable exposure to COVID‐19. We present preliminary data from CNS SC2 in a prospective cohort of 234 older adult Amerindians from Argentina.MethodParticipants are ≥ 60 years recruited from the health registry of the Province of Jujuy containing all SARS‐CoV‐2 testing data (regardless of clinical status and of the result of the testing). We randomly invite older adults stratified by testing status regardless of symptom severity, a minimum of 3 months after clinical recovery (maximum 6 months); refusal to participate is <45%. Assessment includes interview with the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) and Clinical Dementia Rating scale; neurocognitive assessment; emotional reactivity scale; and neurological assessment including semiquantitative olfactory function test, motor function, coordination and gait. We present here the results of olfactory testing and cognitive assessments.ResultWe assessed 233 infected participants and 64 controls. Average duration of formal learning is 9.35 ± 2.6 years and mean age is 66.7 ± 5.13 years. Normative data for the local population were available for Word list, Corsi Blocks, Oral Trails and Five Digit Tests and were used to normalize Z‐scores and categorize the sample in 3 groups: normal cognition (NC,44.6%); memory only impairment (MOI,21%); and multiple domain impairment (MDI,34.4%). Individuals with MDI presented severe alterations in short‐term memory; semantic memory; naming; executive function and attention compared to NC or MO groups (Table 1). Severity of cognitive impairment was significantly correlated with severity of olfactory dysfunction (χ2 = 13.82; p= 0.003) but not severity of acute COVID‐19.ConclusionOlder adults frequently suffer persistent cognitive impairment after recovery from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection; cognitive impairment is correlated with persistent anosmia.

What to conserve? Different contexts/different pretexts: three study cases in Argentina

Background: The starting point of this work is Alcorn’s definition of ethnobotany. For this reason, the author goes on to say that the ethnobotanical study object is a sort of text –sensu Ricoeur (1971 cited Alcorn 1995)- whose meaning is partially derived from the natural, social and cultural context. Following this perspective of conservation, the goal of this contribution is to analyse the significance of three tree taxa populations in three areas of Argentina. Methods: Ethnobotanical and historical ethnobotany methodology have been used. Results: The Quebrada peach (Prunus persica), early introduced to Jujuy province, assimilated into local crops and considered as part of local identity. Various citrus (Citrus spp.), also introduced early on by the Jesuits, and highly valued by the locals in Misiones, but rejected in the management of protected areas due to their wild-type and exotic nature-. The tala (Celtis tala), native to the Río de la Plata coastal area, where it lends its name to a particular forest formation, which is often overexploited, and is the focus for the establishment of protected areas. Conclusions: The perusal of these texts (tala, peaches and citrus) demonstrates that they are considered as a part of local identity or heritage no matter a long or short story and native or exotic origin. We also to contribute to the design of conservation strategies from a biocultural perspective. Keywords: Identitary species, Immaterial heritage, Introduction of plants, Landscape construction, Local practices, Perceptions, Qualitative ethnobotany.

Cranial Traumas in a Sample from the Pucará de Tilcara Fortress (Jujuy Province, Argentina)

We analyze injuries in the cranial sample from the Pucará de Tilcara fortress, dating to the time of the Inca conquest. Analysis of violence markers, carried out by visual examination and computed tomography, and the comparison of results with those relating to samples from the Regional Development Period of the Quebrada de Humahuaca valley, suggest that although the violence level remained high, its nature could have changed after the arrival of the Inca. The female sample reveals just two perimortal injuries, no trophy skulls were found, and the frequency of nasal bone fractures is higher than in earlier samples. This may indicate lower level of between-group fi ghting for control over resources, and higher risk of interpersonal violence. The observed pattern suggests that having arrived in the Quebrada de Humahuaca region, the Inca eased political tension by establishing control over trade routes and the distribution of arable land areas, which had previously been the main cause of local armed clashes. The infl uence of artifi cial cranial modifi cations on the pathological and traumatic status of individuals was also analyzed. Two types of modifi cation were recorded in the sample—fronto-occipital tabular oblique and fronto-occipital tabular straight. None of them caused pathological changes or a decrease in the thickness of cranial bones.

Toxoplasmosis: Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo en las majadas caprinas de la región noroeste de Argentina

A cross-sectional survey was performed in 54 family farm units (FU) and 5 dairy commercial farm (CF) from different regions of Jujuy and Salta provinces, with the aim of studying the association between the seroprevalence against Toxoplama gondii antibodies in goats flocks and risk factors related to the farm units and the goats management. Sera were processed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test IFAT (n = 629) and indirect ELISA (n = 619) techniques. The Chi-square, Odds Ratio (OR) and logistic regression were used for the statistical analysis of the variables. Of the 59 visited flocks, 67.8% of them had at leastone seropositive goat, showing differences between FU (66.7%) and CF (80%). The general prevalence was 18.2% (95 % CI: 15.9-20.6%). The risk factors significantly associated to T. gondii prevalence greater than 20% of the sampled goats would be a percentage of cats greater than 1.1% in relation to the total number of mating goats (OR 5.26; 95% CI: 1.62-17.1) and the milking practice (OR 13.03; 95% CI: 2.19- 80.3). The present results show that infestations by T. gondii in the goat flocks of Salta and Jujuy are important and deserves further studies.flocks of Salta and Jujuy are important and deserves further studies.

Materials on the Lepidoptera fauna of “Ecoportal de Piedra” National Park (Jujuy Province, North-Western Argentina). Part I. Pterophoridae (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae)

Basing on the materials from Russian entomological expedition to Jujuy Province, North-Western Argentina, the participants of which were working in Ecoportal de Piedra National Park, 22 Pterophoridae species have been revealed, two of which, Emmelina doroshkini Ustjuzhanin &amp; Kovtunovich sp. n. and E. reshetnikovi Ustjuzhanin &amp; Kovtunovich sp. n., turned to be new to Science. Six more species, Bipunctiphorus nigroapicalis (Landry &amp; Gielis, 1992), Stenoptilodes brevipennis (Zeller, 1874), S. taprobanes (Felder &amp; Rogenhofer, 1875), Lioptilodes cuzcoicus Gielis, 1996, Adaina zephyria Barnes &amp; Lindsey, 1921, and Hellinsia mauleicus (Gielis, 1991) have been indicated for Argentina for the first time, and eleven more species, Postplatyptilia flinti Gielis, 1991, Stenoptilodes sematodactyla (Berg, 1885), Lioptilodes aguilaicus Gielis, 1991, Oidaematophorus pseudotrachyphloeus Gielis, 2011, Singularia carabayus (Arenberger, 1990), Hellinsia angulofuscus (Gielis, 1991), H. chalupi Gielis, 2013, H. grandaevus (Meyrick, 1931), and H. tacanasensis Gielis, 2013 have been indicated for Jujuy Province for the first time. One species of the genus Singularia has not been identified on a unique female.

Los Rodeos de burros

Through the analysis of first-hand ethnographic material and its discussion with certain documentary sources and with contemporary historiographic advances, we study a practice of collective work that is still in force in the 21st century among the rural communities of Puna and Quebrada regions, in the province of Jujuy: the rodeos de burros (donkey rodeos). Three aspects of this practice are addressed: firstly, the conceptual and symbolic specificities that asinine cattle acquire in the local ontological system. Secondly, the system of collective work organization that is displayed in the activity of rodeos, thus identifying two different mechanisms of social cooperation and territorial coordination in contemporary practices. Finally, the mutual enchainments of these practices, thus producing different chains of supra-community regional identity. Through the approach of two documentary sources from the 19th century, we study how these three characteristics acquired their current form as a mechanism for the reordering of collective identities and territories in the context of the ethnic and juridical de-structuring suffered by the indocolonial communities in the face of the advances of the liberal state system.

REMOTE SENSING AND MODELING TOOLS EXPLORATION FOR HABITAT DELIMITATION OF LEISHMANIASIS TRANSMITTING VECTORS

Abstract. Leishmaniasis encompasses a group of vector-borne parasitic diseases, characterized by their diversity and complexity, that affect both humans and other vertebrates. They are caused by different species of parasites of the Leishmania genus, which are transmitted by bites from hematophagous female sandflies. This work proposed to model the occurrence probability of five sandflies species of sanitary interest for South America, from a bibliographic compilation of records of the last 10 years. To develop the model, the free software MaxEnt was used. This exploratory analysis made it possible to visualize the areas where the species are distributed. In addition, we analyzed land changes in vegetation around a town in Jujuy province, Argentina, where a leishmaniasis outbreak occurred during the years 2017 and 2018. For this, Sentinel-2 images were used, and a change vector was calculated for the difference between two dates of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This part of the work was made using SNAP software for images pre-procesing, Python for the change vector obtention and QGIS for the result post-procesing. From the exploration of MaxEnt software we were able to know the most suitable places for the distribution of the most important five species in the study region, and therefore, to project future decision-making to prevent and control leishmaniasis transmission. And in turn, obtain an approximation of how anthropogenic activities, as deforestation, can have an influence on leishmaniasis specific outbreaks transmitted by these species. Finally, from the exploration of the different tools used in this work, the importance of validation with field data for the generation of accurate analyses and predictions is highlighted. It implies that more data collection is necessary to validate the models and analyzes generated, to guarantee the contribution of the tools in macro-ecological studies of species linked to disease transmission.

New assemblage of cingulates from the Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation (middle Eocene) at Los Cardones National Park (Salta Province, Argentina) and the Casamayoran SALMA problem at Northwestern Argentina

In the Eocene deposits of Northwestern Argentina, the order Cingulata was recognized in the sedimentary levels of the upper and lower sections of the Lumbrera (Salta Province), Geste (Catamarca and Salta provinces), Quebrada de Los Colorados (Salta Province), and Casa Grande (Jujuy Province) formations. The traditional biochronological scheme associated the Geste Formation to the Mustersan SALMA (37.3–35.4 Ma; Priabonian), the lower section of the Lumbrera Formation to the Vacan Subage (44–46 Ma; Lutetian) of the Casamayoran SALMA, and the fossiliferous levels of the remaining units to the Barrancan Subage (39–42 Ma; Bartonian) of the Casamayoran SALMA. Nevertheless, recent dating obtained for the top of the lower section of the Lumbrera Formation supports a new geochronological framework for Northwestern Argentina, which changes the temporal assignation of the taxa that have been collected in this section, going from the Vacan Subage to the Itaboraian SALMA, affecting also the biochronology of the Quebrada de Los Colorados and the upper section of the Lumbrera formations, which are now constrained between 46 and 40 Ma (Lutetian). In this contribution, we present a new cingulate assemblage based on osteoderms collected in the basal levels of the Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation at Los Cardones National Park, Calchaquí Valley (Salta, Northwestern Argentina), which is constituted by a new taxon plus Pucatherium parvum and Parutaetus punaensis. In addition, we discuss all the Eocene cingulate associations reported for Northwestern Argentina taking into consideration the new geochronological framework.

Crocodia Link. (Peltigeraceae, Lobarioideae) in northern Argentinean rainforests

A revision of the lichen genus Crocodia Link. in northern Argentinean rainforests is presented. Three species were identified for the region: C. arvidssonii (D.J. Galloway) D.J. Galloway &amp; Elix, C. aurata (Ach.) Link., and C. clathrata (De Not.) Trevis. The distribution range known for these species is extended: C. arvidssonii is recorded for the first time for the country; C. aurata for Corrientes, Misiones, and Salta provinces; and C. clathrata for Corrientes and Jujuy provinces. The morphology of each species is described and illustrated. A distribution map and a key to known species of the genus are also presented.

Multi-year assessment of variability in spatial and social relationships in a subterranean rodent, the highland tuco-tuco (Ctenomys opimus)

In some species, populations routinely contain a mixture of lone and group-living individuals. Such facultative sociality may reflect individual differences in behavior as well as adaptive responses to variation in local environmental conditions. To explore interactions between individual- and population-level variabilities in behavior in a species provisionally described as facultatively social, we examined spatial and social relationships within a population of highland tuco-tucos (Ctenomys opimus) at Laguna de los Pozuelos, Jujuy Province, Argentina. Using data collected over 5 consecutive years, we sought to (1) confirm the regular occurrence of both lone and group-living individuals and (2) characterize the temporal consistency of individual social relationships. Our analyses revealed that although the study population typically contained lone as well as group-living animals, individual spatial and social relationships varied markedly over time. Specifically, the extent to which individuals remained resident in the same location across years varied, as did the number of conspecifics with which an animal lived, with an overall tendency for individuals to live in larger groups over successive years. Collectively, these analyses indicate that population-level patterns of behavior in C. opimus are consistent with facultative sociality but that this variation does not arise due to persistent differences in individual behavior (i.e., living alone versus with conspecifics). Instead, based on changes in spatial and social relationships across years, we suggest that variation in the tendency to live in groups is shaped primarily by local ecological and demographic conditions.Significance statementCharacterizing variation in conspecific relationships is critical to understanding the adaptive bases for social behavior. Using data collected over 5 successive years, we examined temporal variation in spatial and social relationships within a population of highland tuco-tucos (C. opimus) from northern Argentina. In addition to providing the first multi-year assessment of the behavior and demography of this species, our analyses generate important insights into relationships between individual behavior and population-level patterns of social organization. The behavioral variability evident in our study population suggests that C. opimus is an ideal system in which to explore the causes and consequences of individual differences in social behavior.

A new mammalian assemblage for Guanaco Formation (northwestern Argentina), and the description of a new genus of New World porcupine

The Guanaco Formation (Orán Group) is one of the Neogene units outcropping in the Subandean region of northwestern Argentina. The fossil assemblage from the middle section was studied in a few contributions. Here we present new remains for the middle section (~6.3 Ma) and the first records for the upper section (<5.7 Ma) of this unit, collected in the Río Chico locality of Jujuy Province. The remains from the middle section include very well-preserved cranium, cephalic armor, and part of the carapace of a small glyptodontid assigned to Cranithlastus xibiensis, representing the second specimen known for the species. The remains from upper section represent the youngest mammalian association known for the Guanaco Formation, and include fragmentary remains of five caviomorph rodent taxa, including Lagostomus sp., Caviinae indet., Caviodon sp., Octodontoidea indet., the latter three representing new taxa for the unit. The fifth taxon of the upper section corresponds to a new genus and species of porcupine (Erethizontidae), represented by a fragment of left maxilla with DP4-M1. This and other recent paleontological studies, together with sedimentological and geochronological data of Guanaco Formation, are contributing to the knowledge of the past diversity of the area, and the faunistic and environmental evolution of the Central Andes ecoregions in northwestern Argentina. The preliminary characterization of the youngest faunistic association reveals the presence of forest-dweller taxa with conservative occlusal and postcranial morphologies, concurs with the context of local and regional progressive break-up of basins, increasing of moisture supply, and development of powerful streams related to a stepper slopes landscape. The evidence supports forested foothill environments, including subtropical components, for the upper levels of the Guanaco Formation, giving clues regarding to the tempo and mode in which Chacoan-like communities were replaced by subtropical mountain rain forests communities of Yungas.

First record of Cynomops planirostris (Peters, 1866) (Chiroptera, Molossidae) in Corrientes province, Argentina

Cynomops planirostris (Peters, 1866) was previously known in Argentina only from the provinces of Salta and Jujuy in the northwest and in Misiones in the northeast. Here, we newly report this species from the province of Corrientes and the Humid Chaco ecoregion. We also offer information on the natural history of the species and on the bat assemblage present in the study area. This record increases the number of species of bats known in Corrientes to 34.

La actividad frutícola en los Valles Templados de Jujuy, Argentina: caracterización del sector

En la provincia de Jujuy, extremo noroccidental de Argentina, se distinguen cuatro regiones ambientales: valles templados, valles cálidos, quebrada y puna. El valle templado es un valle húmedo de clima templado en invierno, se estiman de 350 a 550 horas frío. Cuenta con 30000 ha bajo riego. La actividad principal es la tabacalera, además se desarrolla la horticultura y la fruticultura. La producción frutícola es una alternativa viable económica y agroclimáticamente, con antecedentes de más de 50 años, cuando se introdujeron almendros, higueras, chirimoyos y durazneros, entre otros. La producción que continúa en crecimiento y con incorporación de tecnología es la de duraznos. Los cultivares que se cultivan en la zona tienen características de primicia y de extraprimicia (cosechas de septiembre a diciembre). La condición agroecológica de los valles templados es adecuada para una producción muy temprana, no equiparable a ninguna otra zona del país, con lo cual obtiene grandes ventajas competitivas en los mercados nacionales. Al Mercado Central de Buenos Aires ingresan anualmente, desde Jujuy, 1.300 toneladas de duraznos, esta fruta marca la tendencia de la temporada y la convierte en la principal zona de primicia de duraznos de Argentina. Desde las instituciones del medio (INTA-FCA-UNJU) se trabaja mancomunadamente con el sector frutícola y se han podido realizar importantes avances en la tecnología de producción: densidades de plantación, índices de cosecha, carta de colores para la cosecha, información de mercados, estudios de mercado y análisis de oportunidades comerciales, manejo del cultivo y mejoramiento genético.

Spanish flu and coronavirus in Argentina: reading the past and understanding the present

This article compares the scenarios generated in the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-1919 and covid-19 in Argentina. It analyzes governmental policies and structural imbalances in the earlier pandemic based on case studies of the city of Buenos Aires and the province of Salta. It then studies those same topics for the covid-19 pandemic. It describes national policies and analyzes the province of Jujuy, where the health care system was overwhelmed. It concludes that in order to manage the pandemic it is necessary to create consensus policies to solve the structural imbalanaces in the country.

“I’m neither here, which would be bad, nor there, which would be good”: the information needs of HPV+ women. A qualitative study based on in-depth interviews and counselling sessions in Jujuy, Argentina

The objective of this qualitative study was to explore the information needs of HPV+ women. We conducted 38 in-depth interviews with HPV+ women in the province of Jujuy, Argentina. The interviews included a counselling session to respond to women’s concerns and questions. Women perceived the information provided as good, despite having several doubts and misconceptions after receiving results of an HPV+ test. They expressed difficulties in formulating questions during the consultation due to shame, excess of information provided or lack of familiarity with technical language. They valued emotional support and being treated kindly by professionals. The perceived information needs that emerged as most important were: (1) the meaning of an HPV+ result and its relationship with cervical cancer evolution and severity; (2) continuity and timing of the care process; (3) information on the sexual transmission of the virus; (4) explanation of the presence or absence of symptoms. Women’s primary unperceived information needs were: (1) detailed information about colposcopy, biopsy and treatments and their effects (including fertility consequences); and (2) deconstructing the association of sexual transmission with infidelity. Sources of information included: (1) the health care system; (2) the internet; and (3) social encounters (close friends and relatives). It is crucial to strengthen the processes for delivering results, with more thorough information, improved emotional support and active listening focused on the patient, as well as to conceive new formats to provide information in stages and/or gradually, in order to facilitate women’s access to the health care system and the information they need.

Una nueva especie de Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) para las Yungas del noroeste argentino

A new species of Dioscorea endemic to the Yungas of the northwestern Argentina, is here described as Dioscorea ayardei. This new species is characterized by the presence of a single anther inserted in a navicular structure with three dendriform projections. The new species is morphologically similar to D. haumanii and both inhabit mountain areas at the Sierras of Calilegua in the Jujuy province. A description of D. ayardei, together with illustrations, a distribution map, habitat description, conservation assessment, a comparative table with the related species and a diagnostic comparison with D. haumanii is presented.

Травмы черепа у населения крепости Пукара-де-Тилкара (провинция Жужуй, Аргентина)

Статья посвящена анализу травм черепа в краниологической серии из крепости Пукара-де-Тилкара, относящейся ко времени завоевания региона инками. Анализ распределения маркеров насилия на изученных черепах при помощи визуального обследования и компьютерной томографии, сопоставление полученных результатов с сериями периода регионального развития долины Кебрада-де-Умауака позволяют говорить о том, что, хотя общий уровень насилия в обществе остался высоким, его характер мог измениться с приходом инков. В серии на женских черепах выявлены только две присмертные травмы, отсутствуют черепа-трофеи и повышена относительно более ранних выборок частота переломов носовых косточек. Это является свидетельством уменьшения числа вооруженных межплеменных столкновений, связанных с необходимостью установления контроля над ресурсами, и повышения роли индивидуальных случаев межперсонального насилия. Наблюдаемая динамика позволяет говорить о том, что приход инков в регион Кебрада-де-Умауака снизил политическую напряженность, поскольку они установили единый контроль над торговыми путями и распределением плодородных участков земли, являвшимися до этого основной причиной локальных вооруженных конфликтов. Также было проанализировано влияние искусственной деформации черепа на патологический и травматический статус индивидов. В серии зафиксировано два вида деформации — лобно-затылочные табулярные косая и прямая. Ни одна из них не привела к формированию патологических изменений и уменьшению толщины костей черепа.