Edirne Province Research Articles

Some Evaluations about Use of Vermicompost in Agricultural Activity of Thrace Region, Turkey: A Review

Turkey is located in Asian and European continents (Eurasia) and the country’s population is nearly 81 million. Thrace Region which exists in European part of Turkey has a very important agricultural potential. Thrace, gateway of Turkey to Europe, also has an important position with its agricultural potential. Therefore, it is of strategic importance. Sunflower, rice, sugar beet and wheat are the major crops grown in the region. The main sources of income of people in Tekirdag, Kırklareli and Edirne provinces are coming from agriculture. In this region, livestock activities also increase day by day and a lot of waste comes out. Vermicomposting is an environmentally-friendly process used to animal and/or vegetal organic waste. The resulting vermicompost has been shown to have many positive effects on soil quality and plant growth. However, many important benefits of vermicompost on soil-plant systems are not yet fully understood. A case study is presented in which the beneficial effects of vermicompost on soil quality and plant growth are evaluated according to previous researches in the Thrace Region, Turkey. The use of vermicompost is important for the sustainability of agriculture. The structure of agriculture and fertilization, related to Thrace Region, is evaluated in this paper. The aim of the paper is to review recent developments, approaches and examples for use of vermicompost in the agricultural activity of Thrace Region, Turkey. The results can be used to manage next year growing strategies such as low chemical fertilizer and other agricultural input requirements.

SEÇİLMİŞ ÖRNEKLERLE EDİRNE YÖRESEL ERKEK GİYİM

Each of the societies in the world has carried their own cultures and original lifestyles to every part of their lives. Apparel,with all its parts,is a cultural and artistic event, and has been shaped by the characteristics of the region to which it belongs. Clothing and accessories are the most important products that characterize the region and the characteristics of the period of a region. The garments,created by the shapes and patterns,which told the inner world of mankind,have made them adhere to their cultures, traditions and customs.Edirne,which is located in the Thracian Peninsula and connecting Anatolia to Europe and has the most the cultural savings,she has been a frequent visiting place for many cultures especially due to its geographical location. Edirne province, which is at the crossroads of Balkans and Europe, has unique characteristics in local men's wear. The influence of the palace also reflected in men's clothing. In this study,basic clothing elements of Edirne regional men's clothes were identified and tried to be introduced by using the scanned sources and archeology and ethnography and the works of Sultan II Bayezid social complex. The local men's clothing was interpreted by comparing with its figural,fabric, color, paint properties. The most basic male traditional clothes are Potur, minintan, cepken. In time,the fez substituted for the turban, the cone, the robe, the woolen hood of the the headgears. There is definitely a waist cloth as a complementary object in men's wear. Waist cloth is one of the most important parts of old Turkish clothing. Shawl and wool belt are wrapped to the waist. The preferred colours of the kerchief,which is worn to the foot,are red, green and black colors.The ends are sharp. Because of the prevalence of the continental climate,men's clothes are made of wool, thick and dark fabrics.

Parasitoid and Inquiline Associations of Gall Inducing Insects on Rosa canina (L., 1758) and Prunus spinosa L., 1758: A Study in European Part of Turkey (Trakya University Arboretum, Edirne)

Gall specimens on leaves and branches of Rosa canina and Prunus spinosa were investigated. Field studies were conducted from February to June 2013 in European part of Turkey (Trakya University Arboretum, Edirne). In the study, from the galls collected from R. canina leaves and shoots, seven parasitoid and inquiline (Hymenoptera) species (Eupelmus urozonus, Exeristes roborator, Glyphomerus stigma, Orthopelma mediator, Pteromalus bedeguaris, Torymus bedeguaris, and Periclistus brandtii, belonging five families) associated with the three gall wasp (Hymenoptera) species (Diplolepis mayri, D. rosae, D. spinosissimae, belonging one family) were recorded. From the galls on P. spinosa leaves, one gall midge (Diptera) species (Putoniella pruni) was recorded. In addition, six species were determined as new records for the dipteran and hymenopteran fauna of Edirne province, European part of Turkey, and Turkey.

TÜRKİYENİN BİLİNMEYEN DOĞU YAHUDİLERİNİN TARİHSEL GEÇMİŞLERİNE GENEL BİR BAKIŞ

Since ancient times Mesopotamia and Anatolia were a home for the Jews. During the Roman and Byzantine period there were small Jewish communities known as Karaite and Romaniot in Anatolia. After the foundation of the Ottoman Empire they continued to survive. Afterwards Ashkenazim Jewish communities from central and Eastern Europe began to immigrate to the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth century. With the deportation of Jews from Spain, Anatolia became new home of Sephardim. As a result of flow of these immigrations, Sephardim became the dominant Jewish community among other Jewish groups. Thus, Jews were scattered in different parts of the Ottoman Empire. The majority of the Jews in the Empire were concentrated in the western regions, especially in Istanbul, Izmir, and Bursa and Edirne provinces. They made important contributions to the development of the Empire’s trade and industry. There were also considerable Jewish communities who lived in the eastern part of the country in provinces such as Gaziantep, Urfa, Siverek, Diyarbakir, Cermik, Mardin, Nusaybin, Cizre, Baskale and Van. As it is seen by meaning eastern Jews it is referred to Eastern part of first Ottoman later Turkey. This study aims to explore the history of Jews, who once lived in the eastern part of Ottoman Empire and later Turkey. The scarcity of sources indicates that Jews from these regions were received little scholarly attention. Through this study it is expected to make them more visible and to open new research areas for researchers. In addition to written sources it is also benefited from data collected through ethnographic interviews from an anthropological fieldwork conducted by the author in Israel in 2011. Currently, no Jews live or inhabit in the east and southeast of Turkey; therefore, one of the goals of this research is to reveal the existence of a community once had a way of life, beliefs, cultured in a multicultural and multireligious environment of the east.

Medicinal Plants Used in Meriç Town from Turkey

Abstract: Background: There are a few studies on medical plants used in the Trakya region of Turkey (Havsa, Lalapasa, Uzunköprü, Ipsala, Enez, Kirklareli). However, there has been no research study performed investigating the preparation and medicinal uses of wild plants in Meriç town. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the parts of locally growing medicinal plants used by local people in Meriç town and the purpose of their use. Methods: In this study, 16 villages in Meriç town (Edirne province, Turkey) were visited, and interviews were performed with 38 persons in total. Results: As result of the study, 24 plant taxa in 19 families were recorded as medicinal plants used by local people. Conclusion: These traditional medicinal plants have been mostly used for the treatment of diabetes, stomach ailments, hemorrhoids, rheumatism and asthma. Keywords: Edirne, Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Meriç town, Turkey.

Sharka disease (Plum pox virus) in Turkey: the past, present and future

Sharka disease (caused by Plum pox virus, PPV) was first reported on plum trees in Edirne province of Turkey in 1968. It was later found in Ankara (1972), then in the Marmara region (Bilecik, Bursa, Izmit, Istanbul and Tekirdag provinces, 1984) and the Aegean region (Izmir, 1986). Further studies in the Aegean and Marmara regions in 1994 showed that PPV was more widespread, and it was detected on plums, apricots and peach trees in more provinces such as Aydin, Balikesir, Canakkale, Izmir and Manisa. After that, new survey studies were conducted in different provinces and the virus was also detected in the Mediterranean region (Kahramanmaras, Adana, Mersin, Hatay, Isparta), Aegean region (Afyon, Kutahya), Central Anatolia (Aksaray, Kayseri, Konya), Marmara region (Kirklareli) and Black Sea region (Samsun). Recently, extensive surveys in Prunus orchards and nurseries were initiated by the Turkish Agriculture, Food and Livestock Ministry within the framework of a National Sharka Project. As a result of this project, important stone-fruit-growing regions were surveyed, new PPV outbreaks were identified and eradication programmes were strictly applied. Serological and molecular characterization studies of Turkish PPV isolates showed that two common strains were PPV-M and PPV-T, of which M appears in recently infected regions, whereas T appears in regions where PPV infection has been known for years. PPV-D has mostly been found as mixed infections with PPV-M, but it has recently also been found as a single infection in Central Anatolia. The most abundant aphid species in PPV-infected regions of Turkey were found to be Myzus persicae, Hyalopterus pruni, Aphis gossypii and Aphis spiraecola, and these species had the highest percentage of viruliferous aphids. Experimental transmission trials confirmed that Myzus persicae was the most efficient vector for PPV-T. When some of the local apricot cultivars such as ‘Hacihaliloglu’, ‘Cologlu’ and ‘Sekerpare’ were crossed with PPV-resistant apricot cultivars like ‘Stark Early Orange’, ‘Harcot’, ‘Harleyne’ and ‘Stella’, some progeny were found to be tolerant to PPV. Molecular screening and phenotyping studies are still under way.

Resim Anasanat Atölye Dersi Öğrencilerinin Resimde Mekân Konusuna İlişkin Görüşlerinin Değerlendirilmesi

The fundamental purpose of this study is to gain information on and evaluate the opinions of the students in Education Faculties, Fine Arts Education Departments, Painting-Handcraft Department, Painting Major Workshop Students in Universities on the subject of location in painting. The study group comprises a total of 101 students from Education Faculty, Fine Arts Education Department, Painting-Handcraft Department, Painting Major Workshop Students of Trakya University in Edirne Province and Education Faculty, Fine Arts Education Department, Painting-Handcraft Department, Painting Major Workshop Students of Abant İzzet Baysal University in Bolu Province. The study has been conducted using the relational screening model and has been limited to the subject of location in painting. The “Location in Painting Scale” and “Personal Information Form”, prepared for the subject of location in painting, have been used in the study. In this study, In this study, the opinions of students on the subject of location in painting have been examined and the factors in personal information form have been evaluated in comparison with the questions in the “Location in painting scale”. It is believed that the study will contribute to the development of students’ qualifications in Fine Arts Education Department Painting-Handcraft Major.

Local demands and state policies: general councils (Meclis-i Umumi) in the Edirne and Ankara provinces (1867–1872)

ABSTRACTBy comparing the decisions of various meetings of the General Councils of Edirne and Ankara provinces from 1283 to 1288 (1867–1872 AD), this study analyses social and economic dynamics of both provinces, the state vocabulary for handling local demands, and the boundaries of responsibility for the state and the local actors in provincial administration. Instead of reading the Tanzimat as a top-down imposition, this article defines General Councils as sites of negotiations between state and local actors and instruments for local development. This article challenges the conventional view of provincial councils as weak and unable to implement various policies. It contributes to a new generation of studies that challenges the separation between state and social forces and looks at how both interacted in provincial administration.

Sanjak of Plovdiv (Filibe) According to Annuals of Edirne Province (1870-1877) by Haluk Kayıcı

Sanjak of Plovdiv (Filibe) According to Annuals of Edirne Province (1870-1877) by Haluk Kayıcı

Seed micromorphology of Orchis Tourn. ex L. (Orchidaceae) and allied genera growing in Edirne province, Turkey.

In this study, the seed micromorphologies of eight taxa of Anacamptis, Neotinea and Orchis growing around Edirne province (Turkey) were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Slides prepared with glycerin jelly were used for measurements under the light microscope and fine details of seed testae characteristics were observed with SEM. Seeds of the investigated orchid taxa are fusiform shaped and of different shades of brown. Their lengths and widths are different among the taxa and range between 0.263–0.640 mm and 0.118–0.208 mm, respectively. Testa surfaces of Orchis mascula subsp. mascula, Orchis purpurea subsp. purpurea and Orchis simia subsp. simia, are smooth while those of Anacamptis coriophora, Anacamptis laxiflora subsp. laxiflora, Anacamptis morio subsp. morio, Anacamptis papilionacea and Neotinea tridentata subsp. tridentata are reticulate. An identification key based on seed morphologies and sizes is suggested for the first time, including testae structures of orchids growing in Edirne province. The overall results of the study showed that morphological structures of orchid’s seeds could be used as diagnostic characters in identification.

Investigation of antitumorigenic effects of food-borne non-pathogenic and pathogenic Salmonella enterica strains on MEF, DU145 and HeLa cell lines

Basic applications in cancer therapy may fail to eradicate cancer cells completely, they can show toxic affects to healthy cells and development of resistance to antitumor agents may increase tendency to metastasis. Bacterial therapies have the advantage of specific targetting of tumors by selective toxicity, responsiveness to external signals, self-propelling capacity, and the sense of microenvironment. The most interest on the bacterial cancer therapy is about Salmonella spp. with a special emphasis of S.Typhimurium. The aim of this study was to investigate the antitumorigenic effects of food-borne non-pathogenic and pathogenic Salmonella enterica strains on different cell cultures. Non-pathogenic Salmonella Enteriditis (A17) and pathogenic Salmonella Telaviv (A22) strains isolated from chicken carcasses which were put on the market in Edirne province (located at Thrace region of Turkey), and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 strain were used in the study. ATCC-derived MEF (mouse embryonic fibroblasts), DU145 (human prostate cancer cells), and HeLa (human cervical cancer cells) cell lines were cocultivated with Salmonella strains of MOI (Multiplicity of infection; number of bacteria:number of cell) of 1000:1, 100:1, 10:1, 1:1, 0.1:1. The cell viability was measured by colorimetric MTT cytotoxicity assay, the percentage of apoptosis was assessed by Tali® Apoptosis Assay-Annexin V Alexa Fluor® 488 kit (Invitrogen, Molecular Probes, Life Technologies, USA), and the caspase-3 activity was determined by colorimetric protease ApoTarget™ kit (Invitrogen, BioSource International, USA). It was shown that non-pathogenic S.Enteriditis (A17) decreased cell viability approximately to 70%, wheras patogenic S.Telaviv (A22) and standart S.Typhimurium ATCC 14028 strains reduced cell viability approximately to 80%. Adversely, it was also observed that pathogenic S.Telaviv (A22) strain induces apoptosis more effectively than non-pathogenic S.Enteriditis (A17) and S.Typhimurium ATCC 14028 strains. Apoptosis percentage induced by pathogenic S.Telaviv (A22) strain was approximately 15% while 5% for both non-pathogenic S.Enteriditis (A17) and S.Typhimurium ATCC 14028 strains. Similarly, average OD405 values of caspase-3 activity was shown as 0.01 for both non-pathogenic S.Enteriditis (A17) and S.Typhimurium ATCC 14028 strains whereas average OD405 value of caspase-3 activity for pathogenic S.Telaviv (A22) strain was very close to 0.02 and it doubled the value for negative control. Our data are important in terms of the indication of food-borne pathogenic S.Telaviv (A22) strain that enhanced caspase-3 activity and induced apoptosis, and S.Enteriditis (A17) strain that showed selective cytotoxicity on DU145 (human prostate cancer cells).

Assessment of radioactivity levels and radiation hazards using gamma spectrometry in soil samples of Edirne, Turkey

This study assesses natural and artificial radioactivity concentrations in surface soil samples from nine different districts in Edirne province, Turkey, and examines the associated potential radiation hazards using gamma spectrometry. The average activity concentrations of radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs were measured as 39.73 ± 8.45, 55.85 ± 10.55, 407.12 ± 35.39, and 8.76 ± 0.74 Bq kg−1 respectively. The radiation hazard indices for natural activity were calculated. The evaluated data were compared with internationally approved values.

Water Resources Have Been Threatened in Thrace Region of Turkey

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com generally hot-dry summers, while winters are cool-rainy. A major part of the precipitation is in the form of rain. The climate of the region is generally hot and dry summers, while winters are cool and rainy. A major part of the precipitation is in the form of rain. Edirne, Kirklareli and Tekirdag provinces, we examine the data corresponds to an arid climate year around 10-12 years. That the drought in 1985, 2000, 2001 and 2008, rainfall has decreased in all provinces. 603.5 mm in Edirne, Kirklareli Provinces and 549.9 mm average rainfall is 588.1 mm in Tekirdag, 1985, respectively 452.9, 444.0 and 483.9 mm was recorded at around. That is because rainfall has decreased in approximately 20-25%. Later in the year 2000 and 2001 in Edirne Province (419-467.2 mm) 25- 31%, in Kirklareli Province (326.6-467.2 mm) and 20-41% in the 2000s Tekirdag Province (410.1 mm) to 30% the rate was little precipitation (11). Again, Edirne Province in 2008 (387.0 mm) of 36%, in Kirklareli Province (424.5 mm) and 23% in Tekirdag Province (304.2 mm) of rainfall less than 48%. Particularly agriculture that the volatility in precipitation constitutes significant pressure on other water sources (11). Edirne Province in terms of average temperature changes in long-term average of 13.5 °C and 12.0 °C Kirklareli, Tekirdag is 13.9 °C. Temperature increases are seen in light. In recent years, Edirne, Kirklareli and Tekirdag Provinces average temperature has exceeded the 14.0-14.5 °C and has risen. Yet all three provinces as well as in the dry years 2000 and 2001, the average temperature exceeded 14.5°C. This means that both reduced precipitation, as well as the temperature raised, people, plants and animals has increased the need for water. Increased evaporation from dams and ponds are in use can be significantly reduced water quantities. Groundwater resources are also fed a sufficient amount (11). The presence of this one occupies an important place in Istanbul city. A large part of Thrace region is surrounded by the sea. The land borders but also the borders of the Republic of Turkey, Bulgaria and Greece. Bulgarian border (200 km), starting on the coast of the Black Sea from the mouth of the Ergene River is attained near the Meric river Kapikule districts. After this point, the Turkey-Greece border (204 km) begins. This boundary follows the beginning of the Meric River, Edirne-Karaagac Province to leave in Turkey in this way alone through the western part of the Meric River, reaching the Aegean Sea. Examined field position is shown in Figure 1.

The Opinions of Mothers of Children with Special Needs Regarding Inclusive Education

The aim of this study was to investigate the opinions of mothers who had children with special needs attending inclusive elementary schools regarding inclusive practice. With this purpose, 11 mothers with children attending the first, second and third grades of inclusive elementary schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in the Edirne province were interviewed. In this phenomenological study, the data collected through interviews was analyzed with content analysis. The results showed that the mothers were not adequately knowledgeable on the subject of inclusion. In the study, most of the mothers said that the similarities between the child with special needs and normally developing children were mostly physical, that the orthopedic impairment group could benefit more from inclusion, that adjustments were made in the child’s seating in the educational environment and that during the course of inclusion they required educational support services most of all. In addition, most of the mothers experienced various difficulties in inclusive education concerning lessons, enrolling the child to school and class, and transportation of the child to and from the school.

RADIOMETRIC AND GEOMETRIC ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF RASAT PAN IMAGERY

RASAT is the second Turkish Earth Observation satellite which was launched in 2011. It operates with pushbroom principle and acquires panchromatic and MS images with 7.5 m and 15 m resolutions, respectively. The swath width of the sensor is 30 km. The main aim of this study is to analyse the radiometric and geometric quality of RASAT images. A systematic validation approach for the RASAT imagery and its products is being applied. RASAT image pair acquired over Kesan city in Edirne province of Turkey are used for the investigations. The raw RASAT data (L0) are processed by Turkish Space Agency (TUBITAK-UZAY) to produce higher level image products. The image products include radiometrically processed (L1), georeferenced (L2) and orthorectified (L3) data, as well as pansharpened images. The image quality assessments include visual inspections, noise, MTF and histogram analyses. The geometric accuracy assessment results are only preliminary and the assessment is performed using the raw images. The geometric accuracy potential is investigated using 3D ground control points extracted from road intersections, which were measured manually in stereo from aerial images with 20 cm resolution and accuracy. The initial results of the study, which were performed using one RASAT panchromatic image pair, are presented in this paper.

RADIOMETRIC AND GEOMETRIC ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF RASAT PAN IMAGERY

Abstract. RASAT is the second Turkish Earth Observation satellite which was launched in 2011. It operates with pushbroom principle and acquires panchromatic and MS images with 7.5 m and 15 m resolutions, respectively. The swath width of the sensor is 30 km. The main aim of this study is to analyse the radiometric and geometric quality of RASAT images. A systematic validation approach for the RASAT imagery and its products is being applied. RASAT image pair acquired over Kesan city in Edirne province of Turkey are used for the investigations. The raw RASAT data (L0) are processed by Turkish Space Agency (TUBITAK-UZAY) to produce higher level image products. The image products include radiometrically processed (L1), georeferenced (L2) and orthorectified (L3) data, as well as pansharpened images. The image quality assessments include visual inspections, noise, MTF and histogram analyses. The geometric accuracy assessment results are only preliminary and the assessment is performed using the raw images. The geometric accuracy potential is investigated using 3D ground control points extracted from road intersections, which were measured manually in stereo from aerial images with 20 cm resolution and accuracy. The initial results of the study, which were performed using one RASAT panchromatic image pair, are presented in this paper.

Flood hazard vulnerability for settlements of Turkey’s province of Edirne, using ASTER DEM data and Landsat-7 ETM+ image data

While Turkey’s province of Edirne represents one of the country’s most significant cultural heritage areas because it lies in the basins of the Meric and Ergene rivers, this very valuable region is highly susceptible to flooding during heavy rain falls. It becomes particularly vulnerable when neighboring Bulgaria responds to its own threats of heavy rain or snowfall by opening its floodgates of its dams on the River Meric, which flows through the Edirne province. Therefore, for years, the Edirne province has experienced severe floods that are eroding its fertile alluvial agricultural floodplains. An environmental plan based on a determination of the vulnerability levels of the province’s flood hazard risk areas is required if action is taken to alleviate this problem. The objective of this study is to acquire geo-information from the remotely sensed data and to interpret the flood hazard risk levels of the area’s settlements and agricultural floodplains. In this study, the spatial distribution of the flood hazard risk areas in the Edirne province is determined using not only the Advanced Space-Borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer digital elevation model data of the Edirne province to create maps that illustrate the digital terrain model and the 3D fly-through dynamic model of the study region but also the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus multi-spectral image data set to create land use and land cover types of the study region. The maps exhibit landform characteristics, floodplain topography, and stream drainages. Analysis and interpretation of the maps demonstrate that the areas most susceptible to flooding are Enez, which lies at the northern coastal area of the Aegean Sea and agricultural areas, and the settlements on the Meric River floodplains of Ipsala, Meric, Edirne, and Uzunkopru, listed in decreasing order, respectively.

The Opinions of Classroom Teachers and Normally Developing Children on Inclusive Practice

The study aimed to investigating the opinions of elementary classroom teachers and children with normal levels of development in whose classes children with special needs were also present. The researchers conducted interviews with 10 teachers who worked at elementary schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Edirne province and whose classes included both children with special needs and 10 children who registered normal levels of development attending the same classes. In the study, a phenomenological qualitative research design was used, the data of which were collected through interviews and analyzed employing content analysis. The results revealed that both the classroom teachers and the students were not adequately knowledgeable on the subject of inclusion. The majority of the teachers stated that children with special needs and normallydeveloping children were similar as the activities they both enjoyed were common, that children with special needs who had mild disabilities could benefit more from inclusive education, and that they mainly required support from special education teachers and families during inclusive practice. During inclusive practice, most of the teachers experienced difficulties with behavioral problems with the children with special needs, and with issues regarding lessons and social acceptance. As a solution, the teachers suggested the provision of special educational support. Furthermore, the study revealed that half of the children participating in the study did not play with the children with special needs, and that almost none of the children mentioned the children with special needs when questioned about the classmates they liked the most and the least. © 2016 IOJES. All rights reserved

Investigation of pathogenic phenotypes and virulence determinants of food-borne Salmonella enterica strains in Caenorhabditis elegans animal model

Salmonellosis, caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars with the consumption of contaminated food, is one of the leading food-borne disease that makes microbial food safety an important public health issue. This study was performed in order to determine the antibiotic resistance, serotyping, plasmid profiles and pathogenicity potentials of food-borne Salmonella isolates in Caenorhabditis elegans animal model system in Edirne province, located at Thrace region of Turkey. In this study, 32 Salmonella isolates, of which 26 belonged to Infantis, four to Enteritidis, one to Telaviv and one to Kentucky serovars, isolated from chicken carcasses were used. Antibiotic resistance profiles were determined by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. A new C.elegans nematode animal model system was used to determine the pathogenicity potential of the isolates. The antibiotic resistance profiles revealed that one (3.1%) isolate was resistant to gentamicin, two (6.2%) to ciprofloxacin, three (9.4%) to ampicillin, 18 (56.3%) to kanamycin, 19 (60.8%) to neomycin, 25 (78.1%) to tetracycline, 25 (78.1%) to trimethoprim, 26 (81.25%) to nalidixic acid, 27 (84.4%) to streptomycin and 32 (100%) to sulfonamide. All of the 32 strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol and ampicillin/sulbactam. High levels of resistance to streptomycin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, trimethoprim, sulfonamide, kanamycin and neomycin was determined. According to the plasmid analysis, six isolates (18.75%) harboured 1-3 plasmids with sizes between 1.2 and 42.4 kb. In C.elegans nematode animal model system, the time (in days) required to kill 50% (TD50) of nematodes was calculated for each experimental group. TD50 values of the nematode group fed with S.Typhimurium ATCC 14028 that was used as the positive control and another group fed with E.coli OP50 as the negative control were 4.2 ± 0.5 days and 8.0 ± 0.02 days, respectively. TD50 of the groups fed with Salmonella isolates ranged between 3.4 and 7.3 days. The significance of the differences between TD50 values of the positive control and experimental groups was analysed by using Student's t test. Ten of the isolates (31.25%), of which six belonged to Infantis and four to the Enteritidis serotypes were non-pathogenic, and the rest 22 isolates including Infantis, Kentucky and Telaviv serovars (67.75%) were found to be pathogenic for the C.elegans animal system (p< 0.05). Twenty of the isolates (90.9%) which were determined as pathogens showed multiple drug resistance and three of them possessed 1-3 plasmids, sizes between 1.2 - 42.4 kb. The overall results underlined wide distribution of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica strains and provided a practical alternative for studies aiming determination of pathogenic potential of environmental and food-borne strains through new experimental animal infection model. In this study, C.elegans was utilized for the first time to determine the profiles of pathogenicity of food-borne Salmonella serotypes in Turkey.

The Assessment of High Schoolers’ Internet Addiction

Today, the constant development of technology greatly increases the use of internet. With the devices that makes internet access possible getting smaller and integrated into lots of technological equipment, internet becomes accessible almost everywhere. On the other hand, this makes the internet a technology that is welcoming people of all ages rendering the space factor void. It is believed by many that the high schoolers tend to use the internet via mobile devices more compared to other groups of people the impact of which is seen obviously in their social lives, family relations and friendships. The negative and/or positive impacts that the internet has on students and their lives is an important research area. This study aims to determine whether the student group in question shows the symptoms of internet addiction. With this object in mind, the levels of internet addiction in high schoolers was researched and survey method was used to measure the levels of internet addiction in different schools. The high school students in Edirne Province, Kesan District participated in the survey which was conducted during 2013-2014 academic year.