Prototype Text Research Articles

The Balpis Expansion of the Technical Part of the Hermeneia Painting Manual by Dionysius of Fourna

ABSTRACT Painting manuals with technical and iconographical prescriptions served the needs of Greek icon painters during the post-Byzantine period. The circa 1730 CE Hermeneia of the art of painting was compiled by the hieromonk and icon painter Dionysius and is regarded as the most comprehensive pertinent Greek text. Dionysius’ Hermeneia was widely circulating among icon painters in the form of hand-written copies, many of which survive today. Most of these Hermeneia manuscripts are near-facsimiles of the Dionysius prototype text. Yet, two copies made by Father Ioannis Balpis, a Cretan icon painter, in 1782–83 CE offer an important expansion of the technical part. Here, the authors present the first ever translation of the hitherto unpublished Balpis’ Hermeneia technical additions that offer unique new insights into the materials and techniques of post-Byzantine painting. Moreover, through the critical evaluation of the Balpis additions, it is shown that the Dionysius technical part is by no means an exhaustive account of its contemporary technical knowledge.

Кирик Новгородец и космологические загадки по-древнерусски

The text of the “Teaching on Numbers” by the monk and mathematician Kirik the Novgorodian (the first half of the 12th century) was introduced into scientific circulation in the 1820s. Initially, this text was assessed as exclusively mathematical-calendar content. As the research unfolded, questions of a textual, historical-mathematical, philosophical, cultural and socio-psychological nature arose. Compared with similar writings of Kirik’s era, his calculations are recognized as accurate, and in methods of calculation on the abacus, he was 400 years ahead of his time. In addition to the “Teaching on Numbers”, the theological treatise penned by Kirik, “The Questions of Kirik”, has come down to our times, written in the form of a dialogue between a pastor and a bishop about the vital problems of service practice. Despite numerous articles and solid monographs on Kirik’s legacy, some postulates of the “Teaching”, as well as vocabulary features, remain undisclosed and mysterious. The first riddle concerns the scientific research and peculiarities of the reconstruction of the lists of Kirik’s treatises, which have come down to us only from the 16th century. A mere mystery concerns the fragment about circuits in the renewal of the elements, which, at first glance, has a natural philosophical content. The question arises: could Kirik, as a thoughtful scientist, simply rewrite these calculations from the prototype text familiar to him, the so-called “seven-thousanders”? Hypotheses are put forward of Platonic, Pythagorean, Gnostic influences on the essence of the fragment, but no supporting texts have been found. The article presents arguments in favor of the hypothesis of the influence of the mathematical teachings of the Pythagoreans on the prototype of the fragment about the renewal of the elements. The Pythagorean thesis about the structure of the corporeal cosmos according to the laws of beauty and harmony, which are based on the principle of commensurability, is clearly reflected in the mathematical calculations of the fragment. Kirik addressed his “Teaching” to lovers of numbers and he himself belonged to the circle of intellectuals. Modern studies of the Pythagorean tradition confirm the intercultural nature of the influence of the Pythagorean tradition on other ideological directions of thought. In Old Rus the tradition was supported by chroniclers and chronologists.

An empirical analysis of consumer-unfriendly E-commerce terms of service agreements: Implications for customer satisfaction and business survival

• We use text mining to identify harmful e-commerce terms of service (ToS) clauses. • We present a prototype tool that scans ToS and assigns severity rankings. • We identify the impact of customer unfriendly clauses on business performance. • Businesses with higher market share prefer less consumer-unfriendly ToS terms. • The effect of market share on customer satisfaction is partially mediated by ToS. E-business user agreements are seldom read but almost always accepted by users. We present an in-depth analysis of e-user agreement issues using textual data on Terms of Service (ToS) agreements from more than 250 e-commerce companies. Our text mining analysis identifies several terms in ToS that pose significant risks to consumers. We propose a prototype text mining process that scans ToS agreements on behalf of consumers and assigns an overall severity score based on the potential threats. We supplement this with Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) for topic modeling in our corpus of ToS documents, to identify user-unfriendly clauses from ToS documents. Next, our empirical analysis reveals three novel findings. First, the presence of hostile clauses in ToS negatively impacts customer satisfaction but is associated with higher survival of firms. Second, firms with higher market share prefer less consumer-unfriendly terms in their ToS. Third, the impact of market share on firm performance is partially mediated by ToS severity. Overall, this study analyzes the linkage between market share, ToS severity, and firm performance, and provides significant insights on ToS policies to IS scholars, legal experts, and firms.

Interpreting Topic Models Using Prototypical Text: From ‘Telling’ To ‘Showing

While topic models are increasingly used for natural language processing in management and strategy research, their interpretability remains challenging. If researchers restrict the number of topics for simplicity, the induced topic structure may not be statistically accurate. If they do not, they face difficulties in interpreting topics in a transparent and reproducible way. We propose the “prototypicaltext based interpretation” (PTBI) of topic models, a methodology that gives a rule-based approach for selecting text from the corpus to interpret topic structures. PTBI enables transparent and replicable topic interpretation, a move from “telling” to “showing” pivotal for qualitative research. We illustrate PTBI by studying the organizational culture of Netflix, based on text reviews employees post on Glassdoor.com. We compare our findings to the company’s own public account of its culture and show how PTBI improves the state of the art for topic models interpretation by documenting how our approach differs from and improves on prior practice.

Marriage for all (‘Ehe fuer alle’)?! A corpus-assisted discourse analysis of the marriage equality debate in Germany

ABSTRACTThis study is situated within corpus-assisted discourse analysis (e.g. Baker, P., & McEnery, T. (2015). Corpora and discourse studies: Integrating discourse and corpora. London: Palgrave Macmillan.) and provides a critical discussion of key topics and stances in the marriage equality debate in Germany. The ways in which the German print media covered the debate are explored through two corpora (created using Nexis) which include relevant texts from three German newspapers (TAZ, Welt, Welt am Sonntag) and two magazines (Der Spiegel, Bunte) from two key periods (July 2000–August 2001 and May 2016–July 2017, respectively); in 2001, Germany introduced ‘civil unions’ (‘eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaften’) but it was only in 2017 that marriage was opened to same-sex couples. Qualitative and quantitative analyses using AntConc and ProtAnt suggest that while there are parallels to marriage equality debates in other countries, there are also language-/culture-specific features. For example, there is a stronger focus on children’s welfare in the contemporary data, since marriage equality meant joint adoption rights for same-sex couples. Through an exploration of keywords/collocations and close reading of prototypical texts, it is shown how linguistic choices contribute to framing the arguments for/against marriage equality and how these stances are connected to culture-specific and cross-cultural norms.

Per una autobiografia fotografica

The essay explores a zone of life writing, which is still almost uncharted: the photographic memoire, whose authors collect and order pictures in order to shape their autobiographic narrations. The analysis is exemplified taking into account a prototypical text of this literary genre, Giorgio Agamben’s Autoritratto nello studio (2017).

O nazwach własnych w polskim i angielskim przekładzie sztuki Дракон Eugeniusza Szwarca

In the article we analyze proper nouns occurring in Evgeny Schwartz’s Дракон. A very important aspect which should be considered in the play’s translation is its intertextuality. The author refers to other works by taking over the characters and introducing the prototype text components. We will look over the only Polish translation of Jerzy Pomianowski (1965) and three English translations of Elisaveta Fen (1975), Yuri Machkasov (2001) and Anna Epelbaum (2013).

Some Stylistic Considerations of Free Indirect Discourse in Film Adaptations of Flaubert's <em>Madame Bovary</em>

Some Stylistic Considerations of Free Indirect Discourse in Film Adaptations of Flaubert's Madame Bovary Colin Gardner (bio) Variously known as style indirect libre or erlebte Rede, free indirect discourse has always been of particular interest to both literary and film theorists because of its identification with the modernist innovations of Gustave Flaubert and the nineteenth-century bourgeois novel as well as the narrative properties of traditional Hollywood cinema. Gilles Deleuze, for example, ties it directly to his discussion of what he calls the "perception-image." In film, a perception has two poles, subjective and objective. Thus, "a subjective perception is one in which the images vary in relation to a central and privileged image; an objective perception is one where, as in things, all the images vary in relation to one another, on all their facets and in all their parts."1 However, it is important to note that the narrative film's scopic economy is not a simple binarism between subjective point of view and objective rendering on-screen (expressed most economically, for example, in shot-reverse-shot editing), but also behaves in accordance with a free indirect discourse that is able to express characters' inner states via the mise-en-scène, while the character is also present within the mise-en-scène. The free indirect discourse therefore suggests the possibility of expressing a first-person focalization (inside), while continuing to present the character in the third person (outside). This complication of the subjective-objective duality is acknowledged by Deleuze in his analysis of Pier Paolo Pasolini's "Cinema of Poetry"2 and its relation to the free indirect in Cinema 1: The Movement Image. Here, Deleuze argues that the perception-image is often able to override the intentionality of bodily motility (the vectorial space of Deleuze's "action-image") via a form of camera self-consciousness. "We are no longer faced with subjective or objective images," notes Deleuze; "we are caught in a correlation between a perception-image and a camera-consciousness which transforms it (the question of knowing whether the image was objective or subjective is no longer raised)."3 Deleuze calls this "a very [End Page 587] special kind of cinema" because it makes the presence of the camera both felt and palpable.4 In this way, the perception-image takes on the guise of a free indirect subjectivity as soon as it manifests itself through an autonomous camera-consciousness. Consequently, the free indirect allows us to get a clearer idea of how a pure perception-image—with its specific roots in bodily affect—might work when freed from the subjective baggage of suturing film language. Earmarked as a direct advance on, and contrast to, the all-seeing, God's-eye objectivist realist novels of Balzac and Stendhal, Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary (1857) is often cited specifically as the prototypical text of this hybrid subjective / objective style, although Pasolini has traced a variation of its use as far back as Dante.5 Given this general hermeneutic regard for the free indirect as a historicizing, ideologically motivated textual practice, the paucity of discussion concerning its application to film is all the more surprising, especially given the import of Deleuze's analysis in both Cinema 1 and Cinema 2: The Time-Image. With that in mind, this essay thus posits the following questions: What is free indirect discourse? How does it work in the literary context of Flaubert in general and Madame Bovary in particular? Does it translate directly into cinematic terms? If so, how has this affected film adaptations of Madame Bovary, specifically those of Jean Renoir, Vincente Minnelli, and Claude Chabrol? If not, and this constitutes the crux of this essay's thesis, is there an indirect filmic substitute that can generate equivalent stylistic effects? The short answer to the last question is yes, and it lies, as we shall see, in film's ability to foreground the body's performative ability to express inner states as an outward form of affect or gest. First, let us clear some semantic ground and try to establish a terminological consensus via some specific definitions. In A Dictionary of Narratology, Gerald Prince defines "direct discourse...

‘女神’与‘女漢子’的原型探究 : - 以〈神女賦〉与〈木蘭辭〉爲中心-

‘女神’与‘女漢子’的原型探究 : - 以〈神女賦〉与〈木蘭辭〉爲中心-

Przysłowie jako jednostka języka (w perspektywie tekstologii integralnej)

Proverb as a linguistic unit (from the perspective of integral text linguistics)
 The paper presents arguments in favour of treating proverbs as text, and in consequence, as linguistic units. The starting point is the concept of integral text linguistics formulated by Jerzy Bartmiński and Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska in their handbook Tekstologia (‘Text linguistics’, 2009). According to this theory, text is a supra-sentence linguistic unit, and the text of the parole plane corresponds to an abstract template of the langue plane. The argumentation that this paper presents in favour of regarding proverbs as text is based on an analysis of examples from the National Corpus of Polish which contain proverbs. It shows clearly that proverbs fulfill all of the requirements of textuality; among others, they are uniquely distinguished as a communicative whole, they receive a clear genre qualification, they have their senders and receivers, a clear communicative intent and a stylistic qualifier. The final part of the paper contains a proposition to describe proverbs as “minimal text”, and to separate the terms minimal text and prototypical text. Within this interpretation, a proverb is a prototypical minimal text that is different from both non-prototypical minimal texts, and from non-prototypical non-minimal long texts such as novels, as well as prototypical texts such as fables which tend to be longer (non-minimal).

ProtAnt

Corpus-based researchers and traditional qualitative researchers, such as those interested in critical discourse analysis, are often required to select prototypical texts for close reading that include the language features of interest that are present in a much larger corpus. Traditional approaches to this selection procedure have been largely ad hoc. In this paper, we offer a more principled way of selecting texts for close reading based on a ranking of texts in terms of the number of keywords they contain. To facilitate this analysis, we have developed a multiplatform, freeware software tool called ProtAnt that analyses the texts, generates a ranked list of keywords based on statistical significance and effect size, and then orders the texts by the number of keywords in them. We describe various experiments that demonstrate the ProtAnt analysis is effective not only at identifying prototypical texts, but also identifying outlier texts that may need to be removed from a target corpus.

Reynke Vosz de olde (Rostock, 1539) in context of the Middle Low German Reynke de Vos tradition in the 15th–16th century

The present article discusses the beast epic Reynke Vosz de olde (Rostock, 1539) in context of the Middle Low German Reynke de Vos tradition in the 15th–16th century. Emphasis falls on the comparison of the two particularly important Middle Low German editions of the widely-known epic against the socio-historical background in Northern Germany in the Late Middle Ages. This paper proposes to make a contribution to the field of research of the Middle Low German Reynke de Vos tradition in general but primarily examines the printed Reynke Vosz de olde edition from 1539. For this latter purpose the Reynke Vosz de olde text is compared with the 1498 pretext from the Poppy Printer, the Mohnkopf printing house, in a number of respects: typography and illustrations, construction of the book, division in books and chapters, versification, different tendencies in the commentary parts etc. The 1539 Reynke Vosz de olde edition is filtered for tendencies in textual innovations and structural changes as distinct to prototype text as well as motivation and intention cues for those. Further questions like the importance of the quotation analysis of the marginal gloss notes and of the critical question on the glossator’s identity will be highlighted and discussed.

Elementary school students as authors of a description: stages in the learning of writing and linguistic-discursive styles / Alumnos de tercer y séptimo grado de nivel primario como autores de una descripción: etapas en el aprendizaje de la escritura y estilos lingüístico-discursivos

This paper explores the variety and integration of linguistic resources used by third and seventh graders in elementary schools with different socio-educational characteristics in Northern Patagonia (Argentina), when composing a description about a familiar topic. Texts were analysed according to two steps: a category analysis was performed from a lexicogrammatical and morpho-orthographic approach (unit of analysis: the word), and then a correspondence analysis and a following ascendant hierarchical cluster analysis were applied. Five clusters revealed three stages of learning to write a descriptive text — initial literacy, confirmation, writing to learn — and five linguistic-discursive styles — enumerative, intimate, protagonist, historical-contextual, external observer. These patterns were interpreted in terms of different modes of appropriation and the use of writing, related to the specific characteristics of the written task and the particular socio-educational traits of each grade/school. Students favoured different perspectives, types of information and linguistic formulations in their texts, in a continuum between particularistic, context-dependent principles, and universalistic standard-oriented principles, whose characteristics were closer to the prototypical descriptive text.

The Art of Utopia and the Real City: Basic Principles

Anti Randviir: The Art of Utopia and the Real City: Basic principlesKeywords: function of utopia, city, sociocultura l systems, utopianlogic, semiotic realitySummary:The article addresses semiotic topics connected with utopia and the utopian. Even though the argument is based on the widely analysed text by Thomas More, it still targets the fundamental semiotic techniques and principles applied in Utopia that has established the universal logic for the utopian discourse ever since 1516. Simultaneously it will be evident that it is worthwhile to raise the question of the legitimacy of describing certain cultural production as utopian in the light of More’s highly singular prototypical text. The utopian discourse and consciousness is often an issue tied with the urban context and the city. The article will question such an association because of the status and functioning of the utopia as launched by More. Except from extremely particular specimens, urbanity in its sociocultural dimension in a specific time-space probably cannot be, and is not useful to be discoursed in utopian terms.The semiotic interpause is hard to achieve in the context of the physical environment. Yet this is the point where the utopia, the city, the society and the utopian come together. Thus it might be useful to review the notion of utopia in its connection with quite practical development of the (urban) sociocultural life in which even the status of objects in communicative situations is being continually re-defined.CV:Anti Randviir (PhD) is a semiotician. He is currently a senior researcher at the Department of Semiotics of the University of Tartu. His publications have mainly treated various issues in the field of sociosemiotics, semiotics of space and city.

A Study on Daozhang as a Prototypical Text of a Classical Novel

A Study on Daozhang as a Prototypical Text of a Classical Novel

Never mind the text types, here's textual force: Towards a pragmatic reconceptualization of text type

This paper discusses aspects of the theoretical and methodological confusion around the notions of language function, text type and genre, and proposes a restructuring of the purported relationship among them. Taxonomical biases regarding genre have led to the postulation of superordinate classes, variously labeled prototypical text categories, text prototypes, deep structure genres, or text types, which are typically defined on the basis of linguistic criteria; however, in practice, classifications of text types involve a strong functional component. The result of such mixing is a disparate set of analytical categories labeling text types. Rather than doing away with the problematic construct of text type, we propose a different approach whereby text type is reconceptualized as what we term the overall force of a text. Borrowing insights from speech act theory and Relevance theory we define force as an overarching textual function and argue that force is arrived at by processes of inference deploying contextual knowledge. Such an inferential approach allows for preserving the dynamism of this intuitively necessary superordinate construct.

Professional Realism in the Legal Translation Classroom: Translation Competence and Translator Competence

The paper proposes how to integrate professional realism in BA legal translation classes at the level of translation competence and translator competence. The distinction between competences is adopted from Kiraly, where the former means the ability to translate to the required standard while the latter is the ability to function efficiently as a professional. The competences are developed concurrently, the main focus being placed on translation competence. Professional realism is ensured in content design (the most frequently translated branches of law), a varied selection of authentic and prototypical texts, an eclectic teaching approach progressing from task-based learning to project-based learning, including subject-field competence building, terminology work and, finally, translation and revision projects which integrate all tasks and activities in a single assignment.

BioLMiner and the BioCreative II.5 challenge

This paper proposes a prototype text mining system, BioLMiner (Biological Literature Miner). BioLMiner can automatically extract useful information from biological literature, like gene mentions, normalized gene mentions, interaction articles, protein-protein interaction pairs, etc. Figure ​Figure11 shows the overall system architecture of BioLMiner. In the future, we will automate all communication between the subsystems and plan to make BioLMiner available as open source software. Figure 1 Biological Literature Miner (BioLMiner) system architecture. The input data are the original articles from biological literature databases like MEDLINE [http://medline.cos.com/] or journals like FEBS letters [http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ febslet/]. The output data are the annotated articles together with the information extracted. Some existing gene and protein databases and biological resources are used as external background knowledge, like Entrez Gene [http://jura.wi.mit.edu/entrez_gene/], UniProt [http://www.uniprot.org], MINT [http://mint.bio.uniroma2.it], IntAct [http://www. ebi.ac.uk/intact] and BioThesaurus [http://pir.georgetown.edu/iprolink/biothesaurus] . The core components of BioLMiner are • the Gene Mention Recognizer (GMRer) • the Gene Normalizer (GNer) • the Interaction Article Classifier (IACer) • the Protein-Protein Interaction Pair Extractor (PPIEor) Two machine learning techniques are used to develop the four components, including Support Vector Machines (SVMs) [1] and Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) [2], to address classification and sequence labeling problems. For GMRer, a hybrid recognizer is developed based on one sequence labeling model using CRFs and two classification model using SVMs. For GNer, IACer and PPIEor, a binary classifier using SVMs is developed respectively. In order to achieve good performance, our main efforts focus on how to design methods to extract rich and informative features and to combine them effectively. These features fuse the information of the context in the article, domain specific knowledge, the analysis using natural language processing (NLP) tools or specific ones to the biological domain (Bio-NLP). A full description of BioLMiner can be found in [3,4]. BioLMiner participated in the interaction normalization task (INT) using GNer and interaction pair task (IPT) using PPIEor in the BioCreative II.5 challenge [5]. For the INT, the F β-1 measure was 0.289, which ranked second of the 10 participating teams for this task. For the IPT, the F β-1 measure was 0.252, which ranked first of the 9 participating teams for this task. The current state of the art performance is far from satisfactory, especially for the IPT. PPI pairs that appear in the figures or tables, span different sentences or interact with themselves cannot be handled well for the moment. More advanced techniques need to be exploited in the future, like anaphora resolution used for semantic analysis to detect the inter-sentence PPI pairs.

Celebrity (post)feminism, the Sixties feminist blockbuster and Down with Love

This article critically engages the 2003 film, Down with Love, directed by Peyton Reed and starring Renee Zellweger and Ewan McGregor, in terms of how it invokes feminist discourses (and indeed celebrities) from the Sixties as part of its attempt to rewrite feminist history in accordance with the broader cultural logics of postfeminism. Down with Love, the book within the film, engages intertextually with various forms of writing, including the 1960s “feminist blockbuster” (texts like Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique and Helen Gurley Brown’s Sex and the Single Girl) as well as the modern self‐help genre. Barbara Novak (Zellweger’s character) publicizes her prototypical feminist text through the American mediasphere and thereby develops a national profile as a celebrity feminist advocate of women’s sexual emancipation and greater participation in the public sphere. As this article shows, Down with Love intervenes in intramural feminist debates over the commercialization, and celebritization, of modern feminism while invoking assumptions about the so‐called “postfeminist” context of the film’s consumers.

Occluded academic genres: An analysis of the MBA Thought Essay

Several strands of research in applied linguistics have increasingly focused their attention on the application of genre theory to the classroom. In advanced academics, the genres of disciplinary communities serve gate-keeping functions that students must negotiate in order to succeed in their academic endeavors. Often without explicit instruction, students must learn to master the stylistic, rhetorical, and organizational conventions of their disciplinary communities. This problem is confounded by occluded genres—genres whose exemplars are private or confidential, and thus cannot be readily used as models. This study examines one specific occluded academic genre—the MBA Thought Essay. This study found the genre shares features in common with academic discourse and popular business management literature, but is also characterized by a high degree of structural and linguistic variation. Because the genre is occluded, authors cannot fashion their discourse on prototypical texts; rather, they appear to rely upon other genres to structure their texts. The present study presents a complex picture of occluded genres involving a number of interrelated factors: degree of occlusion, genre maturity, structural and lexico-grammatical variation, and discourse community socialization and turnover.