Prototypical Situations Research Articles

Disorientation as an Emotional Experience: An Introduction from an Interactionist Perspective

AbstractDisorientation is a versatile, multidisciplinary concept. Whether associated with its spatial meaning or its non-spatial, more metaphorical sense, various disciplines have used disorientation to describe a broad range of philosophical, cultural, and social phenomena in the last decades. However, the focus on the concept from an emotional perspective remains scarce. To expand the current investigation on the topic, the present paper attempts a first approach to conceptualize disorientation as an emotional experience from an interactionist perspective. The paper reviews the previous literature, provides theoretical background and a working definition for the concept, and examines prototypical situations that are potentially disorienting for individuals, emphasizing the social and situated nature of the disorienting experience. The paper also comments on the relationships between disorientation and culture and points out some implications of the concept in mental health and psychological distress. Altogether, the paper argues about the value of disorientation as a powerful construct to gain insight into what, why, and how traumatic and everyday situations as well as current cultural and social challenges impact people emotionally.

Multilevel optimization for policy design with agent-based epidemic models

Epidemiological modeling has a long history and is often used to forecast the course of infectious diseases or pandemics. These models come in different complexities, ranging from systems of simple ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to complex agent-based models (ABMs). The former allow a fast and straightforward optimization, but are limited in accuracy, detail, and parameterization, while the latter can resolve spreading processes in detail, but are extremely expensive to optimize. Epidemiological modeling can also be used to propose and design non-pharmaceutical interventions such as lockdowns. In general, their optimal design often leads to nonlinear optimization problems. We consider policy optimization in a prototypical situation modeled as both ODE and ABM, review numerical optimization approaches, and propose a heterogeneous multilevel approach based on combining a fine-resolution ABM and a coarse ODE model. Numerical experiments, in particular with respect to convergence speed, are given for illustrative examples.

Koopman-based surrogate models for multi-objective optimization of agent-based systems

Agent-based models (ABMs) provide an intuitive and powerful framework for studying social dynamics by modeling the interactions of individuals from the perspective of each individual. In addition to simulating and forecasting the dynamics of ABMs, the demand to solve optimization problems to support, for example, decision-making processes naturally arises. Most ABMs, however, are non-deterministic, high-dimensional dynamical systems, so objectives defined in terms of their behavior are computationally expensive. In particular, if the number of agents is large, evaluating the objective functions often becomes prohibitively time-consuming. We consider data-driven reduced models based on the Koopman generator to enable the efficient solution of multi-objective optimization problems involving ABMs. In a first step, we show how to obtain data-driven reduced models of non-deterministic dynamical systems (such as ABMs) that depend potentially nonlinearly on control inputs. We then use them in the second step as surrogate models to solve multi-objective optimal control problems. We first illustrate our approach using the example of a voter model, where we compute optimal controls to steer the agents to a predetermined majority, and then using the example of an epidemic ABM, where we compute optimal containment strategies in a prototypical situation. We demonstrate that the surrogate models effectively approximate the Pareto-optimal points of the ABM dynamics by comparing the surrogate-based results with test points, where the objectives are evaluated using the ABM. Our results show that when objectives are defined by the dynamic behavior of ABMs, data-driven surrogate models support or even enable the solution of multi-objective optimization problems.

Preferences for coaching strategies in a personalized virtual coach for emotional eaters: an explorative study.

Emotional eating is recognized as a potential contributor to weight gain. Emotional eaters often hide their problems because of feelings of shame about their behavior, making it challenging to provide them with the necessary support. The introduction of a virtual coach might offer a potential solution in assisting them. To find out whether emotional eaters are receptive to online personalized coaching, we presented emotional eaters with two essential proto-typical problem situations for emotional eaters: "experiencing cravings" and "after giving in to cravings," and asked them whether they preferred one of the three coaching strategies presented: Validating, Focus-on-Change and Dialectical. An experimental vignette study (2 × 3 design) was carried out. The vignettes featured two distinct personas, each representing one of the two common problem scenarios experienced by emotional eaters, along with three distinct coaching strategies for each scenario. To identify potential predictors for recognition of problem situations, questionnaires on emotional eating (DEBQ), personality traits (Big-5), well-being (PANAS), and BMI were administrated. A total of 62% of the respondents identified themselves with "after giving in to cravings" and 47% with "experiencing cravings." BMI, emotional eating and emotional stability appeared to be predictors in recognizing both the problem situations. In "experiencing cravings," the participating women preferred Dialectical and the Validation coaching strategies. In the "after giving in to cravings" condition, they revealed a preference for the Dialectical and the Focus-on-Change coaching strategies. Using vignettes allowed a less threatening way of bringing up sensitive topics for emotional eaters. The personas representing the problem situations were reasonably well recognized. To further enhance this recognition, it is important for the design and content of the personas to be even more closely related to the typical problem scenarios of emotional eaters, rather than focusing on physical characteristics or social backgrounds. This way, users may be less distracted by these factors. With the knowledge gained about the predictors that may influence recognition of the problem situations, design for coaching can be more customized. The participants represented individuals with high emotional eating levels, enhancing external validity.

Функционально-семантический потенциал конструкций ‘noun + go / sit / lay + negative Participle II’ и способы их перевода на русский язык

The research aims at defining functional and semantic potential of 'noun + go/sit/lay + negative Participle II' constructions and the ways of translating them into Russian. Language material obtained from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) is processed with the help of the method of collostructional analysis, which combines both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The constructions under study have grammatical and collocational restrictions and can be considered as quasi-passive. Left context collocates of the constructions usually form several intersecting lexical semantic domains. Right context collocates represent a dynamic scenario of prototypical interactive situations related to the left context domains. The verbs go, sit, lay cannot be used in Continuous tenses as a result of coercion. The constructions can be translated into Russian in various ways due to usage-based and typological constructional differences between the languages. The work draws on achievements and problems of constructional approach applied to translation. The paper discusses development and prospects of research in construction grammar for finding a solution to practical issues in translation including cataloging of existing constructions in typologically different languages, matching constructions in various languages using parallel tagged corpora, defining unique constructions specific to certain languages and giving a detailed description of their pragmatic, stylistic functional and semantic features.

Modern Lexicographic Interpretation of Psychic Vocabulary: A Standard Explanatory Dictionary

This article describes the lexicography of psychic vocabulary in a diachronic aspect. For a long time, synonymic chains were the most common way of its interpretation, examples being a more recent lexicographic invention. However, both methods are concept-oriented. Unfortunately, neither of them solved the problems of a dictionary aimed at intercultural relations. The current globalization and informatization triggered non-traditional interpretations that describe not the concept, but a prototypical situation, which is associated with it. This study introduces several principles of interpreting the psychic vocabulary. These principles relate to the language, semantics, parameters, and structure of the semanteme. The approach is based on the connection between language and perception. For instance, the psychic vocabulary encodes the reaction of the heart as an organ ( love, rage, serenity, peace, disgust ). Therefore, the psychic vocabulary is different from the abstract vocabulary (good, evil, justice, democracy ), which does not encode bodily reactions. The author believes that the seme ‘heart’ is implicitly present in the semantic structure of the psychic vocabulary. Scientific literature features the lexeme of heart in comparative, conceptual, and metaphorical aspects, but not as an implicit component. Thus, the denotative space of the psychic vocabulary is a complex cognitive construct structured as ‘assessment / reaction of the heart / desire’, represented by the archisemes of feelings, emotions, and states. Words united by these archisemes demonstrate different valency, word-building, and pragmatic properties. In terms of the structure of the psychic polysemy, feelings and traits have the potential to develop the meaning of states, and words that denote physiological states generate figurative meanings of mental states.

PROTOTYPICAL MODELING OF ENGLISH VERBS OF TRUE INFORMATION

The article is an attempt at prototypical analysis of English verbs of true information by creating prototypical situations of verbs and identifying propositions from the definitions of verbs. In our study, a prototypical situation is understood as a cognitive model of a typical situation based on the word definition. During the definitional analysis of verbs, propositions and presuppositions were also distinguished. The article examined 22 English verbs of true information.

Реализация поведенческой активации при гериатрической депрессии: руководство

<p>Behavioral activation (BA) is a psychosocial treatment for depression designed to help patients increase contact with positive and rewarding aspects of daily life. The majority of BA research has focused on general adults and adolescents. While emerging data suggests that behavioral treatment is efficacious for depressed, elderly patients, there is little published guidance on how to adapt behavioral principles to meet the unique needs of an aging patient population. This article is designed as a primer to move from the empirically supported treatment to working as an evidence-based practitioner when treating geriatric patients with depression, providing suggestions for adapting the principles of behavioral activation to a depressed elderly population. We highlight prototypical situations and stressors that can present in older age patients who meet the criteria for late-life depression. We start with general suggestions for case conceptualization in behavioral activation. We then place a specific emphasis on case conceptualization and treatment planning for four prototypical psychosocial stressors: retirement, bereavement, physical pain/medical comorbidities, and caregiver stress. In each section, we emphasize how to anticipate and intervene around difficulties with activity scheduling and activity enjoyment.</p>

Prototypical situation of property manifestation

In modern linguistics, scientists are increasingly using a prototypical approach to the study of various linguistic phenomena. To study the category of property, we used a functional approach, using the concept of a categorical situation. The categorical situation of property manifestation has six variants of its functioning. A variant of the categorical situation «A concrete inanimate carrier of a property — a predictive property of a static nature» is defined as the prototype as the most consistent with the requirements for the prototype, both meaningfully and formally.

On the Inductive Biases of Deep Domain Adaptation

Domain alignment is currently the most prevalent solution to unsupervised domain-adaptation tasks and are often being presented as minimizers of some theoretical upper-bounds on risk in the target domain. However, further works revealed severe inadequacies between theory and practice: we consolidate this analysis and confirm that imposing domain invariance on features is neither necessary nor sufficient to obtain low target risk. We instead argue that successful deep domain adaptation rely largely on hidden inductive biases found in the common practice, such as model pre-training or design of encoder architecture. We perform various ablation experiments on popular benchmarks and our own synthetic transfers to illustrate their role in prototypical situations. To conclude our analysis, we propose to meta-learn parametric inductive biases to solve specific transfers and show their superior performance over handcrafted heuristics.

Linguodidactic Aspect of Transverbalization of the Semantics of the Causative Construction have something done

Introduction. The professional translator-like mode of thinking is an integral part of the translation competence of a graduate of the Faculty of Foreign Languages. Equivalent and adequate translation from English into Russian requires a systematic approach to overcoming grammatical difficulties associated, first of all, with the constructions which have no analogues in the recipient language, here belong constructions of causative semantics. The purpose of the article is to develop a prototypical model of the English non-equivalent construction have something done from the standpoint of the cognitive-discursive paradigm in the aspect of its transverbalization and translation linguodidactics. The methodological basis of the study is the use of prototypical modeling, which involves the reconstruction of the primary cognitive-interpretative model of the situation in which it was used, and in which this construction realizes its meaning in the most complete form; this allows us to interpret and adequately translate many cases of its non-prototypical usage. The results of the research. The contexts associated with the description of natural phenomena and natural disasters are the prototypical situations of the have something done construction, therefore, when transverbalizing sentences with this construction, the strategy should be aimed at the obligatory conveyance of the semantics of non-agentness. In conclusion, the developed approach should be employed to improve the skills of critical analysis and reflective activity of students in the process of tranverbalization and the search for a translation correlate (transverb).

Examination of permittivity for depolarization field of ferroelectric by ab initio calculation, suggesting hidden mechanisms

Electrostatics of depolarization field Ed in relation to the polarization is studied. In particular, the value of permittivity for Ed (εd) in prototypical situations of ferroelectrics, including Mehta formula, is examined by ab initio calculations. By using spontaneous polarization PS corresponding to accurate experiment ones, we show εd = 1, which suggests that the results of εd ≫ 1 indicate hidden mechanisms; εd = 1 suggests that the effect of Ed is significant to induce intriguing important phenomena overlooked by εd ≫ 1. A bridge between εd = 1 and εd ≫ 1, i.e. the consistency of εd = 1 with conventional results is presented. The exact electrostatic equality of head-to-head–tail-to-tail domains to free-standing ferroelectrics is deduced. Hence, most stoichiometric clean freestanding monodomain ferroelectrics and head-to-head–tail-to-tail domains are shown unstable regardless of size, unless partially metallic. This verifies the previous results in a transparent manner. This conclusion is shown consistent with a recent hyperferroelectric LiBeSb and “freestanding” monolayer ferroelectrics, of which origin is suggested to be adsorbates. In addition, this restriction is suggested to break in externally strained ultrathin ferroelectrics. The macroscopic formulas of Ed are found valid down to a several unit-cells, when electronic and atomic-scale surface effects are unimportant and accurate PS is used.

Categorization of the Prototypical Situation of Desire (Exemplified by Modern English Material)

Categorization of the Prototypical Situation of Desire (Exemplified by Modern English Material)

A Case for Grace? Case-Grammar, Frame-Semantics, and Biblical Hebrew חֵן

Abstract The traditional rendering “grace” for חֵן is controversial. Frame semantics, a theory originating in cognitive linguistics, anticipates that prototypical situations are evoked in language users’ minds each time a word is used. Thus, a “frame” for “חֵן situations” is reconstructed from Biblical texts. Apart from the basic meaning “beauty” which is offered in dictionaries, too, an extended meaning is presented: חֵן designates “the settling of a (potential) conflict between two parties that only one party can bring to a conclusion.”

Глаголы падения в испанском языке

The paper deals with the verbal lexemes used to express the semantics of falling in Spanish. Falling is understood as uncontrolled downward movement without contact with any surface during the movement. The study also deals with different parameters of falling, such as the initial point, the final point, distance, speed, etc. which influence the lexification of falling events. The paper analyzes only direct uses of verbal lexemes used to express the semantics of falling in Spanish. The frame-based approach is applied to the analysis of lexical values and lexical units capable of describing a number of prototypical situations for falling following the principles and methods of the Moscow Lexical Typology Group. Main sources of language material for the study include the “Falling” questionnaire, the dictionary of Spanish Royal Academy, Spanish-Russian dictionaries, as well as Spanish language corpora. The analysis shows that Spanish language is a dominant system with the verb caer(se) as the basic verb of falling. The study found out that several lexemes compete with the dominant verb in certain contexts. An attempt is made not only to denote the intersection points of the dominant verb of falling and other verbal lexemes serving a given semantic sphere, but also to define their functional distribution. At the same time, the cases of the combined use of the dominant verb caer(se) and the competing lexemes are considered, when the dominant verb states directly the fact of the fall of the object onto the surface, and the competing lexemes describe the fall itself: falling out of the container, slipping etc. Moreover, in some situations of falling (such as the falling of homogeneous objects or the turnover of an upright container) specialized verbal lexemes tend to be used instead of the dominant verb. A number of peripheral incidence situations are characterized by lexemes whose direct meaning does not contain a semantic component of falling.

A valorização das produções culturais das crianças nas aulas de educação física: análises de narrativas docentes

Analisa como os professores de Educação Física têm dado visibilidade às produções culturais das crianças na Educação Infantil e de que forma essas produções potencializam as suas mediações pedagógicas nesse contexto. Utiliza a narrativa (auto)biográfica como método. Os dados foram produzidos por meio das narrativas de duas professoras e de dois professores de Educação Física que atuam em Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil (CMEI) de Vitória/ES/Brasil. As narrativas docentes foram potencializadas pelos “episódios de interação”, que ilustram situações prototípicas em que as produções culturais das crianças foram reconhecidas e valorizadas nas mediações pedagógicas. Os resultados sinalizam diversas estratégias utilizadas pelos docentes para auscultarem e valorizarem as produções infantis, dentre elas, destacam-se: as relações dialógicas com as crianças; a reelaboração da intencionalidade pedagógica do professor, considerando as demandas das crianças; os arranjos de materiais; e a valorização da reprodução interpretativa que as crianças imprimem aos artefatos culturais que lhes são ofertados.

Zip and velcro bifurcations in competition models in ecology and economics

During the last six years or so, a number of interesting papers discussed systems with line segments of equilibria, planes of equilibria, and with more general equilibrium configurations. This note draws attention to the fact that such equilibria were considered previously by Miklós Farkas (1932–2007), in papers published in 1984–2005. He called zip bifurcations those involving line segments of equilibria, and velcro bifurcations those involving planes of equilibria. We briefly describe prototypical situations involving zip and velcro bifurcations.

Ценностные ориентации предпринимателей в сфере семьи и бизнеса

<p>В статье рассматривается проблема изучения ценностных ориентаций предпринимателей как внутреннего механизма развития малого бизнеса. Изменение системы ценностей способно стать инструментом «проектирования» новой социальной реальности. Понимание того, какие ценностные ориентации характерны для предпринимателей, позволит сделать работу по популяризации предпринимательства более эффективной. Как показывают зарубежные исследования, малый бизнес тесно переплетается с семьей. Поэтому целью работы выступила реконструкция содержания ценностных ориентаций предпринимателей в сфере семьи и бизнеса.</p><p>Теоретический анализ показал, что существующие психологические и социологические модели исследования ценностей базируются на закрытых перечнях выбора и не дают предметной отнесенности к сфере социального взаимодействия. Такие подходы более ориентированы на межкультурные исследования. Кроме того, специфика действия ценностных ориентаций состоит в том, что они берут свое начало в подсознательных структурах психики, а большинство современных методик направлено на выявление осознаваемых ценностей. В связи с этим перспективным является использование проективных техник.</p><p>В статье описывается авторский оригинальный подход к изучению ценностных ориентаций предпринимателей, который основывается на проективном глубинном интервью с включением семи стимульных прототипических ситуаций в сфере семьи и бизнеса: рождение, развитие, сотрудничество, лидерство, разрешение конфликтов, смерть, смысл для меня. В результате исследования были выделены 93 ценности (с частотой упоминания более 10%). Терминальные ценности оказались более дифференцированы в сфере бизнеса, ценности семьи — неразделенные смыслы, слияние с образом Я. Анализ инструментальных ценностей семьи и бизнеса показал, что они повторяют друг друга на 1/4; в остальном они предметно-специфичны. Этот вывод подтверждается и содержательным сопоставлением полученных нами результатов с методикой М. Рокича.</p>

Prototypical Work Situations: A Robust, Flexible Means for Representing Activity in a Work Domain

Representing the results is a key component in the analysis of cognitive work. Many structures have been developed for representing the results of Cognitive Work Analysis, but the representation of activity through “prototypical work situations” is less commonly utilized. Prototypical work situations, initially described by Rasmussen, convey summaries of actual activities that represent the key properties of work in a domain. This study illustrates the utility of prototypical work situation representations through a demonstrative case example. Specifically, representations of prototypical work situations were utilized to summarize and compare communication with patients in the emergency department across multiple situations. Via the case example, we demonstrate how representations of prototypical work situations can be leveraged to summarize results, elicit feedback, and design and test new tools to support cognitive, collaborative work. We also provide a revised structure for creating prototypical representations of work that can be adapted and utilized in future studies.

АНАЛИЗ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ-БЛЕНДОВ «НЕГАТИВНОЕ ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНО-ОЦЕНОЧНОЕ ОТНОШЕНИЕ - СОЖАЛЕНИЕ - НЕЖЕЛАНИЕ» В СОВРЕМЕННОМ АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article considers the semantic peculiarities of non-prototypical constructions that simultaneously categorize situations of regret, emotional-evaluative attitude and desire to avoid performing certain actions. Non-prototypical constructions (blends) are analysed from the viewpoint of the theory of mental spaces and the derived theory of conceptual integration. Constructions-blends combine structural and semantic features of prototypical situations of regret, emotional-evaluative attitude and desire to avoid performing certain actions creating an absolutely new entity with its own characteristics not equivalent to any of the initial ones.