Prototype Design Research Articles

Design and evaluation of a robotic prototype for gerbera harvesting, performing actions at never-seen locations

The harvesting of gerbera flowers, like many horticultural products, is a labor-intensive task for which automated solutions are highly desirable. While robotic harvesting of gerbera flowers has previously been attempted, it has not been tested under commercial greenhouse conditions. This study presents a design process based on realistic requirements derived from detailed measurements of the crop. We introduce a specialized end-effector for gerbera flower harvesting that leverages passive components alongside specific plant characteristics to enable precise positioning and effective cutting. An integrated testing setup is also presented, combining the end-effector with a robust, high-speed sensing and processing pipeline for field trials. Performance evaluations of the complete system under real greenhouse conditions indicate an overall harvest success rate of 78%, with minimal flower collisions and reliable positioning and cutting actions by the end-effector.

Design and rapid prototyping of packaging liner for rosewood craft based on gyroid infill structure

A gyroid structure is a commonly used energy-absorbing infill structure for packaging that can be prepared by fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. In this paper, square specimens based on gyroid infill structure were designed, and the energy-absorbing performances of the square specimens were analysed by quasi-static compression testing under different printing parameters (layer height, extrusion rate, and extrusion temperature). A gourd ornament carved from rosewood was selected as the design object, and a packaging liner that highly fits the curved shape of the gourd ornament was designed through the process of reverse scanning and forward modelling. The prototype of the packaging liner was fabricated by using FDM 3D printing technology and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filament. With decreased layer height, the energy absorption (EA) value of the gyroid infill structure increased, while the specific energy absorption (SEA) value first increased and then decreased. With the increased extrusion rate, the EA value of the gyroid infill structure increased, and the SEA value increased. With increased extrusion temperature, the EA and SEA values of the gyroid infill structure increased. The packaging liner developed based on the gyroid infill structure and the optimised printing parameters exhibited strong energy-absorbing performance.

Wayang-Inspired Modern Character Design for Visual Communication

This research aims to develop a modern character design model based on traditional Javanese puppet figures (wayang), integrating cultural symbolism and contemporary design principles. The study explores how traditional elements, such as color, form, and symbolism in characters like Gatotkaca and Semar, can be adapted into modern, visually appealing designs suitable for today’s media platforms. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach, data were collected through interviews with cultural experts, focus group discussions with graphic designers and young audiences, and surveys to evaluate prototype designs. The findings show that while modern visual elements, such as minimalism and vibrant colors, are highly favored by younger audiences, maintaining the cultural essence of traditional puppetry is crucial. The designs were generally well-received, though some aspects of cultural symbolism required clearer presentation to enhance audience understanding. The research provides practical insights for designers in the creative industry to incorporate traditional cultural elements into digital media, such as animations, video games, and branding campaigns. It also offers theoretical contributions by expanding the understanding of integrating cultural heritage into modern design processes. Future research could explore the application of these characters in interactive platforms such as augmented and virtual reality, as well as investigate more effective ways to present cultural symbolism for global audiences.

Design and Test of a Multi-Media Web Platform Prototype Based on People’s Preferences to Increase Cultural Heritage Awareness

Cultural heritage significantly influences the transmission of history from the past to the present and future. The core of protecting cultural heritage is inheritance, making sure the heritages can be sustainable forever. Various ICT methods facilitate the dissemination and preservation of cultural heritage information. However, traditional ICT platforms often focus on official authority perspectives, neglecting users’ preferences for retrieving cultural heritage information. To address this, a hypothetical media platform was developed to collect people’s preferences for cultural heritage content and media types through a questionnaire, leading to the creation of a new multi-media platform. For demonstration purposes, Strijp-S, an industrial cultural heritage site in Eindhoven, the Netherlands, was used as a case study. A questionnaire was administered to test the prototype’s effectiveness and compare it with a comprehensive search engine like Google. Independent and paired-samples t-tests were conducted to analyze the results, demonstrating that the dedicated multi-media platform prototype was more effective than Google in raising awareness of Strijp-S. These findings indicate that a platform designed based on users’ preferences can enhance public awareness of cultural heritage. This approach can assist policymakers in developing platforms to promote local cultural heritage effectively.

Effect Verification in Ecological Landscape Design of Riverbank Leisure Space Based on Sketch Line Simulation Analysis

In order to improve the effectiveness of landscape design for riverbank leisure spaces, this article applies sketch line simulation technology to the design of leisure space landscapes, constructs a design model suitable for the needs of modern urban leisure space landscapes near rivers, and automatically generates high fidelity wireframes through hand drawn user interface sketches, thereby improving the efficiency of prototype design. The key to automatically generating high fidelity wireframes is to accurately detect the type and position of UI components from hand drawn UI sketches. In addition, a prototype software tool plugin was implemented to detect hand drawn UI sketches using an improved Faster R CNN and automatically convert the detection results into high fidelity wireframes. Through computer simulation research, we can see that sketch line simulation has a good effect in the landscape design of leisure spaces near riverbanks in cities.

Evaluating the Design of a Board Game About Sex Education for Children Ages 6 to 10 in Surabaya

This study focuses on sex education, a topic notably absent from the education curriculum across Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. Due to its contentious nature, discussing sex education openly is often avoided, resulting in limited educational and media resources available for education about this matter to children and teenagers. The objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive and age-appropriate educational board game, specifically designed to address early sex education for children aged six to ten. The study primarily instructs children on matters of self-protection and the establishment of personal boundaries. Through a mixedmethod approach via design thinking, the study combines qualitative interviews with quantitative evaluations of the prototype. The research encompasses various stages, including data collection, design concept, and evaluation, which involves a post-test assessment of the design prototype. This research provides crucial insights into the effective communication of delicate subjects, such as early sex education, to a young target audience. Keywords: board game, early sex education, learning media, interactive media, visual communication design

Triple Spectral Line Imaging of Whole-Body Human Skin: Equipment, Image Processing, and Clinical Data.

Multispectral imaging can provide objective quantitative data on various clinical pathologies, e.g., abnormal content of bio-substances in human skin. Performance of diagnostics increases with decreased spectral bandwidths of imaging; from this point, ultra-narrowband laser spectral line imaging is well suited for diagnostic applications. In this study, 40 volunteers participated in clinical validation tests of a newly developed prototype device for triple laser line whole-body skin imaging. The device comprised a vertically movable high-resolution camera coupled with a specific illumination unit-a side-emitting optical fiber spiral that emits simultaneously three RGB laser spectral lines at the wavelengths 450 nm, 520 nm, and 628 nm. The prototype's design details, skin spectral image processing, and the obtained first clinical data are reported and discussed.

Configuration Design and Size Optimization of a High-Precision Novel Parallel Pointing Mechanism Based on Interference Separation

Pointing mechanism is widely used in aerospace field, and its pointing accuracy and stability have high requirements. The pointing mechanism will be affected by external interference when it works. In order to eliminate the impact of interference forces on the output accuracy of the mechanism, firstly, this paper proposes a design method for high-precision pointing mechanisms based on interference separation, aiming at the high-precision pointing requirements of pointing mechanisms. Based on the screw theory, a synthesis method for inner compensation mechanisms has been proposed. And a new type of double-layer parallel mechanism has been designed to compensate for interference forces. Then, the kinematics and dynamics of the mechanism are carried out. An evaluation index for compensating external interference forces is proposed. The interference compensation analysis is conducted for the pointing mechanism. The correctness of the proposed interference force compensation coefficient is verified. Finally, in order to find the optimal solution for the workspace and interference force compensation coefficient of the pointing mechanism, multi-objective optimization design of the structural parameters of the mechanism was carried out based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm. This provides a theoretical basis for the prototype design of the subsequent double-layer parallel mechanism. This double-layer parallel mechanism combines the advantages of large load-bearing capacity, large workspace, and high output accuracy. It can be better applied in the aerospace field where high-precision pointing and force interference compensation are integrated.

Virtual Healing: Application of Augmented Reality Games in Pet Loss Syndrome

Abstract: As pets gain increasing significance in family life, pet loss syndrome has emerged as a mental health concern that demands urgent attention. When their pets pass away, many pet owners physically and psychologically isolate themselves, which makes it challenging to process unpleasant feelings in a healthy way. The purpose of this study is to investigate and explore how augmented reality (AR) game design can help users cope with the psychological trauma and emotional challenges caused by pet deaths. This study utilized user research, prototype design, user testing, and comparative research to develop and evaluate the usability and healing effects of the AR game. The research results indicate that this AR game has unique advantages in interactivity, immersion, and personalized experience. It can effectively provide users with emotional support, death education, and life enlightenment, helping them deal with negative emotions and gradually accept the reality of losing their pets. This study not only provides a new perspective for the treatment of pet loss syndrome, but also opens up new directions for the application of virtual therapy in the field of mental health, emphasizing the potential of electronic therapy games in emotional healing.

Self-sufficient power plant prototype composed by cascaded disruptive power units doing work by isothermal contraction and expansion

This research work aims at the design and development of a disruptive prototype for a Self-sufficient power plant (SSPP) prototype composed by cascaded disruptive power units (PUs) doing work by isothermal contraction-expansion processes. The innovative design integrates thermo-hydraulic actuators enabled to drive hydraulic pumps connected to a hydraulic motor-generator. The prototype's cascaded PUs operates on a double closed processes-based isochoric-isothermal-isochoric-isothermal (VTVT) thermal cycle, enabled to do useful work by contraction and expansion of a thermal working fluid (TWF), which is notable for its high specific work output and high thermal efficiency. This is due to a disruptive cascaded heat recovering technique associated to a heat upgrading strategy. Among the most relevant Key Features are its self-sufficient operation modes that challenge traditional limitations of second-kind perpetual motion machines (PMMs) The expected capabilities on the basis of the consistency of empirical analysis are summarized as: - Design based on the optimal number of cascaded power units, - Efficient generation of useful mechanical work through expansion and contraction of the TWF, - High specific useful work (kJ/kg of TWF), such as helium, - Low ratio of actuator volume and weight to specific work. Preliminary tentative validation: The prototype design model was validated through case studies using air and helium as real TWFs. Empirical results demonstrate the SSPP's exceptional performance under certain conditional restrictions. - The optimal SSPP completed with nine cascaded PUs each operating on a double-VTVT cycle per PU. - Helium: RIT value of 0.9 and 9 PUs coupled in cascade to give an SSI of 156.72and a SSEP yield of 922.23 kJ/kg.cy. - Air: RIT value of 0.9 and 9 PUs coupled in a shell to give an SSI of 27.41 and a SSEP production of 37.67 kJ/kg.cy. These findings highlight the prototype's potential to significantly advance energy production efficiency and self-sufficiency in power generation systems.

Evaluating ergonomic requirements of graphical user interface: A DEMATEL method integrating linguistic Pythagorean fuzzy rough numbers

As intelligent interaction systems evolve, ergonomic requirements (ERs) for graphical user interfaces (GUIs) have become increasingly complex and subjective. Inadequate evaluation during the GUI prototype design phase can lead to significant challenges in later development and testing. To address this issue, we propose a novel Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach that integrates rough set (RS) theory, linguistic Pythagorean fuzzy set (LPFS), and models relationships among decision makers (DMs). Specifically, we introduce linguistic Pythagorean fuzzy rough numbers (LPFRNs) to capture DM groups' uncertain and interrelated opinions on ERs, accounting for linguistic uncertainty and inherent roughness. We detail the construction of LPFRNs, including operation rules and aggregation operators based on the Dombi t-norm (DTN) and t-conorm(DTCN), and establish ranking rules and distance measures. By incorporating a DM objective weight determination method based on similarity measures, we enhance the precision of the DEMATEL model. Applying this method, we construct a hierarchical system of 31 ERs based on six GUI design elements (DEs) and evaluate their importance. Our findings reveal that layout-related ERs are critically significant, providing valuable insights for GUI designers to prioritize ERs effectively. The novelty of this work lies in integrating LPFRN and its aggregation operator into the DEMATEL method, which can better meet the complex and subjective correlation evaluation. Potential applications include automated evaluation of GUI design quality and optimization of the design process. We validated the robustness and feasibility of our method through sensitivity and comparative analysis.

A new concept of structural smart fabric activated by shape memory alloys

Abstract This work presents the development, prototyping and validation of a new concept of structure called structural smart fabric (SSF). An SSF is a chainmail fabric composed by interconnected elements, called cells, which can be stiffened by reactive elements, such as those made by shape memory alloy (SMA). Exploiting the shape memory functionality, SSFs are capable of sensing and reacting to external stimuli. Based on this concept, in this study we propose an SSF that integrates SMA wires into a 3D-printed chainmail structure. The shape memory effect of these wires is used as an actuating mechanism that, at high temperature, tightens the adjacent cells together and provides increased structural stiffness. In this study, finite element simulations were initially conducted to enhance the comprehension of the SSF’s mechanical behaviour. The influence of the initial cell spacing on the SSF stiffness and the wire stress profiles was evaluated during bending loading, as well as the evolution of contact pressure profiles between adjacent cells. This numerical approach enabled to tune the design of the SSF prototypes which were successively manufactured using selective laser sintering additive manufacturing technology with PA12. After the integration with the SMA wires, the SSF prototypes were tested under a 3-point bending configuration at different temperatures. The results revealed a remarkable increase in structural stiffness at elevated temperatures compared to ambient conditions. This study set the basis for a deeper understanding of SSF’s unique capabilities and potential applications in fields where adaptive and responsive structures are required.

Renewable energy driven on-road wireless charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in smart cities: A prototype design and analysis

The adoption of electrical vehicles (EVs) has increased due to the increasing concerns about fossil fuel shortages, rising costs, and environmental impacts. This increasing adoption of EVs significantly increase power demand on utility grids. Moreover the EVs require more time for charging compared to fossil fuel vehicles. To address these challenges, this study proposes a renewable energy-based on-road wireless charging (ORWC) infrastructureto reducing charging time and utilizing renewable energy within a smart city framework. This study develops a prototype of the ORWC system and examines its techno-economic and environmental benefits. Moreover, the study also evaluates annualized energy share, energy economics, and cost-effectiveness. The results of the proposed study indicate that the ORWC system in combination with RERs, effectively reduces the cost of energy from $0.112/kWh to $0.30/kWh and lowers carbon emissions from 76.9 tons/year to 29.5 tons/year. Furthermore, the results also reveals optimal energy distribution among different energy resources PV, BESS, and the grid. These results highlight that ORWC infrastructure can reduce peak load demand on existing grids and enhance the power density of EV charging systems. This has potential implications for future-oriented fast charging stations and policy development to support the widespread adoption of EVs.

Design and fabrication of the fundamental power coupler prototype of 499.8 MHz superconducting cavity for the HALF project

Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) will use a 499.8[Formula: see text]MHz superconducting cavity to provide energy for the beam in the storage ring. The fundamental power coupler (FPC) needs to feed 140[Formula: see text]kW RF power into the superconducting cavity. In order to meet the requirements of the HALF project, a 499.8[Formula: see text]MHz FPC prototype was developed at the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL). This paper presents the design of the FPC prototype. The fabrication process of the FPC prototype will also be described. The cold test of the FPC prototype room-temperature test stand was carried out. The results show that the cold test performance of the FPC prototype meets the requirements and it can be tested with high power. The high power test of the FPC prototype will be carried out in the future.

Three‐Way Equal Filtering Power Divider for Modern Communication Systems

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a three‐way (3‐way) equal filtering power divider (FPD) employing the microstrip compact folded‐arms square open‐loop resonator (FASOLR). The proposed FPD evenly distributes an input signal into three equal output signals. The design incorporates balanced signal power division, and filtering technology for the removal of unwanted frequency elements and aimed at enhancing signal quality and efficiency in the radiofrequency (RF) front‐end of communication systems. The use of FASOLR in the design helps to achieve miniaturization by reducing the device footprint. Keysight's Advanced Design System (ADS) software is used for conducting the design simulations. The proposed FPD features a 2.6 GHz center frequency, with a 0.03 fractional bandwidth. The implementation is carried out on Rogers RT/Duroid 6010LM substrate with a dielectric constant of 10.7, a thickness of 1.27 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0023. This design includes theoretical calculations, circuit modeling, microstrip layout design, and electromagnetic (EM) simulations. The good agreement between the theoretical and practical results verifies the proficiency of the FPD in delivering equal power outputs at the three output ports, and at the same time filtering out unwanted frequencies as required. The practical responses of the prototype FPD indicate a good return loss of better than 15.5 dB and an insertion loss of better than 4.77 + 0.34 dB. The design prototype achieved a compact size of 0.31 × 0.18 λg. The results reinforce the design's competitive edge in performance and actual footprint. λg is the guided wavelength for the microstrip line impedance at the center frequency of the three‐way equal FPD.

MPPT Solar Controller: A Theoretical Design and Prototype Development

This paper discusses the theoretical design and ongoing prototype development of a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) solar controller system aimed at efficient energy harvesting and smart load management. The system is designed to optimize energy extraction from a solar panel using MPPT algorithms, with smart load management for real-time power distribution. The controller incorporates cloud-based monitoring, AI optimization, and a user-friendly interface. The system is expected to deliver robust, efficient, and safe operation under varying environmental conditions

The apparatus for atmospheric water harvesting in an arid climate - Prototype design and testing in laboratory conditions

The paper describes the development of a prototype system for water extraction from the air. The aim was to develop a device that allows one to autonomously obtain, without the need for external energy, an annual average of 100 L of water per day during extreme desert conditions. In this paper, a mathematical model simulating the operation of the unit for extracting water from the air in any climatic conditions is presented. Psychrometric calculations for different climatic conditions were carried out for two basic principles: condensation and sorption. The analyses confirmed that devices based on the condensation of water vapour from the air can only be used to a limited extent in extreme desert conditions. The average water production of a condensation-based system is only 20 l/day in Riyadh, with an air flow rate of 2000 m3/h. A unit with a desiccant wheel and an integrated heat pump was designed for water harvesting from the air. The prototype of the unit was tested in a climate chamber with the possibility of adjusting the climatic conditions and the presented mathematical model was experimentally verified. The final prototype designed for a nominal outdoor air flow rate of 2000 m3/h will produce 168 l of water per day under dry desert conditions (Riyadh) with continuous operation. The verification of the computational model allows one to determine the real water production and the required unit performance. An analyses of energy requirements and evaluation of levelized cost of water (LCOW) have been performed. Sorption unit has lower LCOW in target arid desert climate and electricity prices under 0.1 EUR/kWh compared to direct condensation technology.

Design of a linear motor-based magnetic levitation train prototype

<span>This study explores the modelling of a magnetic levitation train and its implementation using a microcontroller. Magnetic levitation (maglev) is a technology that enables vehicles to levitate and move without wheels. Maglev research has been conducted globally, but maglev trains haven't received much attention. Due to the sophisticated linear motor technology for contactless transit, building a maglev train requires enormous investments. This paper is crucial for understanding the linear motor technologies necessary for levitation and propulsion. The primary objectives of this study include creating a model of the maglev train using a linear motor circuit, investigating the maglev effect concerning different coil and magnet types, and monitoring the train's propulsion and levitation using a microcontroller. This work constructs a linear motor system for the maglev train, comprising a mechanical structure with a permanent magnet for levitation and electromagnets for propulsion. A microcontroller is employed to sense the magnetic field, produced by the permanent magnet and electromagnets. In summary, this paper successfully designed a maglev train prototype using a linear motor circuit to establish the repulsive mechanism for both levitation and propulsion, with levitation~1 cm from the track and demonstrated the ability to move along a 30 cm track.</span>

Identity of traditional weaving: An exploration of consumer preferences and cultural significance

This study aims to investigate the design of traditional Thai woven cloth patterns, focusing on the Sisaket Province area. A combined research approach, using both qualitative and quantitative methods, was applied. The data analysis involved calculating percentages, means, and standard deviations. Results showed that fabric design prototype 2 received the highest average satisfaction scores, particularly for pattern, color, novelty, appropriateness, and uniqueness. Fabric design prototype 3 also achieved high satisfaction scores in these areas, excelling in pattern, color, novelty, appropriateness, and distinctiveness.

A split ring resonator slot based fabricated crescent microstrip patch antennas for UWB wireless system applications

This paper clarifies significant bandwidth and optimum gain for a split ring resonator slot based fabricated microstrip patch antenna for ultra wide band (UWB) wireless telecommunication system applications. The antenna has a circular slot partially cut into a circular patch and radiates in the UWB frequency range. The design system features a steady radiation pattern and an impedance bandwidth of 3.3 to 10.96 GHz. The proposed UWB notch antenna is at 4.6 GHz, 7.29 GHz, and 9.36 GHz, with an impedance bandwidth of 3.3 to 10.96 GHz. The UWB notch antenna offers linear phase response and a group delay of fewer than 1 ns. It is practical for UWB applications due to less group delay and stable radiation patterns. FR4 material with a 4.4 relative permittivity. The reported antenna is measured following the manufacturing of the prototype design using HFSS simulations. The suggested fabricated antenna minimizes return loss. The findings demonstrate that when combined with VSWR 2, the reflection coefficient covers the band ranges from 3.3-10.96 GHz.