Proton Mobility Research Articles

Enhancing the Catalytic Kinetics and Stability of Ru Sites for Acidic Water Oxidation by Forming Brønsted Acid Sites in Tungsten Oxide Matrix

AbstractThe oxygen evolution reaction (OER) suffers from sluggish kinetics even on the benchmark RuO2 catalyst, due to the complex four sequential proton‐coupled electron transfer steps. Severe electrochemical oxidation and dissolution issues also make RuO2 fail as an alternative to highly expensive iridium‐based OER catalysts applied in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Herein, an acid‐stable W18O49‐δ matrix‐confined Ru solid solution oxide is developed with considerably reduced Ru loadings beyond commercial RuO2, to enhance the acidic OER kinetics and extend the long‐term durability simultaneously by incorporating Brønsted acid sites. The representative Ru0.6W17.4O49‐δ with 3D urchin‐like morphology achieves an excellent catalytic stability with ultra‐slow degradation rate and a high mass activity of 27 110 A g−1Ru @ 1.53 V versus RHE in 0.1 m HClO4 electrolyte, which is ≈10.8 times higher than that of commercial RuO2. The enhanced electron transfer from W to Ru during the OER process prevents the over‐oxidation of surface Ru sites extending the long‐term stability, while the incorporated Ru‐Obri‐W Brønsted acid sites accelerate the deprotonation step by promoting the mobility of proton from the oxo‐intermediate to the neighboring Obri sites, thus boosting the acidic OER kinetics.

Alterations promoted by acid straightening and/or bleaching in hair microstructures.

Human hair is a biopolymer constituted mainly of keratin intermediate filaments, lipids, pigments and water. Cosmetic treatments usually interact with the hair at the molecular level, inducing changes in its components and modifying the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the fibers. Here, the effect of acid straightening on the morphology and ultrastructure of Caucasian hair was investigated by a group of complementary experimental methods: wide-, small- and ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering; high-resolution 3D X-ray microscopy; quasi-elastic neutron scattering and inelastic neutron scattering; thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry; and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). X-ray diffraction patterns showed that acid straightening associated with a flat iron (∼180°C) changed the cortex of the fiber, shown by denaturation of the intermediate filaments (measured by DSC). The increase in the spacing of the lipid layers and the observation of the dehydration behavior of the fiber provided indications that water may be confined between these layers, while neutron spectroscopy showed alterations in the vibration mode of the CH2 groups of the lipids and an increase of the proton (H+) mobility in the hair structure. The latter may be associated with the extremely low pH of the formulation (pH ≃ 1). Additionally, this investigation showed that bleached hair (one-time bleached) is more damaged by the action of acid straightening than virgin hair, which was shown by a threefold increase in the percentage of total porosity of the tresses. The obtained results demonstrate that the investigation approach proposed here can provide very important thermodynamic and structural information on induced changes of hair structure, and certainly can be applied for the evaluation of the action mode and efficiency of cosmetic treatments.

BaCo0.4Fe0.4Nb0.1Sc0.1O3-δ perovskite oxide with super hydration capacity for a high-activity proton ceramic electrolytic cell oxygen electrode

Proton ceramic electrolytic cells (PCECs) are regarded as superior candidates for largescale hydrogen production by water electrolytic because they are efficient and weakly temperature-dependent. However, the intrinsically poor water-storage capability (hydration) and slow proton mobility of traditional PCEC oxygen electrodes retards the activity of electrochemical water decomposition to oxygen. The sluggish decomposition process has prevented the extensive application of PCECs. Herein, we report a Nb5+ and Sc3+ co-doped BaCo0.4Fe0.4Nb0.1Sc0.1O3-δ (BCFNS) perovskite oxygen electrode that exhibits remarkably low polarization resistances (e.g., 0.079 Ω·cm2 at 650 °C) in air humidified with 3 vol% H2O. Both experiments and computational calculations linked this high performance to the synergistic effect of Nb5+ and Sc3+ in tuning the oxygen-vacancy concentration and the hydration reaction between oxygen vacancies and water molecules. This unique synergistic mechanism endows BCFNS with strong hydration capacity, boosting the formation of protonic defects and reducing the proton-migration barrier. Benefiting from these features, a single PCEC with a BCFNS oxygen electrode achieved much higher current densities than newly reported PCECs: 1224.91, 914.05, 622.18, and 314.89 mAcm−2 at 1.3 V and 650 °C, 600 °C, 550 °C, and 500 °C, respectively. Such excellent electrolytic performance suggests that Nb5+ and Sc3+ co-doping can promote the hydration capability and proton mobility of electrode materials for high-performance PCECs.

Composite membranes for fuel cells

The current ecological situation attracts particular attention to alternative energy sources with no detrimental impact on the ecosystem. In comparison with conventional energy sources, fuel cells exhibit the following advantages: small and compact size, light weight, lack of noise when working, and cost-effectiveness in terms of fuel consumption. Most importantly, fuel cells are environmentally friendly, since no harmful substances are released into the atmosphere during their operation. Their goal is to convert chemical energy from various sources into environmentally friendly electric power. At present, chemical sources of energy are used everywhere, including batteries for mobile phones, laptops, as well as cars and uninterruptible power supplies, to name a few. The main components of solid polymer fuel cells are proton-exchange membranes, the main function of which is to ensure the transfer of protons from the anode to the cathode. The proton conductivity of such materials is determined by the presence of hydrophilic channels that transport mobile protons. The proton-exchange membrane must meet the following requirements: electrochemical and chemical stability in aggressive chemical environments, mechanical and thermal strength, low permeability to reagent gases (fuel and oxidizer), high ion exchange capacity and electrical conductivity, as well as a relatively low cost. This paper considers perfluorinated sulfonic acid membranes, organic–inorganic and acid–base composite membranes, as well as hybrid membranes obtained by sol-gel process, which can contribute to the development of technologies related to fuel cells in the future.

Changes in physico-chemical properties and water status of durum wheat constituents in pasta due to processing and cooking

Pasta is simply made from durum wheat semolina and water, through a succession of unitary operations. The changes of the interactions between durum wheat constituents and water molecules under different water content conditions provide information on the mechanisms involving wheat constituents and induced by the successive unitary operations. The objective of the present work is to describe the interactions between durum wheat constituents and water molecules in durum wheat semolina, dry pasta, and cooked pasta under different water content conditions using complementary analytical methods at different observation scales. Selected products were investigated by measurements of gelatinization endotherms by DSC, viscosity curves of a suspension by RVA, proton mobility by NMR, and molecular interactions by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The measured values describing the interactions between wheat constituents and water molecules are sensitive to changes induced by the process. These results contribute to a better understanding of the modifications induced by the succession of unitary operations on durum wheat constituents, from native semolina to cooked pasta.

Initial Electrodeposition Behavior of Chromium from Hydrate-Melt Based Trivalent Chromium Baths

Trivalent chromium electrodeposition is expected to substitute the conventional hard chromium electroplating that requires harmful hexavalent chromium. Recently, we revealed that crystalline chromium, which is effective for hard chromium properties, can be electrodeposited from trivalent chromium baths using chloride-based hydrate-melts. Herein, we investigated the initial behavior of the trivalent chromium electrodeposition by in situ analyses using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and ex situ characterization of resulting electrodeposits. In the very initial stage of electrolysis, proton reduction proceeds preferentially, resulting in chromium hydroxide precipitation on the electrode due to the local pH increase. Chromium reduction was found to require a few seconds of induction time to start. The transient was interpreted by the Sand equation which also indicated proton depletion near the cathode. In the hydrate-melts, due to the depletion of free water, the high proton mobility due to Grotthuss mechanism is lost, resulting in the suppression of hydrogen evolution after the induction time. This explains why chromium electrodeposits are obtained at extremely high current efficiencies of 60%–80%. Additionally, the proton reduction of the initial electrolysis stage may lead to negative effects, for example, impairing adhesion of chromium electrodeposits.

Imaging VOC distribution and tracing emission sources in surface water by a mobile shipborne spray inlet proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry

Volatile organic compound (VOC) pollution in surface water can affect the growth of microorganisms and even cause damage to human health. Quickly obtaining VOC distribution and tracing emission sources are of great significance to ensure the security of water quality. In this study, we developed a mobile shipborne spray inlet proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (S-SI-PTR-MS) instrument for rapid and on-line detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in surface water. It mainly consists of a shipborne platform, a spray inlet system, a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer, and geographic information software (GIS). During the navigation, VOCs in water can be quickly extracted to gaseous state by the SI system and transferred into the proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) for detection. The GIS can receive VOC and longitude-latitude data at the same time. And then the identification and concentration information can be shown on an electronic map in real time. The limit of detection and response time were 1.32 μg/L∼9.43 μg/L and 56 s∼114 s, respectively. The spatial resolution is 0.14 m in a common navigation experiment (5 km/h, dwell time=0.1 s), allowing for high-resolution monitoring of VOCs in water. Finally, field experiments were performed on the lower Nanfeihe River and some surfaces of Chaohu Lake in China. During tracing pollution in Nanfeihe River, two VOC emission sources in the downstream were located, nearing a sewage outlet and a wharf, respectively. During imaging VOC distribution in the Chaohu Lake, we found the areas with high-concentration VOCs were mainly along the ship channel. The newly developed S-SI-PTR-MS can monitor water quality in surface water in real time and has the potential to assist environmental protection enforcement.

Biocompatible AlOOH-based memristor with biomimicking synaptic functions for artificial nociceptor applications

Electronic devices with biomimetic synaptic characteristics are one of the most critical components in health monitoring and artificial intelligence. The design of neuromorphic responsive devices, however, yet remains a ground challenge. Herein, a biocompatible and electrically responsive boehmite material (γ-AlOOH) is utilized to fabricate artificial memristors to realize mimicking biological synapsefunctions. The obtained AlOOH memristor is flexible, highly transparent, and biocompatible, exhibiting nonvolatile resistive switching behaviours with low threshold voltages, high ON-OFF ratios (>103), good switching durability (>104 cycles), and long retention time (>104 s). Specifically, the device can mimic the biosynaptic functions, such as paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD), amplitude-dependent plasticity (SADP), and spike time dependent plasticity (STDP), and the typical sensitization, desensitization, hyperalgesia, and allodynia behaviours of the biological nociceptors. This study reveals that the AlOOH memristor with excellent artificial synapses is resulted by the high proton mobility along with the OH bond length variation of AlOOH subjected to applied stimuli, such as voltages, pulse width, and pulse intervals. Therefore, the biocompatible AlOOH-based memristors with artificial synapse behaviour have promising potential for the applications in high-performance neuromorphic devices and future artificial intelligence.

Differences in Water Dynamics between the Hydrated Chitin and Hydrated Chitosan Determined by Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering.

Recently, it was reported that chitin and chitosan exhibited high-proton conductivity and function as an electrolyte in fuel cells. In particular, it is noteworthy that proton conductivity in the hydrated chitin becomes 30 times higher than that in the hydrated chitosan. Since higher proton conductivity is necessary for the fuel cell electrolyte, it is significantly important to clarify the key factor for the realization of higher proton conduction from a microscopic viewpoint for the future development of fuel cells. Therefore, we have measured proton dynamics in the hydrated chitin using quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) from the microscopic viewpoint and compared the proton conduction mechanism between hydrated chitin and chitosan. QENS results exhibited that a part of hydrogen atoms and hydration water in chitin are mobile even at 238 K, and the mobile hydrogen atoms and their diffusion increase with increasing temperature. It was found that the diffusion constant of mobile protons is two times larger and that the residence time is two times faster in chitin than that in chitosan. In addition, it is revealed from the experimental results that the transition process of dissociable hydrogen atoms between chitin and chitosan is different. To realize proton conduction in the hydrated chitosan, the hydrogen atoms of the hydronium ions (H3O+) should be transferred to another hydration water. By contrast, in hydrated chitin, the hydrogen atoms can transfer directly to the proton acceptors of neighboring chitin. It is deduced that higher proton conductivity in the hydrated chitin compared with that in the hydrated chitosan is yielded by the difference of diffusion constant and the residence time by hydrogen-atom dynamics and the location and number of proton acceptors.

Determining whether granule structural or surface features govern the wheat starch digestion, a kinetic analysis

Deciphering the determinants of starch digestion from multiple interrelated properties is a challenge that can benefit from multifactorial data analysis. The present study investigated the digestion kinetic parameters (rate, final extent) of size-fractions from four commercial wheat starches with different amylose contents. Each size-fraction was isolated and characterized comprehensively using a large range of analytic techniques (FACE, XRD, CP-MAS NMR, time-domain NMR, DSC…). A statistical clustering analysis applied on the results revealed that the mobility of water and starch protons measured by time-domain NMR was consistently related to the macromolecular composition of the glucan chains and to the ultrastructure of the granule. The final extent of starch digestion was determined by the granule structural features. The digestion rate coefficient dependencies, on the other hand, changed significantly with the range of granule size, i.e. the accessible surface for initial binding of α-amylase. The study particularly showed the molecular order and the chains mobility predominantly limiting or accelerating the digestion rate depending on the accessible surface. This result confirmed the need to differentiate between the surface and the inner-granule related mechanisms in starch digestion studies.

Effect of grains and grain boundaries on concentrations and mobility of charge carriers in Ba3Ca1.18Nb1.82O9-δ

Perovskite-based protonic conductors are currently the most promising electrolytes in medium and low-temperature hydrogen energy devices. Herein, the Ba3Ca1.18Nb1.82O9-δ double perovskite oxide protonic conductor is prepared, and the influence of bulk and grain boundaries on transport properties is systematically investigated via defect chemistry. The Ba3Ca1.18Nb1.82O9-δ exhibits a hexagonal distortion, and the calculated standard molar hydration enthalpies of Ba3Ca1.18Nb1.82O9-δ, bulk, and grain boundaries are -138 kJ/mol, -131 kJ/mol, and -144 kJ/mol, respectively. The migration activation energies of protons, oxygen vacancies, and hole conduction in bulk Ba3Ca1.18Nb1.82O9-δ under oxygen are 0.29 eV, 1.51 eV, and 0.63 eV, respectively. The proton concentration in grains is slightly lower than in grain boundaries. In contrast, the proton mobility in bulk is three orders higher than in grain boundaries. The proton conduction of double perovskite oxide protonic conductor is dominant in Ar and reductive atmospheres at 500–800°C, where the conductivity (σh·) and holes transport number (th·) increase with oxygen partial pressure. Therefore, the conduction of Ba3Ca1.18Nb1.82O9-δ could be enhanced by improving carriers’ mobility in grain boundaries. The right grain boundaries block oxygen vacancies at low temperatures, increasing the predominance area diagrams for proton conduction. Hence, grain boundaries control the transport property of double perovskite oxide protonic conductor.

Super Proton Conductivity Through Control of Hydrogen-Bonding Networks in Flexible Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received much attention as a solid-state electrolyte in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The introduction of proton carriers and functional groups into MOFs can improve the proton conductivity attributed to the formation of hydrogen-bonding networks, while the underlying synergistic mechanism is still unclear. Here, a series of flexible MOFs (MIL-88B, [Fe3 O(OH)(H2 O)2 (O2 C-C6 H4 -CO2 )3 ] with imidazole) is designed to modify the hydrogen-bonding networks and investigate the resulting proton-conducting characteristics by controlling the breathing behaviors. The breathing behavior is tuned by varying the amount of adsorbed imidazole into pore (small breathing (SB) and large breathing (LB)) and introducing functional groups onto ligands (-NH2 , -SO3 H), resulting in four kinds of imidazole-loaded MOFs-Im@MIL-88B-SB, Im@MIL-88B-LB, Im@MIL-88B-NH2 , and Im@MIL-88B-SO3 H. Im@MIL-88B-LB without functional groups exhibits the highest proton conductivity of 8.93×10-2 Scm-1 at 60°C and 95% relative humidity among imidazole-loaded proton conductors despite the mild condition, indicating that functional groups may not be always required to enhance proton conductivity. The elaborately controlled pore size and host-guest interaction in flexible MOFs through imidazole-dependent structural transformation are translated into the high proton concentration without the limitation of proton mobility, contributing to the formation of effective hydrogen-bonding networks in imidazole conducting media.

Proton Transport in Perfluorinated Ionomer Simulated by Machine-Learned Interatomic Potential.

Polymers are a class of materials that are highly challenging to deal with using first-principles methods. Here, we present an application of machine-learned interatomic potentials to predict structural and dynamical properties of dry and hydrated perfluorinated ionomers. An improved active-learning algorithm using a small number of descriptors allows to efficiently construct an accurate and transferable model for this multielemental amorphous polymer. Molecular dynamics simulations accelerated by the machine-learned potentials accurately reproduce the heterogeneous hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains formed in this material as well as proton and water diffusion coefficients under a variety of humidity conditions. Our results reveal pronounced contributions of Grotthuss chains consisting of two to three water molecules to the high proton mobility under strongly humidified conditions.

Sr and Fe co-doped Ba2In2O5 as a new proton-conductor-derived cathode for proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells

BaSrInFeO5 (BSIF), a new cathode material for proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), is designed based on the modification of the Ba2In2O5 proton conductor with Sr and Fe cations. Compared with the Ba2In2O5 proton conductor tailored with only Fe cations (Ba2InFeO5, BIF), doping Sr can improve the chemical stability and also benefit the formation of oxygen vacancies. The proton mobility is also improved with Sr-doping, which is confirmed by first-principles calculations and experimental studies. An H-SOFC using the BSIF cathode generates a relatively high peak power density of 1192 mW cm-2 at 700 oC, which is superior to many cells in previous reports. First-principles calculations find that the cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) energy barrier for BSIF is significantly lower than that for BIF. Although Ba2In2O5 is less studied, the derived cathode materials can still present decent performance, probably offering new material selections for H-SOFCs.

Vibrational characterization of the various forms of (solvated or unsolvated) mobile proton in the solid state. Advantages, limitations and open questions

A didactic review of (Raman, infrared and neutron) vibrational spectroscopy procedures to study mobile protonic species (H2O, H3O+, H5O2+, “H+”, NH4+, etc.) in solid hydrates, crystals and ceramics is proposed on the basis of paper published since 1970s. Three materials are taken as representative examples: hydrated uranyl phosphate (HUP), oxonium, hydroxonium and ammonium beta- and beta“-aluminas and nominally anhydrous strontium/barium zirconate perovskite. Particular attention is given to the advantages of isotopic substitution and dilution measurements as a function of temperature and partial ion exchange. The vibrational signatures that we consider as being able to serve as references for the different kinds of proton species observed in the proton conductors are presented. We also discuss the signature of protonic species giving no vibrational signature - or whose Raman and infrared signatures are too weak to be clearly detected – that need to be better characterized and understood. The presence of a strong incoherent inelastic neutron scattering background appears characteristic of (mobile) proton conductors.

Zwitterion-dissociated polyoxometalate electrolytes for solid-state supercapacitors

Releasing cations from highly negatively charged polyoxometalates (POMs) is never an easy task. Herein, by using a zwitterion (1-sulfopropyl-3-methylimidazolium salt, MIMPS) to dissociate POMs, the proton conductivity of POM electrolytes was enhanced and the capacitive performance of solid-state supercapacitors (SCs) based on polyaniline was further improved. MIMPS can promote the dissolution and dissociation of POMs in polymer solutions, releasing more mobile protons, which is conducive to rapid proton transport. The MIMPS-modified SCs have higher capacitive performance, with an areal capacitance of 13 F·cm⁻² at a current density of 0.5 mA·cm⁻², compared to SCs without MIMPS (6.4 F·cm⁻²). In addition, the MIMPS-modified SCs have lower interfacial impedance, indicating that MIMPS can improve the proton conductivity and interfacial conduction. This work provides a new strategy for improving the overall performance of SCs by optimizing POM-based electrolytes with a zwitterion.

RDD-HCD Provides Variable Fragmentation Routes Dictated by Radical Stability.

Radical-directed dissociation (RDD) is a fragmentation technique in which a radical created by selective 213/266 nm photodissociation of a carbon-iodine bond is reisolated and collisionally activated. In previous RDD experiments, collisional activation was effected by ion-trap collision-induced dissociation (CID). Higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) differs from CID both in terms of how ions are excited and in the number, type, or abundance of fragments that are observed. In this paper, we explore the use of HCD for activation in RDD experiments. While RDD-CID favors fragments produced from radical-directed pathways such as a/z-ions and side chain losses regardless of the activation energy employed, RDD-HCD spectra vary considerably as a function of activation energy, with lower energies favoring RDD while higher energies favor products resulting from cleavage directed by mobile protons (b/y-ions). RDD-HCD therefore affords more tunable fragmentation based on the HCD energy provided. Importantly, the abundance of radical products decreases as a function of increasing HCD energy, confirming that RDD generally proceeds via lower-energy barriers relative to mobile-proton-driven dissociation. The dominance of b/y-ions at higher energies for RDD-HCD can therefore be explained by the higher survivability of fragments not containing the radical after the initial or subsequent dissociation events. Furthermore, these results confirm previous suspicions that HCD spectra differ from CID spectra due to multiple dissociation events.

Thermal-Response Proton Conduction in Schiff Base-Incorporated Metal-Organic Framework Hybrid Membranes under Low Humidity Based on the Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Mechanism.

Stimulus-responsive proton conduction materials have attracted enormous interest as a new kind of "smart material". It is desirable to develop the appropriate stimulus signal and high proton-conducting materials with an excellent proton-conducting switch ratio (γ), but it remains a great challenge. Here, it can be found for the first time that 4-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)benzenesulfonic acid (HBABSA) has obvious thermal isomerization when porous solids act as matrixes at the ambient temperatures, which is different from that in the crystalline state at 77 K. Therefore, we proposed a host-guest metal-organic framework (MOF) composite, namely, MOF-808 incorporated with HBABSA (HBABSA@MOF-808), which has a proton-conducting switch ratio (γ) of 16 between 338 and 343 K due to the thermally induced isomerization of HBABSA molecules in the MOF pores. The strong binding between the keto-type HBABSA and MOF at the relatively low temperatures can efficiently suppress the proton conduction, while the enol-type one provides more mobile protons for conduction at the high temperatures due to the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer mechanism. Further, the HBABSA@MOF-808 as a filler is blended into polyvinyl alcohol and poly(2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid) to form hybrid membranes. The hybrid membrane with the highest content of the MOF composite displays a high proton conductivity of 5.57 × 10-3 S·cm-1 under 353 K and 57% RH along with a good switch ratio of 5.4. The development of thermal-response proton-conducting MOF materials is opening up a unique pathway for remote control, thermal sensing, intelligent batteries, and other fields.

Vibrational study of the various forms of (solvated or unsolvated) mobile proton in materials for storage and production systems based on the hydrogen vector. Advantages, limitations and open questions

Vibrational study of the various forms of (solvated or unsolvated) mobile proton in materials for storage and production systems based on the hydrogen vector. Advantages, limitations and open questions

Glycolysis process activation in preserved red blood cells by nanotechnological treatment of resuspending solutions

Currently, the use of nanotechnology opens up new opportunities to influence the processes of anaerobic glycolysis and the activity of hexose monophosphate reactions in preserved erythrocytes. Components containing donor red blood cells on CPDA-1 preservative were examined. Modified solutions of 0.9% NaCl and with 5% glucose were used as resuspending solutions. The solutions were treated with magnetite nanoparticles (ICNB brand) by the Belousov method. The amounts of 2,3-DPG, ATP, reduced glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase were determined by spectrophotometry. This study opens up new possibilities for increasing the shelf life and functional activity of preserved erythrocytes. The study showed a reliable increase in ATP and reduced glutathione, a decrease in 2,3-DPG and glutathione peroxidase. It was found that the activation of anaerobic glycolysis was less pronounced in tests with modified physiological saline than in tests with glucose solution. On the contrary, the pentose glucose oxidation cycle prevailed. A comprehensive analysis of the data obtained indicates the membrane-protective effect of the modified resuspending solutions. The membrane-protective effect is due to an increase in ATP and reduced glutathione, which ensures the redox potential of the cell in an equilibrium state. Magnetite nanoparticles (ICNB) change the mobility and orientation of hydrogen protons in resuspending solutions. This polarizes the aqueous sector of the erythrocyte microenvironment due to van der Waals forces, which is the main reason for activation of ATP phosphate residue hydrolysis and switching of intracellular enzymes regulating anaerobic glycolysis and pentose phosphate cycle into the active state. As a result, transmembrane metabolism and metabolism change, the energy state of erythrocytes changes, and enzymes are activated. All this has a significant impact on the energy supply of preserved red blood cells and preservation of their functional activity under storage conditions at 2 to 6 ºС.