Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Protocols Research Articles

An efficient and batch verifiable conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for VANETs using lattice

With the rapid increase in the internet technologies, Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are identified as a crucial primitive for the vehicular communication in which the moving vehicles are treated as nodes to form a mobile network. To ameliorate the efficiency and traffic security of the communication, a VANET can wirelessly circulate the traffic information and status to the participating vehicles (nodes). Before deploying a VANET, a security and privacy mechanism must be implemented to assure the secure communication. Due to this issue, a number of conditional privacy-preserving authentication schemes are proposed in the literature to guarantee the mutual authentication and privacy protection. However, most of these schemes use the Diffie–Hellman (DH) problems to secure the communication. Note that, these DH-type problems can be solved in polynomial-time in the presence of new modern technologies like quantum computers. Therefore, to remove these difficulties, we motivated to attempt a non-DH type conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme which can resist the quantum computers. In this paper, we developed the first lattice-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication (LB-CPPA) protocol for VANETs. A random oracle model is used to analyze the security of proposed protocol. The security of our LB-CPPA scheme is based on the complexity of lattice problems. By security analysis, we show that our proposal endorses the message integrity and authentication as well as the privacy preservation at the same time. A security comparison of our claim is also done. Further, we analyze the performance of the proposed scheme and compare it with the DH-type schemes.

CB‐MAC: a novel cluster‐based MAC protocol for VANETs

Due to relative mobility, topology changes rapidly with frequent link breakage in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Clustering VANETs into small groups limits channel contention and controls the network topology efficiently. In this study, a novel cluster-based medium access control (CB-MAC) protocol is proposed for VANETs. The cluster formation process is defined. Moreover, cluster head election and cluster merging processes are described for efficient communication in the cluster as well as out of the cluster. The mechanism defined in IEEE 802.11 standard is specially designed for only direct communications and is not suitable for cluster-based communications. Therefore, new control packets are introduced and the existing control packet format is modified to support cluster-based communications. For effective MAC protocol design, the request to send (RTS)/clear to send (CTS) mechanism is not used for safety messages which are of broadcast nature. On the other hand, the RTS/CTS mechanism is used for non-safety data delivery to eliminate hidden node problem. Markov chain model-based analytical model is presented to explore the performance of the proposed CB-MAC protocol. The proposed protocol is validated by numerical studies. The numerical results exhibit that the proposed CB-MAC protocol improves system performance and satisfies the delay constraint of 100 ms for safety messages.

VANETs QoS-based routing protocols based on multi-constrained ability to support ITS infotainment services

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) present an intriguing platform for several applications on e.g., intelligent transportation system (ITS) and infotainment applications aspire to be the main pattern of communication among vehicles while travelling. This can significantly impact on the amount of data exchanged by vehicles, increasing the contention on communication links and thus, degrading the quality of service of these applications. So, discrimination of data becomes imperative and forwarding critical information on suitable routes becomes decisive. Hence, a quality of service (QoS)-driven mechanism is needed to handle and assign network resources according to the stringent application data traffic demands. But, VANETs high node mobility and frequent link failure, stuck a big challenge in implementing an effective policy to meet and enforce these QoS requirements. A promising way to tackle this issue is to enforce QoS at the network layer, since it is the crucial point in VANETs’ communication. So, over the years, many QoS-aware routing protocols were specifically conceived for VANETs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of QoS-aware routing protocols in VANETs’ literature. We examined the protocols based on their ability to support ITS infotainment services, their multi-constraint path problem (MCP), protocol’s functionality and weakness, objectives and design challenges. This way, we outline future directions for VANETs QoS-aware protocol research.

Water wave optimization-based routing protocol for vehicular adhoc networks

It is well known that Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) plays the major role in the field of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) to enhance road safety as well. The entire communication among vehicles is covered in VANETs. Since the number of researches is in progress for the enhancement of VANET model. Usually, the issues arising with this field is the achievement of multi-constrained Quality of Service (QoS) measures. To solve this issue, our paper intends to propose a cost model that considers certain network quality measures like travel, collision, congestion and the awareness about the QoS. Moreover, this paper adopts a renowned algorithm named Water Wave Optimization algorithm (WWO) to find the optimal route. The proposed method analyses its performance over other conventional methods like Lion Algorithm (LA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and LA with Adaptive Mutation (LAAM) in terms of cost analysis, Convergence analysis and Computational time. Then the analytical results prove the superiority of proposed work in terms of decreased routing cost.

A Review on Cluster Based Routing Protocols in Vehicular Adhoc Networks

A Review on Cluster Based Routing Protocols in Vehicular Adhoc Networks

Collaboration of Trusted Node and QoS Based Energy Multi Path Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

In the recent past information transmission through the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) playing a vital role due to increase in accident statistics. There are numerous networking and VANET protocols helpful to control the trust while transmitting the data from source to destination nodes in traffic environment. In spite of many existing protocols for analyzing the trust in the network, the challenge of routing overhead, high energy consumption and malicious attacks issues still continue in the communication. This research introduces the trust collaboration nodes and Quality of Service (QoS) with energy multipath routing protocol for transmitting the information through VANET. Initially, the trusted nodes have been collected for analyzing the neighbouring nodes and the information are transmitted using the proposed QoS based energy efficient multipath routing protocol. During this transmission, the multi path protocol eliminates the intermediate attacks effectively when compared with the other existing protocols. The Proposed protocol maintains the QoS while routing the information from source to destination and further the efficiency has been analyzed through simulation experiments and Montgomery multiplier based Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) will be used in future for better security and privacy.

Improvised dynamic network connectivity model for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs)

The Road traffic modeling in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) may require disseminating information to specific geographical areas like Road Intersection. The communications, network connectivity and routing are the central issues in VANETs. The Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANETs) have high mobility and high density of mobile nodes. Managing this mobility is very important to ensure routing efficiency and network connectivity in VANETs. VANETs are characterized by topology changes and link disconnections. The research challenges for applications of VANETs remains to design of intelligent algorithms for dynamic network connectivity and efficient routing problem in VANETs becomes a challenging event because of the active nature of mobile clients. In this paper, we have proposed an appropriate routing protocol for VANETs based on the dynamic network connectivity behavior of urban traffic at road crossings or Intersection. The dynamic network connectivity model for VANETs is based on parallel processing concept are essential for designing an efficient routing protocol for VANETs at Road Intersection in urban scenarios. Our simulation result showed that different control mechanisms are applied at road crossings and we likened the performance of our proposed scheme with the competitive schemes (Modeling Urban Traffic (MUT) Scheme, Dynamic Connectivity Scheme (DCS), Cellular Automaton Model for Car Traffic (CAMCT) and Dynamic Connectivity-Aware Routing for Internet-based Services (D-CAR)) in terms of Inter-vehicle spacing, number of vehicles in one road block and distance from road crossings or Intersection against varying node density.

A greedy traffic light and queue aware routing protocol for urban VANETs

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) require reliable data dissemination for time-sensitive public safety applications. An efficient routing protocol plays a vital role to achieve satisfactory network performance. It is well known that routing is a challenging problem in VANETs due to the fast-changing network typology caused by high mobility at both ends of transmission. Moreover, under urban environment, there are two non-negligible factors in routing protocol design, the non-uniform vehicle distribution caused by traffic lights, and the network congestion due to high traffic demand in rush hours. In this paper, we propose a greedy traffic light and queue aware routing protocol (GTLQR) which jointly considers the street connectivity, channel quality, relative distance, and queuing delay to alleviate the packet loss caused by vehicle clustering at the intersection and balance the traffic load among vehicles. Through performance evaluation, we show that our proposed protocol outperforms both TLRC and GLSR-L in terms of packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.

CISRP: connectivity‐aware intersection‐based shortest path routing protocol for VANETs in urban environments

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a key technology for intelligent transportation system providing different services in safety and entertainment applications. Routing in VANET encounters high mobility of nodes, heterogeneous node distribution and dynamic network topology. These characteristics of the VANET demand a routing protocol capable of inhibiting intermittent connectivity due to network fragmentation. The proposed work is a connectivity-aware intersection-based shortest path routing protocol (CISRP) for VANETs in an urban environment. The CISRP has been designed to look into the prevailing road conditions and route the packets in a less congestion and less link breakage path to avoid intermittent connectivity. The results evaluated show the enhanced performance of the CISRP protocol.

A Traffic Aware Segment-based Routing protocol for VANETs in urban scenarios

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) offer a diverse set of applications and therefore gain more and more attention from both academic and industrial communities. However, the deployment of VANETs is not very straight-forward. One challenge is highlighted by an uphill task of establishing and subsequently sustaining a robust communication. The need to obviate extra relay infrastructure in dynamically fluctuating topologies plus concurring shielding obstacles only magnifies this arduous task. In this context, information about traffic-density and about its estimated progress are valuable assets to tackle this issue. This paper proposes a novel routing protocol called Traffic Aware Segment-based Routing (TASR) protocol. The proposed protocol comprises two major parts: 1) Real-time vehicular traffic information for route selection allows for calculating the Expected Connectivity Degree (ECD) on different segments, and 2) a new forwarding method based on geographical information transfers packets from source to destination node. The new metric ECD takes vehicle densities into account, estimating the connectivity on each segment and thus the connectivity of nodes and data delivery ratio for transmitting packets. Furthermore, extensive simulations help analyzing the efficiency of TASR, indicating that it outperforms competing routing protocols.

RESEARCH SURVEY ON VANET ISSUES IN TABLE DRIVEN AND ON DEMAND ROUTING PROTOCOLS

vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) is derived from Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) which provide a communications as on unstructured creation of a wireless network for data exchange to the domain of vehicles. The comparative survey of routing protocols in VANET is making main role in wireless network, important and required for Intelligent Transport System (ITS) ITS. This paper we discuss the nature work of various protocols and flaws different routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks. It explores the motivation behind the designed, and traces the development of these routing protocols. This paper discusses the table driven and on demand mechanisms. Through this paper we discussed working behaviour of wireless network protocols and disadvantages of existing protocols

A Novel Adaptive TDMA-Based MAC Protocol for VANETs

The medium access control (MAC) protocol plays an important role in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) to provide efficient broadcast service for safety applications. However, the highly dynamic nature of VANETs, such as high mobility and fast topology change, degrades the performance of existing MAC protocols. In this letter, we propose a novel adaptive Time Division Multiple Access-based MAC (VAT-MAC) protocol for VANETs. VAT-MAC accurately and adaptively optimizes each time frame length by estimating and predicting the number of vehicles within the coverage of a roadside unit. It has been proven by mathematical analysis and simulation experiment that VAT-MAC can significantly improve system scalability and throughput.

Secured AODV Routing Protocol for the Detection and Prevention of Black Hole Attack in VANET

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming promising and popular technologies in the recent intelligent transportation world. They are used to provide an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), efficient Traffic Information System (TIS), and Life Safety. The mobility of the vehicles and the volatile nature of the connections in the network have made VANET vulnerable to many security threats. Black hole attack is one of the security threat in which node presents itself in such a way to the other vehicles that it has the freshest and the shortest path to the destination. Hence in this research paper an efficient approach for the detection and prevention of the Black hole attack in the Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) is presented. The proposed solution is implemented on AODV (Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector) routing protocol one of the most popular routing protocol for VANET. The proposed strategy can detect both the single and the Cooperative Black hole attacks in the early phase of route discovery. The simulation is carried on NS-2 and the results of the proposed scheme are compared to the fundamental DYMO routing protocol, this results are examined on various network performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, throughput and end-to-end delay. The found results show the efficiency of the proposed method as the delivery ratio and end to end delay of the network does not deteriorate under a black hole attack.

A Review of Vehicle to Vehicle Communication Protocols for VANETs in the Urban Environment

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have been gaining significant attention from the research community due to their increasing importance for building an intelligent transportation system. The characteristics of VANETs, such as high mobility, network partitioning, intermittent connectivity and obstacles in city environments, make routing a challenging task. Due to these characteristics of VANETs, the performance of a routing protocol is degraded. The position-based routing is considered to be the most significant approach in VANETs. In this paper, we present a brief review of most significant position based unicast routing protocols designed for vehicle to vehicle communications in the urban environment. We provide them with their working features for exchanging information between vehicular nodes. We describe their pros and cons. This study also provides a comparison of the vehicle to vehicle communication based routing protocols. The comparative study is based on some significant factors such as mobility, traffic density, forwarding techniques and method of junction selection mechanism, and strategy used to handle a local optimum situation. It also provides the simulation based study of existing dynamic junction selection routing protocols and a static junction selection routing protocol. It provides a profound insight into the routing techniques suggested in this area and the most valuable solutions to advance VANETs. More importantly, it can be used as a source of references to other researchers in finding literature that is relevant to routing in VANETs.

Secured AODV Routing Protocol for the Detection and Prevention of Black Hole Attack in VANET

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming promising and popular technologies in the recent intelligent transportation world. They are used to provide an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), efficient Traffic Information System (TIS), and Life Safety. The mobility of the vehicles and the volatile nature of the connections in the network have made VANET vulnerable to many security threats. Black hole attack is one of the security threat in which node presents itself in such a way to the other vehicles that it has the freshest and the shortest path to the destination. Hence in this research paper an efficient approach for the detection and prevention of the Black hole attack in the Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) is presented. The proposed solution is implemented on AODV (Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector) routing protocol one of the most popular routing protocol for VANET. The proposed strategy can detect both the single and the Cooperative Black hole attacks in the early phase of route discovery. The simulation is carried on NS-2 and the results of the proposed scheme are compared to the fundamental DYMO routing protocol, this results are examined on various network performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, throughput and end-to-end delay. The found results show the efficiency of the proposed method as the delivery ratio and end to end delay of the network does not deteriorate under a black hole attack.

Performance analysis of various link estimation time methods in vehicular ad hoc network

The primary work of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is to route the packets and to can handle a high mobility of vehicles in the frequently changing topology. The fast dynamic changing topology is the major problem in VANET, so it is necessary to compute the link estimation time (LET) of every relay node in the network. The LET is one of the recent research finding to solve VANET routing issues. This paper depicts the overall survey of different V2V (or) V2I link estimation techniques developed for VANET and also compare the Position based protocol, cross-layer and prediction based protocol. The objective of this paper is to analyse the performance of the different protocols by applying various types of LET in terms of speed, distance and signal and noise rate (SNR) using NS3. The results show that cross-layer protocol has significant performance than comparing to other routing protocols in VANET with the help of plotted graph.

Performance Analysis of Various Link Estimation Time Methods in Vehicular Ad hoc Network

The primary work of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is to route the packets and to can handle a high mobility of vehicles in the frequently changing topology. The fast dynamic changing topology is the major problem in VANET, so it is necessary to compute the link estimation time (LET) of every relay node in the network. The LET is one of the recent research finding to solve VANET routing issues. This paper depicts the overall survey of different V2V (or) V2I link estimation techniques developed for VANET and also compare the Position based protocol, cross-layer and prediction based protocol. The objective of this paper is to analyse the performance of the different protocols by applying various types of LET in terms of speed, distance and signal and noise rate (SNR) using NS3. The results show that cross-layer protocol has significant performance than comparing to other routing protocols in VANET with the help of plotted graph.

State of the Art Routing Protocols in VANETs: A Review

Quality of service in Vehicular ad-hoc Network (VANET) is primarily dependent on routing protocols. Maximum throughput, minimum packet loss and controlled overhead are the major ultimate objectives of each proposed routing protocol. The challenging factor in designing routing protocols for VANET is the frequent change in network topology. A number of protocols and algorithms have been proposed for VANETs so for. Most of these algorithms are based on either simulation or theory. In this article, recently proposed routing protocols along with their pros and cons are discussed. In the review process, network parameters, distance, speed, no. of nodes, no. of hops, communication overhead, relative mobility, simulation parameters, simulation tool used, mobility model, performance metrics and compared protocols are taken under consideration. The article is concluded with overall findings and future recommendations.

Vanets Meet Autonomous Vehicles: Multimodal Surrounding Recognition Using Manifold Alignment

In the past two years, calls for developing synergistic links between the two worlds of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) and autonomous vehicles have significantly gone up to achieve further on-road safety and benefits for end-users. In this paper, we present our vision to create such a beneficial link by designing a multimodal scheme for object detection, recognition, and mapping based on the fusion of stereo camera frames, point cloud Velodyne LIDAR scans, and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) basic safety messages (BSMs) exchanges using VANET protocols. Exploiting the high similarities in the underlying manifold properties of the three data sets, and their high neighborhood correlation, the proposed scheme employs semi-supervised manifold alignment to merge the key features of rich texture descriptions of objects from 2-D images, depth and distance between objects provided by 3-D point cloud, and the awareness of self-declared vehicles from BSMs’ 3-D information including the ones not seen by camera and LIDAR. The proposed scheme is applied to create joint pixel-to-point-cloud and pixel-to-V2V correspondences of objects in frames from the KITTI Vision Benchmark Suite, using a semi-supervised manifold alignment, to achieve camera-LIDAR and camera-V2V mapping of their recognized objects. We present the alignment accuracy results over two different driving sequences and show the additional acquired knowledge of objects from the various input modalities. We also study the effect of the number of neighbors employed in the alignment process on the alignment accuracy. With proper choice of parameters, the testing of our proposed scheme over two entire driving sequences exhibits 100% accuracy in the majority of cases, 74%–92% and 50%–72% average alignment accuracy for vehicles and pedestrians and up to 150% additional object recognition of the testing vehicle’s surrounding.

A Survey on Adaptive Multi-Channel MAC Protocols in VANETs Using Markov Models

A medium access control (MAC) protocol is designed to disseminate safety messages reliably and rapidly to improve the safety and efficiency of vehicles on the road in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). VANETs, which are created by moving vehicles, have specific properties, such as high node mobility with constrained movements and quick topology changes. Hence, MAC protocols should be designed to adapt to the changing data traffic patterns due to vehicle densities in the VANET environment. The latest multi-channel MAC protocols based on IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609.4 standards have higher performance than that of single-channel MAC protocols in every key performance indicator. Specifically, the multi-channel MAC protocols, which adapt themselves to different vehicular traffic densities, can guarantee a bounded transmission delay of real-time safety applications and an increased throughput for non-safety applications. In this paper, we focus on the three following perspectives: First, the multi-channel MAC protocols are studied under saturated and non-saturated data traffic conditions; Second, we study the multi-dimensional Markov chains (up to three dimensions) used in the MAC protocols; and Third, the considered Markov models are compared with real-life application requirements to improve the existing analytical models and protocol designs. Finally, we summarize our findings and discuss the open issues concerning multi-channel MAC protocols for VANETs as a part of the Intelligent Transportation System.