Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Protocols Research Articles

Performance evaluation of MANET routing protocols under DDOS attacks

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a set of communicating wireless mobile nodes or devices that could be deployed without the need for pre-established infrastructure for communication. Due to the insecure wireless communication medium and dynamic behavior of the nodes in MANETs, routing protocols are vulnerable to various security attacks, such as distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks. DDOS attacks are used to temporarily disable network services by overloading the target system with huge traffic, such that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic.
 In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the Ad hoc on demand vector (AODV), Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA), Geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR) routing protocols in MANETs under the DDOS attacks. These routing protocols are simulated using OPNET simulator to compare their performance using specific performance metrics on the network. The experimental results show that TORA protocol performs better than the AODV, OLSR, and GRP protocols under the DDOS attack.

Prevention of Blackhole Attack in MANET using Certificate less Signature Scheme

Mobile AdHoc Networks (MANETs) are the network of self-configuring nodes. Such nodes communicate through single as well as multi-hop modes without the aid of any centralized administrator or pre-existing network infrastructure. Due to this reason, MANETs have gained a highly significance in modern wireless networking technologies. Such networks are extremely vulnerable to one of the security attack i.e. blackhole attack. It is a malicious node when an attacker is able to send a fake route reply to the originator of a route request packet. Such attackers discard the legitimate packets and replay packets in the whole network thereby adversely affecting network performance. Most of the security protocols for MANET are using bilinear pairing methods to provide security against security attacks and it takes high computing cost for the computation of pairing operations. Nowadays, researchers are using certificate-less signature schemes in distributed environments to provide efficient security. This signature scheme is very popular because it does not use any certificate authority for the management of security certificates. In this paper, we proposed an efficient technique to prevent blackhole attack in MANET using RSA-based certificateless signature scheme without using any bilinear pairing operations. Our scheme provides security against forgery and blackhole attacks and is evaluated under a discrete logarithm problem. Proposed scheme outperforms existing schemes in terms of these metrics viz., throughput, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead and end-to-end delay when we are varying mobility and fixed percentage of malicious nodes. Our proposed scheme not only detects or prevents the blackhole attack but it is also capable to provide important security services viz., integrity, authentication and non-repudiation.

A Simulation Modeling Approach for the Performance of Proactive, Reactive and Position-based Routing Protocols in MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) hasrecently gotten much attention, especially regarding proactive, reactive, and position-based routing protocols. Routing protocols' primary objective is to transmit data packets from their source to their destination. Identifying the best routing protocol is a common problem in Ad Hoc networks. This paper presents a performance evaluation study of proactive, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), reactive; Ad Hoc onDemand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), and positionbased routing; Location-Aided Routing (LAR1). The QualNet v5.1 simulator was used to conduct the performance evaluation study. The effectiveness of those routing protocols was also assessed using measures of throughput, typical endto-end delay, typical jitter, and energy consumption. This paper depicts that OSPF and AODV have the best performance among the number of packet sizes for the tested protocols.

Fitness Sorted Red Deer-Cat Swarm Optimization-based Autonomous QoS-aware Multicast Communication System in MANET

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a set of autonomous mobile devices connected by wireless links in a distributed manner and without a fixed infrastructure. Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) is considered as an infrastructure-less and constant self-configured network of wireless devices. Here, multicast has emerged as an efficient tool for communication. Recently, distinct research works have been studied in wireless MANETs for designing multicast routing protocols. Multicasting is a procedure used for allowing the users to send the same messages simultaneously to a set of users. Though, it suffers from different problems regarding implementation in ad-hoc networks owing to its shorter battery lifetime, and lack of bandwidth dynamic nature of the mobile devices. Hence, the main aim of this paper is to propose a new QoS-aware multi-cast routing protocol in MANET using the hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm. The proposed routing protocol will focus on the development of a hybrid meta-heuristic-based “reliable neighbor nodes selection” scheme over the Multicast Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector routing protocol (MAODV) protocol. The “reliable neighbor nodes selection” is accomplished by Fitness sorted Red Deer-Cat Swarm Optimization (FRD-CSO) algorithm focusing on the constraints like energy model, mobility model, and reliability pair factor. Once the optimal node selection is performed, the proposed QoS-aware protocol is validated by the route discovery mechanism and route reply process. The simulation has been performed to show the efficiency of the designed multicast routing over other multicast routing protocols that demonstrates the noteworthy enhancement in terms of diverse performance measures.

Enhance the performance of AODV routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks

Enhancing the quality of service is still facing various challenges due to nature and configuration of mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) such as free movement of nodes, unpredictable changes in network topology as no infrastructure exist in the network. The large usage of mobile ad-hoc network in various applications raises the demand to enhance the performance as well as reduce loss of packets through various factors. The routing protocols play the most important aspect in MANET. There are three kinds of routing protocols that are: reactive, proactive and hybrid that are utilized to optimize the network’s functionality. Ad-hoc on-demand Distance victor (AODV) routing protocol is the popular used to achieve best output result. The most important objectives of this paper are to enhance the performance of mobile ad-hoc network by using AODV protocol. This paper gives some changes in AODV routing protocols that’s assist the performance enhancement of AODV in mobile ad-hoc network. The simulation is carried out on the network simulator NS2 and the output result show the improved AODV has excellent performance in term of packet delivery ratio, secondly throughput, third is the routing overhead and finally is end to end delay.

Effect of change of Antenna Model with the Variation of Pause Time for Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

The collection of the many mobile nodes forming a short lived infrastructure with the help of any centralized administration. Since there's a random and dynamic modification in topology due to the quality of host, so the requirement for a study dynamic routing protocol is needed. Mobile ad-hoc network have the attributes like wireless affiliation, continuously dynamic topology, distributed operation and simple deployment. It establishes a short lived affiliation wherever nodes will be part of or leave the network at any time. Communication takes place by routing protocols in effective and economical manner in wireless network. Economical protocols are accustomed forward information packets while not a lot of packet loss. The target of the present paper is to boost the performance of the reactive and hybrid routing protocols with different directional antenna i.e. Omni and Pattern antenna with variation of pause time. The performance metrics in the research paper is PDR, NRL, Throughput and Routing Overhead.

Cluster and angular based energy proficient trusted routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc network

Cluster and angular based energy proficient trusted routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc network

Performance and statistical analysis of ant colony route in mobile ad-hoc networks

<div class="WordSection1"><p>Research on mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is increasing in popularity due to its rapid, budget-friendly, and easily altered implementation, and relevance to emergencies such as forest firefighting and health care provisioning. The main concerns that ad-hoc networks face is dynamic topology, energy usage, packet drop rate, and throughput. Routing protocol selection is a critical point to surmount alterations in topology and maintain quality in MANET networks. The effectiveness of any network can be vastly enhanced with a well-designed routing protocol. In recent decades, standard MANET protocols have not been able to keep pace with growing demands for MANET applications. The current study investigates and contrasts ant colony optimization (ACO) with various routing protocols. This paper compares ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV), dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), and AntHocNet protocols regarding the quality of service (QoS) and statistical analysis. The current research aims to study the behavior of the state-of-the-art MANET protocols with the ACO technique. The ACO technique is a hybrid technique, integrating a reactive route maintaining technique with a proactive method. The reason and motivation for including the ACO algorithm in the current study is to improve by using optimization algorithms proved in other domains. The ACO algorithm appears to have substantial use in large-scale MANET simulation.</p></div>

Fuzzy Logic-based Trusted and Power-aware Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) have attracted much attention from researchers lately because MANETs are able to provide networks in areas with unavailable fixed network infrastructure. However, some mobile nodes may misbehave by dropping packets to conserve power usage because mobile ad-hoc networks nodes are usually battery operated. In this paper, a fuzzy logic-based routing protocol that considers the battery level of nodes, hop count, and trust among the nodes is proposed. The proposed routing protocol adaptively selects routes that use minimum hop count with the highest level of trust and a sufficient battery level to enhance the reliability of route selection while maintaining the percentage of successfully delivered packets. The result of the simulation shows that the proposed protocol can achieve a high ratio of successfully delivered packets, a lower average end-to-end delay, and a normalized routing load.

Energy efficient multipath routing protocol for MANET for enhancing QoS and QoE in multimedia applications

In mobile ad hoc network (MANET) the devices are interconnected by wireless manner that are able to ubiquitously retrieve contents such as video and audio streams, still images, and scalar sensor data from the environment. MANET provides low power in hazardous environment where replacement of fault evaluation in the MANET is impossible. Hence, development of an energy efficient network is essential in MANET, where the cost of network depends on the energy consumption of each mobile node. Overutilization of energy by a mobile node cannot contribute to the utility or the network as a whole. Hence to optimize the utilization of energy at each node, we propose an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for MANET for enhancing QoS and QoE metrics (EMRP-QQ), which can eventually minimize the data loss and hence there liability of the mobile nodes and the overall network. In our proposed approach an energy efficient clustering is performed using particle swarm optimization (PSO), where all the nodes are clustered without any residual nodes left in the system. Using the appropriate selection of CH and SCH the overall networks overhead utilization is reduced and hence the QoS of the network is enhanced. The result obtained through NS-2 simulation shows that the proposed algorithm performs better than FQ-MP-OLSR approach in terms of reduced energy consumption of each node without affecting QoS and QoE metrics.

Multipath routing protocol based on backward routing with optimal fuzzy logic in medical telemetry systems for physiological data measurements

<p class="Abstract">Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) performance is critically affected by the mobility and resource constraints of nodes. Node mobility will impact on connecting stability, and node resource limitations will result in congestion, so the development of a routing protocol that promotes quality of service (QoS) in MANET is quite difficult. In particular, frequent interrupting connection may degrade QoS performance in the high-speed node drive scenario, so it is required to build the MANET protocol routing which can be adapted for changes in the networking architecture to support QoS. Moreover, MANET's multipath routing is the most necessary for secure transmission that can be achieved if self-centered nodes in the MANET network are ignored. Secure routing guarantees the reliability of data, confidentiality, authorization and authentication and non-denial. A novel safe multi-way method for dependable data transfer, which depends on the quality of service, is offered in this study. The Ad Hoc on Demand Backward Routing protocol with Optimal Fuzzy Logic (OFL) is also designed to provide multi-path routing. The hybridization of the bat optimization approach provides the optimum route by generating rules in OFL, and hence chooses an optimal rule. The efficiency of the planned technique is evaluated for factors such as final delay, the packet delivery ratio and so on. When the node is 150, the proposed hybrid bat algorithm achieved 0.61 of average packet latency, where the existing technique Particle Swarm Optimization achieved nearly 1.2 to 1.3 packet latency. In this communication network, measurement of packet delivery ratio is an important task for establishing the communication network. The results show that our suggested work has more energy efficiency and network lifetime than existing ones.</p>

Taxonomy of Security Techniques for Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Taxonomy of Security Techniques for Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks: A Survey on multipath routing protocols

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANETs) connects mobile nodes without any base station. These nodes in the network can change the topology dynamically and transfer the data among themselves. The nodes in the MANET are categorized based on the resource factors like memory, computation, and power levels. The dynamic change in route makes the connection of the destination node more complex. Sometimes, it results in link failure, and hence the primary route is failed, which means an alternative route is required to transmit the packets. It required multiple paths from the source node to destination node with a stable path connecting the source node. This issue makes MANET routing a crucial task. To address these problems, multipath routing in MANET is discussed in this paper. Multipath routing provides various paths for a single source node to a single destination node. It is more important to consider load balancing and fault tolerance when establishing the multipath routing mechanism. This paper describes the various type of challenges along with their respective multipath routing protocols in MANETs.

Comparative Review of Routing Protocols in MANET for Future Research in Disaster Management

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a non-centralized, self-organized, and self-managed wireless ad hoc network that is used in a specific circumstance. The changing nature of the network's architecture and nodes necessitates a routing protocol to ensure efficient source-to-destination communication. MANET manipulates different sectors of life such as rescue and emergency operations, real-time information, interpersonal communication, network portioning, and catastrophe management due to its ad hoc and non-identical uses. Routing and maintenance are critical parts of effective time management and considered research study for MANET communication. This study focuses on the routing and maintenance process of MANET that has dynamic change in topology and nodes to deliver data rapidly. The motivational component of MANET for the research is route discovery, and several techniques have been proposed for it. Each has higher expectations than the other. This comparative analysis reveals issues for route discovery and maintenance of MANET communication, such as whether one is better in different network conditions than the others. This study examines the literature on MANET route discovery and maintenance strategies. As a result, a comparison of several routing protocol techniques is made. To achieve improvement, these methods include some suggestions for performance improvement using routing protocols especially in disaster management. This study presents directions for future experimentation, which will be pursued to identify the most advantageous collection of tactics for meeting the needs of various applications.

Energy Aware Metaheuristic Optimization with Location Aided Routing Protocol for MANET

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) involves a group of wireless mobile nodes which create an impermanent network with no central authority and infrastructure. The nodes in the MANET are highly mobile and it results in adequate network topology, link loss, and increase the re-initialization of the route discovery process. Route planning in MANET is a multi-hop communication process due to the restricted transmission range of the nodes. Location aided routing (LAR) is one of the effective routing protocols in MANET which suffers from the issue of high energy consumption. Though few research works have focused on resolving energy consumption problem in LAR, energy efficiency still remains a major design issue. In this aspect, this study introduces an energy aware metaheuristic optimization with LAR (EAMO-LAR) protocol for MANETs. The EAMO-LAR protocol makes use of manta ray foraging optimization algorithm (MRFO) to help the searching process for the individual solution to be passed to the LAR protocol. The fitness value of the created solutions is determined next to pass the solutions to the objective function. The MRFO algorithm is incorporated into the LAR protocol in the EAMO-LAR protocol to reduce the desired energy utilization. To ensure the improved routing efficiency of the proposed EAMO-LAR protocol, a series of simulations take place. The resultant experimental values pointed out the supreme outcome of the EAMO-LAR protocol over the recently compared methods. The resultant values demonstrated that the EAMO-LAR protocol has accomplished effectual results over the other existing techniques.

An Improved Multipath Energy Aware On-Demand Routing Protocol for MANETs

With recent advances in the field of wireless network or Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) technologies, usage of mobile device computing technologies is the fastest growing technology. Formerly in the wired network, telephone and cable companies provide wired access to the devices for homes and offices. Today, the tendency is to move to wireless technology. Effective MANETs come across with numerous difficulties and challenges. If a packet is to travel from one host to another host, it needs to pass through many interconnected networks. The accompanying challenges in the network restrict current protocols from routing in MANETs. Also, balancing energy consumption is the major design issues since nodes have restricted energy, memory, bandwidth etc. Thus, the main objective of this research is to design an energy efficient protocol to minimize the energy consumption in MANETs. The main contribution of this research work includes the development of the new routing protocol called Energy Aware on Demand Routing (EADR) protocol for MANETs. This routing protocol approach is to build the new route discovery by evaluating energy consumption, packet loss, throughput and network lifetime. The protocol identification of the new route path by selection of the nodes which have the minimum energy threshold valves for its path to reach the intended destination node in network. The algorithm evaluates in minimizing the packet loss, energy consumption that increased throughput and network life time.

Trustable Energy Based Clustering and Optimized Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Trustable Energy Based Clustering and Optimized Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Adaptive Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Using Genetic Algorithm

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network in which data is transferred in a forwarding direction from the source node to the destination node via multiple intermediate nodes. Packets collision is considered one of the most crucial limitations in MANETs because the nodes in the network move in random directions at a random velocity which increases the probability of collision and this will harm the throughput, the routing overhead, and the end-to-end delay. Also, frequent node mobility leads to a topological change and link instability and this reduces the data delivery rate. Because of limited available paths to the destination node or having a high traffic load, the possibility of traffic congestion augments at the intermediate nodes which in turn affects the packet delivery, particularly with real-time applications in MANETs. In this paper, we propose an adaptive routing protocol based on a bio-inspired genetic algorithm (GA). We optimize the multiple paths returned by the AOMDV mechanism (AOMDV-FG) to select the best path to the destination. The route with the highest fitness value is considered the most optimum route. Lastly, we compare our proposed protocol with AOMDV-TA and EHO-AOMDV. We have used routing overhead, end-to-end delay, throughput, energy consumption, and packet delivery ratio as key metrics for the performance evaluation of our proposed model.

Performance Analysis of OLSR Protocol in Manet Considering Different Mobility Speed and Network Density

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is created when an independent mobile node network is connected dynamically via wireless links. MANET is a self-organizing network that does not rely on pre-existing infrastructure such as wired or wireless network routers. Mobile nodes in this network move randomly, thus, the topology is always changing. Routing protocols in MANET are critical in ensuring dependable and consistent connectivity between the mobile nodes. They conclude logically based on the interaction between mobile nodes in MANET routing and encourage them to choose the optimum path between source and destination. Routing protocols are classified as proactive, reactive, or hybrid. The focus of this project will be on Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol, a proactive routing technique. OLSR is known as the optimized variant of link state routing in which packets are sent throughout the network using the multipoint relay (MPR) mechanism. This article evaluates the performance of the OLSR routing protocol under condition of changing mobility speed and network density. The study's performance indicators are average packet throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and average packet latency. Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and an external patch UM-OLSR are used to simulate and evaluate the performance of such protocol. As a result of research, the approach of implementing the MPR mechanism are able to minimise redundant data transmission during the normal message broadcast. The MPRs enhance the link state protocols’ traditional diffusion mechanism by selecting the right MPRs. Hence, the number of undesired broadcasts can be reduced and limited. Further research will focus on different scenario and environment using different mobility model.

A Multipath Cluster-Based Routing Protocol For Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) is a group of mobile network nodes dynamically forming a network without any pre-existing infrastructure. Multi-path routing protocols in MANETs try to discover and use multiple routes between source and destination nodes. Multipath routing is typically used to reduce average delay, increase transmission reliability, provide load balancing among multiple routes, and improve security and overall QoS (Quality of Service). In this paper, the Cluster-Based Routing Protocol (CBRP), which is a single path MANET protocol is enhanced to use multiple paths. The traffic will be distributed among multiple paths to reduce network traffic congestion and decrease delay. An analytical model is used for multipath and single path CBRP routing protocols in MANETs to estimate the end-to-end delay and queue length. The analytical results show that the average delay and average queue length in multipath CBRP are less than the average delay and queue length in single path CBRP.