Wireless Network Protocols Research Articles

A Review on Dynamic Network Using Flexible Active-Mode Period Scheme for Telemedicine

Challenges associated with transmitter node during the process of intelligent transceiver nodes attempting to be active state after receiving a message outside its time slot schedule which might result in energy depletion through receiver node are the most notable origin of excessive energy consumption in the system. Various methods have been carried out to minimize the overhead cost. In this article, we presented the Dynamic Network using Adaptive Wake-Up Interval Media Access Control (MAC) protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) for telemedicine which could lead to the minimization of the energy consumption in the network and maximization of network lifetime. A Receiver Controlled mechanism balances the number of wake-up periods between Receiver node and Transmitter nodes and estimation of traffic load. This article depicts no earlier examination of dynamic network using Flexible Active-Mode period scheme-based media access control protocol for WBAN. Therefore, this review work could lead to the improvement of dynamic network Flexible Active-Mode –media access control protocols and invigorate a clearer way of finding AWI-Media Access Control protocol problems.

Multi Objective Salp Swarm based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Routing is a persistent concern in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), as getting data from sources to destinations can be a tricky task. Challenges include safeguarding the data being transferred, ensuring network longevity, and preserving energy in harsh environmental conditions. Consequently, this study delves into the suitability of using multi-objective swarm optimization to route heterogeneous WSNs in the hope of mitigating these issues while boosting the speed and accuracy of data transmission. In order to achieve better performance in terms of load balancing and reducing energy expenditure, the MOSSA-BA algorithm was developed. This algorithm combines the Multi-Objective Salp Swarm Algorithm (MOSSA) with the exploiting strategy of the artificial bee colony (BA) in the neighbourhood of Salps. Inspired by the SEP and EDEEC protocols, the integrated solutions of MOSSA-BA were used to route two and three levels of heterogeneous networks. The embedded solutions provided outstanding performance in regards to FND, HND, LND, percentage of remaining energy, and the number of packages delivered to the base station. Compared to SEP, EDEEC, and other competitors based on MOSSA and a modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO), the MOSSA-BA-based protocols demonstrated energy-saving percentages of more than 34% in medium-sized areas of interest and over 22% in large-sized areas of detection.

Delay of Reliable Multicast Protocols in Wireless Networks

Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) plays important roles towards the next generation wireless networking. It is a key technology to support wireless multi-hop networks. Due to dynamic routing nature of WMNs, the optimization of routing protocol is most critical task. Our work consists on the study and the analysis of the performances of two reliable multicast protocols based on active networks: AMRHy(Active Dynamic Replier Reliable Multicast) and DyRAM(Active Multicast Reliable Hybrid). This analysis will allow us to show the contribution of the combination of the class receiver-initiated and sender- initiated in solving the reliability problem involving the active routers.

CRLM: A cooperative model based on reinforcement learning and metaheuristic algorithms of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks, reasonable clustering and routing are keys to efficient energy utilization. However, the selection of cluster heads and routes is NP-hard. Most of the existing routing protocols use heuristic or metaheuristic optimization algorithms to solve this problem. Most protocols regard the selection of the cluster head and routing as two independent problems. However, the selection of cluster heads will affect the selection of routes, and there is a certain relationship between the two stages. Therefore, considering these two problems independently, the solution obtained is not necessarily the optimal solution in the network. In addition, most of the existing routing protocols are still subject to conventional clustering and conventional multi-hop communication in the network, which is extremely unfavorable for reducing the energy consumption of nodes. In this paper, we propose a cooperative model based on reinforcement learning and metaheuristic algorithms called CRLM, in which we use reinforcement learning to enhance the merit-seeking capability of the metaheuristic algorithm and use the algorithm to solve network communication schemes (clustering and routing are considered as one phase). The communication scheme also achieves load balancing of clusters within the network through pruning and employs a novel multi-hop model to reduce network energy waste. Compared to E-ALWO, ChOA-HGS, GATERP, GWO, IPSO-GWO, and LEACH, CRLM has 56%, 95%, 34.5%, 85.7%, 116.7%, and 140.7% improvements in network lifetime.

Lie hypergraph and chaos‐based privacy preserving protocol for wireless sensor networks in IoT environment

SummaryWireless sensor networks (WSN) are innately resource restrained and beneficial in a wide range of applications, including smart homes, e‐health care, law, military systems, disaster management, and emergency reprieve. These applications are linked to various devices that may communicate with one another through the internet, typically known as Internet of Things (IoT). The application of WSN plays an integral role in the IoT infrastructure. In a WSN, sensors are haphazardly placed in environments where the data transmission is challenged by privacy concerns. This paper proposes a methodology termed Lie hypergraph and chaos‐based secure routing (LH‐CSR) to perform an energy‐efficient routing with secure data transmission in WSN. In the first phase, the deployed sensor nodes are transformed into a hypergraph from which cluster head (CH) is elected by hypergraph transversal property, and for secure routing, the route is formed by the Lie commutators of the Lie algebra of upper triangular matrices. The second phase emphasizes privacy preservation by introducing the novel chaotic map formulation to process the key generation. The encryption and decryption processes are maintained by key generation to prevent data loss during retrieval. In this way, the data are retained confidentially with minimal computational overhead. The performance of the LH‐CSR is evaluated through a simulation, which shows that it outperforms over compared protocols in terms of cryptographic time, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, end‐to‐end delay, and throughput.

Time-Sensitive Networking to Improve the Performance of Distributed Functional Safety Systems Implemented over Wi-Fi.

Industry 4.0 has significantly improved the industrial manufacturing scenario in recent years. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) enables the creation of globally interconnected smart factories, where constituent elements seamlessly exchange information. Industry 5.0 has further complemented these achievements, as it focuses on a human-centric approach where humans become part of this network of things, leading to a robust human-machine interaction. In this distributed, dynamic, and highly interconnected environment, functional safety is essential for adequately protecting people and machinery. The increasing availability of wireless networks makes it possible to implement distributed and flexible functional safety systems. However, such networks are known for introducing unwanted delays that can lead to safety performance degradation due to their inherent uncertainty. In this context, the Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards present an attractive prospect for enhancing and ensuring acceptable behaviors. The research presented in this paper deals with the introduction of TSN to implement functional safety protocols for wireless networks. Among the available solutions, we selected Wi-Fi since it is a widespread network, often considered and deployed for industrial applications. The introduction of a reference functional safety protocol is detailed, along with an analysis of how TSN can enhance its behavior by evaluating relevant performance indexes. The evaluation pertains to a standard case study of an industrial warehouse, tested through practical simulations. The results demonstrate that TSN provides notable advantages, but it requires meticulous coordination with the Wi-Fi MAC layer protocol to guarantee improved performance.

Performance analysis of distributed coordination function with early collision detection in In-band Full-duplex wireless networks

In-band Full-duplex (IB-FD) wireless has the potential to double the spectral efficiency offering its innate capability to resolve conventional problems emerge owing to the imperfect medium access control (MAC) in In-band half-duplex (IB-HD) wireless networks. IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF), a binary slotted exponential back-off with carrier sense multiple access scheme, has been used extensively in literature as the fundamental contention resolution technique to devise MAC protocols for IB-FD wireless networks. Unlike IB-HD, an IB-FD network can contain two simultaneously active transmission links within a single collision domain. This phenomenon invalidates the applicability of existing IB-HD models of the DCF to compute its performance (i.e., saturation throughput) accurately in IB-FD wireless networks. We have proposed two MAC protocols for two types of network scenarios taking early collision detection capability of an IB-FD wireless transceiver into consideration. This paper also presents a distinct analytical model to quantify the performance of the DCF in the context of IB-FD wireless assuming finite number of stations and idle channel conditions. We have applied the concept of primary–secondary transmission links and, thoroughly derived the probability that a station transmits either as primary or secondary in a randomly chosen time-slot taking secondary transmitter’s back-off counter into account. We have also investigated the effect of inter-station interference free IB-FD link on the performance of the DCF. Our protocol, when applied to network without hidden stations, has obtained the highest throughput gain of 1.59, 1.61, 1.68 while the DCF is configured with CWmin of 16, 32, 64, respectively than IEEE 802.11 basic access scheme. We have observed increased throughput gain with hidden stations, thanks to inter-station interference free transmission region, and achieved 2.12, 2.14, 2.16 times higher throughput, respectively than that of IEEE rts-cts access scheme.

SoLiCiT: Synchronous Listen, Code, and Transmit Protocol for Wireless Control Applications

Industrial control applications are deployed in environments characterized by high signal attenuation and severe multipath fading, which is a potential cause for significant packet losses. This is in conflict with achieving low latency and highly reliable wireless communication, a requirement of closed-loop control applications. We propose SoLiCiT, a wireless networking protocol that employs concurrent transmissions with specifically designed erasure coding to meet these demands without the need for retransmissions. Synchronous transmissions help to realize a simple protocol design while using helper nodes to transmit redundancy allows for lost packets to be recovered within fixed and tight latency bounds. We provide a range of coding solutions that can be tailored to the application and also present a case study with a battery storage management application in which battery cells report their status to a central management unit. Using a realistic ray tracing model of the actual battery storage container, we evaluate the radio environment and show the efficacy of SoLiCiT compared to benchmarking schemes, such as a low-power wireless bus.

An Energy-Efficient Multi-Channel Design for Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks

This article discusses the importance of designing an efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to optimize energy consumption at the data link layer while transmitting high traffic applications. The proposed protocol, EE-MMAC, is an energy-efficient multichannel MAC that reduces energy consumption by minimizing idle listening, collisions, overhearing, and control packet overhead. EE-MMAC utilizes a directional antenna and periodically sleep technique in a multi-channel environment. Nodes exchange control packets on the control channel to choose a data channel and decide the beam direction of the flow. Simulation results show that EE-MMAC achieves significant energy gains (30% to 45% less than comparable IEEE 802.11 and MMAC) based on energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, and throughput.

Software engineering for internet of underwater things to analyze oceanic data

Internet of Things (IoTs) represents a networked collection of heterogeneous sensors – enabling seamless integration between systems, humans, devices, etc. – to support pervasive computing for smart systems. IoTs unify hardware (embedded sensors), software (algorithms to manipulate sensors), and wireless network (protocols that transmit sensor data) to develop and operationalize a wide range of smart systems and services. The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs for short) is a specific genre of IoTs in which data about ocean ecosystems is continuously ingested via underwater sensors. IoUTs referred to as context-sensing eyes and ears under the sea operationalize a diverse range of scenarios ranging from exploring marine life to analyzing water pollution and mining oceanic data. This paper proposes a layered architecture that (i) ingests oceanic data as a sensing layer, (ii) computes the correlation between the data as an analytics layer, and (iii) visualizes data for human decision support via the interface layer. We unify the concepts of software engineering (SE) and IoTs to exploit software architecture, underlying algorithms, and tool support to develop and operationalize IoUTs. A case study-based approach is used to demonstrate the sensors’ throughput, query response time, and algorithmic execution efficiency. We collected IoUT sensor data, involving 6 distinct sensors from two locations including the Arabian Sea, and the Red Sea for 60 days. Evaluation results indicate (i) sensors’ throughput (daily average: 10000–20000 KB data transmission), (ii) query response time (under 30 ms), (iii) and query execution performance (CPU utilization between 60%–80%). The solution exploits SE principles and practices for pattern-based architecting and validation of emerging and next-generation IoUTs in the context of smart oceans.

BLOWN: A Blockchain Protocol for Single-Hop Wireless Networks Under Adversarial SINR

Known as a distributed ledger technology (DLT), blockchain has attracted much attention due to its properties such as decentralization, security, immutability and transparency, and its potential of servicing as an infrastructure for various applications. Blockchain can empower wireless networks with identity management, data integrity, access control, and high-level security. However, previous studies on blockchain-enabled wireless networks mostly focus on proposing architectures or building systems with popular blockchain protocols. Nevertheless, such existing protocols have obvious shortcomings when adopted in wireless networks where nodes may have limited physical resources, may fall short of well-established reliable channels, or may suffer from variable bandwidths impacted by environments or jamming attacks. \hl{In this paper, we propose a novel consensus protocol named Proof-of-Channel (PoC) leveraging the natural properties of wireless communications, and develop a permissioned BLOWN protocol (BLOckchain protocol for Wireless Networks) for single-hop wireless networks under an adversarial SINR model. }We formalize BLOWN with the universal composition framework and prove its security properties, namely persistence and liveness, as well as its strengths in countering against adversarial jamming, double-spending, and Sybil attacks, which are also demonstrated by extensive simulation studies.

LSNCP: Lightweight and Secure Numeric Comparison Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have been deployed in numerous applications, where the most common communication technology is Bluetooth. Bluetooth uses the Numeric Comparison Protocol (NCP) to negotiate session keys based on the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Out-of-Band (OoB) channels. However, the scalar multiplication of ECC is a heavy computing operation for devices in WBANs. To address this issue, we propose the Lightweight and Secure Numeric Comparison Protocol (LSNCP) which requires less scalar multiplication than the NCP in Bluetooth. New logic expressions and rules are proposed to verify the security of LSNCP in GNY logic. The proof shows that LSNCP is secure. We conduct a provable security analysis by integrating the commitment scheme and short hash function. The result shows that LSNCP is secure in the modified Bellare-Rogaway model. Finally, we conduct theoretical analysis and experiments to evaluate the performance of LSNCP. The results confirm that LSNCP has less computation cost than NCP and other benchmark protocols. LSNCP has many potential application scenarios like healthcare, Metaverse, and blockchain.

Review study about Hierarchical Routing Protocol in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are crucial in various applications, including smart homes, military surveillance, health monitoring, and environmental sensing. These networks consist of distributed sensor nodes that collect and transmit environmental data to a central location for processing. However, WSNs face challenges such as limited energy resources, scalability, complexity, security, fault tolerance, and quality of service. Researchers have proposed different routing protocols tailored to WSN characteristics to address these issues. This article comprehensively overviews WSN design issues, focusing on routing protocol classification and comparative analysis. Among the hierarchical protocols, LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is highlighted as a prominent clustering-based protocol that reduces energy consumption by forming clusters and utilizing cluster heads for data aggregation. Each addresses specific challenges and enhances network performance. The comparative analysis evaluates the protocols based on energy efficiency, network lifetime, data delivery, scalability, and security. The findings help researchers, practitioners, and network designers select appropriate routing protocols for their specific WSN applications. This article offers valuable insights into WSN design issues and presents a comprehensive classification and comparison of routing protocols. By understanding the strengths and limitations of different protocols.

Post-quantum secure authenticated key agreement protocol for wireless sensor networks

Post-quantum secure authenticated key agreement protocol for wireless sensor networks

Energy efficient fuzzy logic prediction-based opportunistic routing protocol (EEFLPOR) for wireless sensor networks

Energy efficient fuzzy logic prediction-based opportunistic routing protocol (EEFLPOR) for wireless sensor networks

Privacy-Preserving Three-Factor Authentication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Deployed in Agricultural Field

The agriculture is the backbone of economic system, and it plays an essential part in the survival of a nation’s prosperity. In addition to providing raw materials and food, it also offers numerous employment opportunities. Consequently, agriculture necessitates modern technology to increase productivity. In these circumstances, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used to detect climatic parameters like light, humidity, carbon dioxide, acidity, soil moisture, and temperature in an agricultural field. However, the research that is being done at the moment is unable to circumvent the issue that safety and effectiveness cannot coexist. Several studies employ time-consuming cryptographic security structures, whereas the majority of lightweight systems are designed without reviewing certain security aspects like resistance to ephemeral secret leakage (ESL) attacks, perfect forward secrecy, and so on. According to our opinion, this issue may be overcome through the use of lightweight cryptographic primitives, paying particular attention to protocol weaknesses, and keeping in mind the ever-changing security needs of individuals. We present an extensive lightweight three-factor authentication protocol with diverse security criteria, along with the adaptive privacy preservation, that is suited for user-friendly situation in the WSN enviroment. This is accomplished by removing all extraneous cryptographic structures. It has been illustrated that proposed protocol is much better in terms of the privacy and security aspects via the usage of security aspects, proof of the real-or-random (ROR) model, protocols of internet security, and applications that are subjected to experimental validation utilizing automated validation. and comparison with other protocols’ security aspects. The performance analysis shows how superior our proposed protocol is to other competing protocols in terms of communication and computational overheads, with respective efficiencies of 53% and 39%. Moreover, using the ROR model reveals that this study has benefits in performance compared with other competing research.

Swarm energy efficient power efficient gathering in sensor information systems protocol in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a network, which has more numbers of sensors that are small in nature and are self organised. The inbuilt battery system is provided in the sensor nodes through which the nodes can communicate and do good operations among the other nodes available in the network. Lifetime is the most essential parameter which needs to be maximised for the WSN. This measure is more important for conservation of energy, for adequate and efficient performance of sensor networks. This paper proposes a swarm energy efficient power efficient gathering in sensor information systems (PEGASIS) (SEE-PEG) based energy optimization algorithm for WSN in which clustering and clustering head selection are done by using modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm with respect to minimizing the consumption of power in WSN. The parameters evaluated for the proposed method is compared with existing technique like energy efficient PEGASIS without optimization. The simulation results are obtained using matlab tool.

Bi-Usage Energy Efficient Techniques (BUEET) for Energizing the Vehicle and Broadcasting the Information in Highway Scenario

The proposed technique BUEET is introduced mainly for two major reasons such as (i) RSU broadcast the emergency messages and the energy status to the vehicles without any interruption. It helps to shake hands with the neighboring node for energy sharing and (ii) RSU boost up the energy efficiency level with the help of energy sharing by the adjacent vehicles. Most of the self-organizing protocols in wireless sensor networks considers only initial energy consumption phase and neglects the maintenance phase of topology. The vehicles are cooperatively interacted to form a reliable network structure. RSU’s are placed in the roadway infrastructure and On-Board Units (OBU’s) are placed in the vehicles, then the communication takes place with the help of these devices. Therefore, this provides the clear roadmap structure by receiving the information from various sources of vehicles. If the information received from the RSU is not relevant to the vehicles then it automatically transmits the information to the adjacent vehicles travelling in the highway. The adjacent vehicle checks the information and transmits to another vehicle if it is relevant. Therefore, the proposed method considers two parameters such as packet transmission and energy efficiency on NS3 simulation. Packet transmission among the vehicles plays a vital role in the proposed technique and the nodes without any route breaks and the loss of connection leads to a strong network. Energy efficiency is analyzed and compared with other existing schemes; in result it is proved that BUEET’s energy efficient is higher in all the nodes. It helps to communicate among the nodes without energy loss. When the energy among the nodes in the network is high, then the performance of the nodes also good. The maximum number of Hop’s helps to transmit the information without any delay.

C-FD MAC: Constellation based Full-Duplex MAC protocol

Simultaneous transmission and reception of data packets in Full-Duplex (FD) communication can theoretically double the system throughput. However, efficient self-interference mitigation and symbol detection at the receiver is required to realize the full potential of FD communication in practical scenarios. In this paper, we propose a constellation-based FD medium access control (MAC) protocol (C-FD) for wireless local area networks (WLAN). In the proposed C-FD MAC protocol, the node and Access Point (AP) can exchange packets simultaneously by transmitting the symbols and using different modulation schemes. The superimposed constellation diagram has been used to decode the symbols efficiently at both ends. The novel feature of the C-FD MAC protocol is that it does not require any complicated interference cancellation techniques. The analytical results for Symbol Error Rate (SER), Packet Error Rate (PER), and throughput have been derived for the symmetrical and asymmetrical FD link considering the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with Rayleigh fading. The proposed C-FD MAC protocol achieves nearly twice the throughput compared to Half duplex (HD) communication without compromising the SER. The analytical results have been validated with extensive simulation.

Enhancing the lifetime and performance of WSNs in smart irrigation systems using cluster‐based selection protocols

AbstractThis paper presents a comparative analysis of cluster‐based selection protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in smart irrigation systems. The study evaluates the performance of stable election protocol (SEP)‐based protocols, including conventional SEP, zonal SEP (ZSEP), enhanced SEP (ESEP) and threshold‐sensitive SEP (TSEP), and distributed energy‐efficient clustering (DEEC)‐based protocols, including conventional DEEC, developed DEEC (DDEEC), enhanced DEEC (EDEEC) and threshold‐sensitive DEEC (TDEEC). Simulation results show that TSEP and ZSEP outperform other SEP‐based protocols in terms of network lifetime, stability period, number of dead nodes and throughput. EDEEC and TDEEC show superior performance compared to other DEEC‐based protocols. However, TDEEC and EDEEC have a lower performance in terms of packets sent to cluster heads (CHs) due to the three levels of energy heterogeneity, which reduce the average packets sent to CHs. Finally, a comparative analysis between the SEP‐based and DEEC‐based protocols is presented. The findings reveal that TSEP outperforms all other protocols in terms of the performance metrics examined in this paper, except for throughput, which is higher in the case of ZSEP. Overall, the proposed cluster‐based selection protocols improve the energy efficiency and lifetime of WSNs in smart irrigation systems, and the results demonstrate their effectiveness in supporting the performance of smart irrigation systems.