Wireless Network Protocols Research Articles

Integration of MQTT-SN and CoAP protocol for enhanced data communications and resource management in WSNs

Lightweight communication protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are unfolding for machine to machine (M2M) communications and thus there is always going to be a possible conflict of interest on which protocol is best suited for any particular application. The two protocols of interest in this study are the message queue telemetry transport protocol for sensor network (MQTT-SN), a variant of message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol and the constrained application protocol (CoAP). There have been studies that reveal that these protocols perform differently based on the underlying network conditions. CoAP experience lower delays than MQTT for higher packet loss and higher delays for lower packet loss. MQTT default communication via a broker is easier to scale compared to CoAP direct request-response paradigm. Although this is a huge advantage over CoAP, it presents the single point-of-failure problem. In this paper we propose an integration of MQTT-CoAP protocol using an abstraction layer that enables both MQTT-SN and CoAP protocol to be used in the same sensor node. Resources are managed by directly modifying sensor node configuration using CoAP protocol. Performance evaluation of these protocols under the integrated scenario shows acceptable levels of latency and energy consumption for internet of thing (IoT) operations.

Performance evaluation of low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy-based cluster routing protocols in wireless sensor networks using a new graphical user interface

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is widely used for field data acquisition and monitoring in different domains. To make this type of network functional, efficient routing protocols must be implemented. Nevertheless, WSNs have an energy constraint due to limited batteries. Many clustered protocols are proposed to overcome it. However, the implementation of these protocols would be difficult to understand without a simulation tool, as some problems may arise during their development. Testing real-world applications requires a lot of effort and cost because they often use many nodes in large networks. Therefore, the simulation tool is the most relative way to evaluate these protocols. This paper presents graphical-based cluster protocols simulation interface for WSN(GCPS-WSN), a new interface to simulate some clustered protocols in WSNs. GCPS-WSN allows the user to evaluate the performance of certain low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) enhanced protocols to choose the most appropriate one for his system. The user can simulate protocols without any knowledge of software programming.

НОВІТНІ ПРОТОКОЛИ БЕЗДРОТОВИХ МЕРЕЖ: ПЕРЕВАГИ ТА НЕДОЛІКИ

The authors examines the issues of Wireless Networks, which are the foundation of modern communication, providing Internet connectivity for millions of devices worldwide. With the advancement of technology, new protocols are emerging that promise improvements in speed, reliability, and security. This article will review the latest wireless network protocols, such as Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax), Wi-Fi 6E, Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be), and 5G, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The growing number of connected devices requires networking solutions that can easily scale without sacrificing performance. In a world where there are many different devices and systems, the latest protocols must ensure interoperability between different manufacturers and technologies. Therefore, the problems of the latest wireless network protocols are closely related to important scientific and practical tasks facing modern society. Studying the advantages and disadvantages of these protocols is critical to ensure the efficient functioning of wireless communications in the future. The influence of the implementation of the latest protocols on the practical use of wireless networks in various fields, including communications, medicine, and industry, will be evaluated. An analysis of the competitiveness of the latest protocols in comparison with previous versions of the protocols and other competing technologies was also carried out, and recommendations were formulated for organizations and enterprises regarding the selection and implementation of the latest wireless network protocols, taking into account their advantages and disadvantages. Given an example with Wi-Fi 6, I used the Scapy library to create and send frames. This example demonstrates how you can configure frames for data transmission using Wi-Fi 6 technology. Using RadioTap and Dot11 allows you to configure the necessary parameters for wireless transmission.

A Review on Energy and Latency Efficient Routing Protocol Design for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been utilized by various industries, such as disaster management, the chemical and heavy industries, marine research, and space exploration. One of the primary challenges faced by wireless sensor networks is their limited network lifetime. Several techniques have been devised to extend the duration of network operation. This proposed method introduces a threshold-based algorithm to minimize the amount of data that needs to be transferred. In this approach, the selection of cluster heads and their sizes is not fixed. Instead, they are dynamically determined at the beginning of each iteration. The design of routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks faces three main challenges: lowering the rate at which the average node energy declines, minimizing the number of dead nodes, and eventually prolonging the network's lifetime. This paper provides a thorough examination of efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks with the goal of improving network longevity. Keywords: Efficient Routing, WSN Clustering, Network Latency, Network Lifetime.

Elliptic curve encryption-based energy-efficient secured ACO routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Elliptic curve encryption-based energy-efficient secured ACO routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Design and Development of a Hybrid Cooperative- Based Routing Protocol avoiding the void nodes in WSNs using the Concepts of Minimum Energy Consumption with good Data Security features

This paper presents a novel cooperative-based routing protocol designed for underwater Wireless Sensor Network Cloud Applications (uWSNCA). The protocol aims to minimize energy consumption by avoiding void nodes, which are areas without sensor coverage. The proposed approach consists of two main steps: first, avoiding void nodes using an adaptive hop-by-hop vector method, and second, applying a cooperative rule-based adaptive hop-by-hop vector method to create a hybrid algorithm that is more efficient than existing approaches, such as the watch-dog protocol. The research focuses on developing an energy-efficient distributed cooperative routing protocol for wireless sensor networks, specifically tailored for cooperation-based uWSNCA. This is achieved by preventing data packets from being forwarded through void nodes. The proposed routing protocol utilizes cooperation-based adaptive hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding concepts, where sensor nodes forward data packets in a multi-hop fashion within a virtual pipeline. In the developed algorithm for the underwater WSN cloud application, data packets are forwarded in a multi-hop manner using a virtual pipelining mechanism.Nodes outside the virtual pipeline do not forward data packets, thereby reducing flooding in the cooperative WSN. To prevent data packets from being forwarded towards void areas in the WSN, 2-hop information is used at each hop. This approach improves the performance of the wireless sensor network in terms of various performance criteria compared to existing routing protocols. The simulation tool NS2 is used to observe the simulation results of the energy packets being transferred from the source to the sink. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Overall, this paper contributes to the field of underwater WSNs by introducing a novel routing protocol that improves energy efficiency and performance for cloud applications.

Fuzzy logic with honey badger algorithm for cluster‐based multi‐hop routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

SummaryIn the last decades, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have appeared as an active research area owing to their high applicability in different application areas like healthcare, automation, and the military. Several issues have been encountered in the WSNs, including energy consumption, deployment of sensor nodes, routing algorithms, energy efficiency, cluster head (CH) selection, and robustness. Cluster‐based routing is one of the energy‐efficient solutions in the WSN. At the same time, the hot spot problem remains a challenging problem, which needs to be addressed in the design of energy‐efficient solutions for WSNs. Motivated by the abovementioned discussion, c The comprehensive comparison study pointed out the betterment of the FLHBA‐CMHR technique in terms of different measures. The FLHBA‐CMHR technique obtains a maximum half‐node die (HND) of 1629 nodes, while the LEACH, FUCA, URBD, DEFL, and E‐FUCA techniques attain decreased HND of 793, 1085, 1092, 1139, and 1344 nodes correspondingly.

Enhanced reliability in hazardous event detection: A resilient multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

AbstractWith the advance of climate change and the local effects of human activity, it has become of utmost importance to sense spatially extended natural and artificial physical phenomena to predict, monitor, and mitigate hazardous events. Wireless sensor networks are suitable for observing such phenomena, for example, wildfires, floods or landslides, without human supervision. This is due to affordable devices, independent power sources, wireless communication, and a broad range of sensors. During normal operation a few, while during the occurrence of an event a multitude of devices can fail. This leads to further disconnected devices, degrading the network's sensing capabilities. The communication requirements of such applications are difficult to fulfil with general routing protocols. The monitored event is rare compared to the network's lifetime, while its occurrence results in multiple, gradual node failures, still demanding the network to perform reliably. Available routing protocols fail to address every aspect of such application, thus the authors propose the Reliable Resilient Multipath Routing Protocol, designed to construct multiple disjoint paths from each device to a distinguished one, called the sink. The protocol employs proactive and reactive network management techniques to increase connection redundancy and maintain connectivity during failures. To verify the proposed protocol end‐to‐end, we evaluated the supported parameters, performed comparative simulations with routing algorithms known from the literature, and provided estimates of a realistic deployment.

A Taxonomy and Survey on Grid-Based Routing Protocols Designed for Wireless Sensor Networks

Minimization of energy consumption is the main attention of researchers while developing a routing protocol for wireless sensor networks, as sensor nodes are equipped with limited power supply. Virtual topology is an integral part of routing, and grid-based routing protocols are quite popular due to their simplified and efficient virtual grid topology construction. Although a list of surveys exists that either focus on routing protocols in a broader way or on other virtual topologies, none of these surveys are concerned about grid topology and grid-based routing protocols. Having this motivation in mind and considering the impact of these routing protocols on controlling and managing the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks, this article provides an expansive assessment of grid-based routing protocols based on their methodology. In this survey, the existing grid-based routing protocols are classified into two categories from the perspective of sink mobility: static sink and mobile sink. A phase-wise comprehensive overview of these routing protocols is provided in chronological order, along with their comparative analysis. Furthermore, the characteristics, design issues, and challenges of grid-based routing protocols are also provided.

EVRP: A novel geometrical based energy efficient eye vision routing protocol for wireless sensor networks based on the k-means algorithm

The limited energy source used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a crucial aspect when designing a routing protocol. Developing a routing protocol that tries to maximize energy utilization can significantly improve the system's lifetime and balance energy consumption. A novel geometrical-based energy-efficient routing protocol called "EVRP" is presented in this paper. The Cluster generation process is based on the k-means algorithm for nodes grouping. To choose a cluster head (CH) for each cluster, a cost function is calculated for each node considering factors such as remaining energy level for the node, and the mean distance between the node and its neighbors. In the inter-cluster routing phase, a novel geometrical-based routing protocol is introduced considering factors such as the distance to a base station (BS), remaining energy level, and distance between CHs to find the optimal path between BS and CH. The cluster structure is integrated with direct communication in addition to a dynamic clustering mechanism based on the optimum number of CHs and a load balancing mechanism to reduce the load on CHs near BS. The simulation results demonstrate that in different scenarios, the proposed protocol can significantly increase the network lifetime, network throughput, and network stability by 52 %, 45 %, and 30 % respectively compared with the EECRAIFA protocol and by 100 %, 97.6 %, 64.3 % respectively compared with D2CRP protocol.

Greentooth: Robust and Energy Efficient Wireless Networking for Batteryless Devices

Communication presents a critical challenge for emerging intermittently powered batteryless sensors. Batteryless devices that operate entirely on harvested energy often experience frequent, unpredictable power outages and have trouble keeping time accurately. Consequently, effective communication using today’s low-power wireless network standards and protocols becomes difficult, particularly because existing standards are usually designed to support reliably powered devices with predictable node availability and accurate timekeeping capabilities for connection and congestion management. In this article, we present Greentooth, a robust and energy-efficient wireless communication protocol for intermittently powered sensor networks. It enables reliable communication between a receiver and multiple batteryless sensors using Time Division Multiple Access–style scheduling and low-power wake-up radios for synchronization. Greentooth employs lightweight and energy-efficient connections that are resilient to transient power outages, while significantly improving network reliability, throughput, and energy efficiency of both the battery-free sensor nodes and the receiver—which could be untethered and energy constrained. We evaluate Greentooth using a custom-built batteryless sensor prototype on synthetic and real-world energy traces recorded from different locations in a garden across different times of the day. Results show that Greentooth achieves 73% and 283% more throughput compared to Asynchronous Wake-up on Demand MAC and Receiver-Initiated Consecutive Packet Transmission Wake-up Radios, respectively, under intermittent ambient solar energy and over 2× longer receiver lifetime.

A Torpor-based Enhanced Security Model for CSMA/CA Protocol in Wireless Networks

Mobile wireless networks enable the connection of devices to a network with minimal or no infrastructure. This comes with the advantages of ease and cost-effectiveness, thus largely popularizing the network. Notwithstanding these merits, the open physical media, infrastructural-less attributes, and pervasive deployment of wireless networks make the channel of communication (media access) vulnerable to attacks such as traffic analysis, monitoring, and jamming. This study designed a virtual local area network (VLAN) model to circumvent virtual jamming attacks and other intrusions at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer of the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol. A Torpor VLAN (TVLAN) Data Frame Encapsulation and the algorithm for T-VLAN security in CSMA/CA were formulated and presented. A simulation experiment was conducted on the model using OMNeT++ software. The performance metrics used to evaluate the model were packet delivery ratio, network throughput, end-to-end channel delay, and channel load. The simulation results show that the TVLAN defence mechanism did not increase the channel load arbitrarily during TVLAN defence. similarly, the system throughput was shown to be 82% during TVLAN defence. Nevertheless, the network delay of the system during TVLAN defence was significantly high but the channel load was 297 when the TVLAN security mechanism was launched. These results demonstrate the model’s ability to provide a survivability mechanism for critical systems when under attack and add a security layer to the CSMA/CA protocol in wireless networks. Such a remarkable performance is required of a CSMA/CA infrastructure for improving the cybersecurity posture of a wireless network.

A novel energy-efficient dynamic programming routing protocol in wireless multimedia sensor networks

Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have characteristics that may influence the routing decisions, such as limited energy resources, storage and computing capacity. Therefore, a routing optimization needs to be done to match the characteristics of the WMSNs. Existing routing protocols only consider energy efficiency regardless of energy threshold, maximum energy, and link cost collectively as the primary basis of routing. In this work, the energy-efficient dynamic programming (EEDP) protocol is proposed to optimize routing decisions that take into account the energy threshold, the maximum energy, and the link cost. Then, the protocol is compared with the dynamic programming (DP), and the ant colony optimization (ACO) protocol. The simulation results show that the EEDP protocol can improve energy efficiency of nodes and network lifetime of the WMSNs. Then, the EEDP protocol is also implemented into a network topology of 10 NodeMCU ESP32 devices. As a result, the EEDP protocol can work very well by selecting routes based on nodes that have the remaining energy above 50 and has the shortest distance. The average delay in sending data for the entire route for the 10 iterations of sending data is 3.99 seconds.

Energy efficient cluster routing protocol for wireless sensor networks using hybrid metaheuristic approache’s

The development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been particularly notable in the context of smart computing, where various application areas have been identified. These networks consist of self-configured, small sensor nodes with battery power. However, sensors have limited energy and resources at their disposal. When unbalanced nodes exist within the network, it adversely affects the network’s lifetime due to increased power consumption. Designing efficient routing for wireless sensor networks remains a challenging task, particularly in terms of energy efficiency. Optimal solutions to address these challenges involve reducing node energy consumption through the implementation of clustering techniques. The current clustering schemes do not take into account node energy balancing, node density, and scalability when selecting low-energy nodes as cluster heads. The existing system is limited to exploring global opportunities within specified search zones. To enhance the performance of WSNs, a hybrid approach combining artificial bee colony (ABC) and ant colony optimization (ACO) has been developed. This approach helps in selecting an ideal cluster head from a group of terminals. Several factors are considered in the cluster head election, including residual energy at the nodes, distance to neighbors, distance to the base station, node degree, and node centrality. ACO determines the path between the cluster leader and the base station (BS) by selecting the most efficient route in terms of distance, remaining power, and node degrees. The performance of this proposed methodology has been analyzed in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, and data packets at the base station. A comparison has been made between the outputs of the proposed methods and traditional benchmarking methods. The results reveal a substantial improvement in the average network lifetime, showcasing an increase of 40.50%, 33.17%, 25.00%, and 15.49% when compared to LEACH, Beecluster, iABC, and BeeSensor, respectively. In terms of alive nodes, our solution surpasses LEACH, Beecluster, iABC, and BeeSensor by 28.7%, 22.51%, 20.95%, and 12.47%, respectively. Additionally, the energy consumption of our approach proves to be significantly lower than LEACH, Beecluster, iABC, and BeeSensor, recording reductions of 47.25%, 32.40%, 27.38%, and 22.20%, respectively.

An energy efficient fusing data gathering protocol in wireless sensor networks

The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly developing as a promising technology for today’s digital world. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are a crucial component of IoT, and one of the major problems faced is energy constraints. The clustering protocol is an effective energy saving solution. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient fusing data gathering protocol via distributed second level clustering and deep learning-based data fusion (EEFDG) for WSN. EEFDG divides the WSN into several second-level clusters by a novel distributed cluster algorithm. The transmission distance and the number of neighbors are jointly considered to select an energy-efficient parent node in each second-level cluster. A new cluster head weight function is proposed for intra-cluster parent node rotation. To minimize redundant data transmission, a multivariate convolutional neural network and long short-term memory network (MVCLNet) are designed for data fusion. MVCLNet is deployed hierarchically into the second-level clustered structure to extract features of the multi-sensor data. The EEFDG is an effective solution to the energy limitation problem of WSN. The proposed second-level clustering and data fusion algorithm based on MVCLNet typically decreases communication distances and the amount of data, thereby minimizing communication overhead and energy consumption. Simulation results show that EEFDG significantly prolongs the network lifetime in terms of the first node dead, compared to existing protocols including MR-LEACH, BPDA, CNNDA, FDEAM, DCNN, and LPLL-LEACH, achieving improvements of 181.3%, 42.2%, 48.2%, 19.6%, 62.0%, and 30.2%, respectively. The EEFDG enables highly accurate data fusion and has superior performance in terms of remaining energy, network lifetime, and data collection.

An Efficient and Reliable Byzantine Fault Tolerant Blockchain Consensus Protocol for Single-Hop Wireless Networks

An Efficient and Reliable Byzantine Fault Tolerant Blockchain Consensus Protocol for Single-Hop Wireless Networks

Advancing Wireless Sensor Networks through Performance Evaluation of M-PDCH Routing Protocol for Enhanced Quality of Service

Objective: The decisive aim of this investigation is to improve the capabilities and limitations of PEGASIS with Double Cluster Head (PDCH), for enhancing the overall Quality of Service (QoS) in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Methods: This research is intended at the application of efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. It works on the principle of the formation of cluster head and clustering. This is accomplished to achieve high QoS for WSN. Improving the efficacy of a WSN protocol is decisive for optimizing communication, resource utilization, and overall effectiveness. An innovative and novel protocol named Mobile-PDCH (M-PDCH) has been devised, developed, and tested. Here several parameters have been carefully investigated for enhancing the performance of a WSN protocol such as energy consumption, delay, and packet loss. A simulation environment has been created to evaluate, compare, and validate the performance and to suggest the desired applications of the proposed protocol. Findings: In the hierarchical category, PDCH performs better compared to all the other protocols. But it suffers from high packet drop, which decrease the performance of the protocol. To improve the performance of sensor networks, there is a need for adaptive routing protocol. The examination of simulation outcomes for the recommended protocol, M-PDCH, has been conducted in comparison with PDCH. The findings indicate that the protocol exhibits superior performance. The proposed algorithm improves the packet drop by 29.75%, reduces delay by 23.28%, and lowers energy consumption by 19.18% when compared to PDCH. Novelty: A novel adaptive routing protocol termed M-PDCH has been proposed for the enhancement of the WSN life span and durability of the sensor nodes. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm produces better results compared to PDCH protocol. The various QoS parameter results are compared, verified, and validated with existing protocol PDCH. Keywords: WSN, PDCH, Design issues, Metrics, QoS, HRP

FOTA-MAC: A Novel Traffic Adaptive MAC Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks

Recently, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have emerged as a significant breakthrough in the healthcare sector due to their immense potential to revolutionize health outcomes. This type of network is able to support a diverse range of applications with traffic rates ranging from several bits per hour up to 10 megabits per second. The challenge lies in accommodating this wide range of applications and meeting their distinct requirements using a single suitably flexible medium access control protocol. In response to this challenge, our paper proposes a novel Traffic Adaptive MAC protocol designed specifically for the regular traffic of WBANs. This innovative protocol dynamically adapts its operation based on the observed traffic, leading to significant efficiency gains compared to the standardized MAC protocols IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6. Our contribution aims to address the critical need for a tailored and adaptive MAC protocol that can seamlessly handle varying traffic loads within WBANs. By incorporating our protocol, we envision enhanced communication efficiency and improved performance, unlocking new possibilities for healthcare applications and ultimately revolutionizing the healthcare industry.

An efficient three-factor authentication protocol for wireless healthcare sensor networks

An efficient three-factor authentication protocol for wireless healthcare sensor networks

Performance enhancement of efficient clustering and routing protocol for wireless sensor networks using improved elephant herd optimization algorithm

Performance enhancement of efficient clustering and routing protocol for wireless sensor networks using improved elephant herd optimization algorithm