Whole gilthead seabream was packed (a) aerobically in polystyrene boxes with an adequate quantity of flake ice, based on the conventional practices (AIR) and (b) under modified atmospheres (MAP: 60% CO2, 30% N2, 10% O2). Next- Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis of fish microbiome on skin, gills, and intestines was performed at the initial (packaging, 1 day after harvesting) and final (end of shelf life) points. End of shelf life was assessed by a sensory evaluation carried out by a panel of experts. NGS results indicated statistically significant differences in families’ richness and diversity among the two types of packaging (i.e. AIR and MAP) as well as among the packaging types and the initial seabream’s microbiome. The NGS analyses of the microbiota, at the Phylum level, showed that the most persistent bacteria, both at the initial microbiome and at the end of shelf life, was Proteobacteria, either in AIR or MAP samples. As regards gilthead seabream skin microbiota, the initially prevailing Families were Comamonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Moraxellaceae while on the intestines prevailed Comamonadaceae, Anaplasmataceae, Bacillaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. Statistical analyses indicated positive correlations between the skin and intestinal microbiota. By the end of fish shelf life, the composition of the initial microbiome was modified in both types of packaging (AIR, MAP). In general, several of the initially predominant families have been partially or completely replaced by psychotropic and psychrophilic families like Pseudoalte- romonadaceae, Psychromonadaceae, and Shewanellaceae. However, there were families, such as Comamonadaceae, persistent under MAP conditions. By the 8th day of isothermal storage at 0°C fish under MAP exhibited higher sensory scorings than the respective AIR samples, indicating better retention of quality attributes of fish under MAP.

ABSTRACT In Daqing, years of oil exploration have led to severe oil pollution, aggravating salinization particularly. In this study, the concept of terraced landscape design combined with T. ambiguum Bieb. and microbial inoculums is proposed as a restoration technology for saline and alkali land, with the aim of removing oily substances and recovering soil fertility. The technology of 454 high-throughput sequencing was deployed to analyze the microbial community of the inoculums and the salinity and alkalinity changes of terraced land. The removal rate using T. ambiguum Bieb. and microbial inoculums was 94.7 % after seventy days. The dominant phyla for the saline and alkali soil after the treatment were Firmicutes (61.74 % of total bacteria) and Proteobacteria (35.91 %), At a general level, the relative abundances were Lactobacillus (6.22 %), Lysinibacillus (13.61 %), Clostridium (12.98 %), Clostridium XI (18.39 %), Lachnospiraceae (16.74 %) and Enterobacteriaceae (15.30 %). Microbes were reinforced biologically in advantageous clusters in microbial inoculums. In a landscape design for terraces that used the principle of gravity sedimentation, the pH approached 7, alkalinity was reduced by 50 % on average, and salinity was decreased by 75 % at the upper level, indicating a considerable decrease in salinity and alkalinity. The landscape measure of a trapezoidal terrace using natural sedimentation combined with plant-microbial inoculums offers a treatment technology and pattern for the protection and development of saline and alkali land in oil exploration areas.

Gut-brain axis plays a central role in the regulation of stress related diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is increasingly recognized that stress modulates gut microbiota community structure and activity and represents an important causal factor in dysbiosis. This study was designed to determine the effect of daily treatment with synbiotic (Syngut) containing inulin, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis W51, Lactobacillus plantarum W21 and Lactococcus lactis applied i.g. at a dose of 50 mg/kg i.g. on the colonic damage and colonic mucosal blood flow in rats with experimentally induced TNBS-colitis that were additionally exposed or not to acute stress (episodes of cold restraint stress every other day before colitis induction). Control rats received daily treatment with vehicle (saline, i.g.) or mesalazine (50 mg/kg-d i.g.), the standard drug recommended in therapy of IBD. At the termination of TNBS colitis, the histologic evaluation of colonic mucosa, mucosal malonyldialdehyde (MDA) level and plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and adipokine adiponectin were assessed. the samples of colonic mucosa not involving colonic lesions and surrounding the flared mucosa were excised for the determination of mRNA expression for proinflammatory biomarkers TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and COX-2 as well as antioxidazing factors SOD-1 and SOD-2. Finally, the gut microbial profiles were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing at phylum, family and genus level. Episodes of cold stress significantly aggravated the course of TNBS colitis, and significantly increased the release of proinflammatory cytokines as well as the significant increase in the MDA concentration has been observed as compared with non-stressed TNBS rats. These changes were followed by the significant fall in the CBF and plasma adiponectin levels and by the overexpression of mRNA of proinflammatory biomarkers. Synbiotic treatment with Syngut significantly reduced the area of colonic lesions observed macroscopically and microscopically in rats with TNBS colitis with or without exposure to cold stress, significantly increased the CBF, normalized plasma adiponectin levels and significantly attenuated the release and colonic expression of proinflammatory cytokines and biomarkers. the analysis of the gut microbiota showed a significant reduction of microbial diversity (Shannon index) in rats with TNBS colitis with or without exposure to stress. The therapy with Syngut failed to significantly affect the alpha diversity. At the phylum level, the significant rise in Proteobacteria has been observed in stressed rats with TNBS colitis and this effects was attenuated by treatment with Syngut. At family level, TNBS colitis alone or in combination with stress led to a significant decrease of SCFA producing bacterial taxa such as Ruminococaceae and Lachnospiraceae and Syngut counteracted this effect. We conclude that: 1) cold stress exacerbates the gastrointestinal inflammation in experimental colitis; 2) the synbiotic therapy with Syngut ameliorates the gut inflammation in rats with TNBS colitis combined with cold stress; 3) the beneficial effect of Syngut is accompanied by increase of anti-inflammatory taxa such as Ruminococaceae and Lachnospiraceae, and 4) the modulation of gut microbiota with Syngut alleviates stress-related intestinal inflammation suggesting a potential usefulness of synbiotic therapy in intestinal disorders accompanied by stress in patients with IBD.

Enhancement of the denitrification performance of an activated sludge using an electromagnetic field in batch mode

As a severe gastrointestinal disease with multiple causative factors, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most common devastating necro-inflammatory intestinal injuries in neonates, particularly among preterm or very-low-birth-weight infants. Prematurity, formula feeding, bacterial colonization and proliferation are the major risk factors. The incidence of NEC is 5-10% among very-low-birth-weight neonates and the mortality 20-30%. Recent studies suggest that NEC results from gut bacteria dysbiosis activating an uncontrolled proinflammatory response. In gut microbiota composition of preterm infants, there are more potential pathogens of Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Clostridium. And there is a paucity of beneficial commensal organisms such as strict anaerobic bacteria (esp. Negativicutes), Bifidobacterium and Propionibacterium. Also the diversity of microbiota declines. To date, there is no consensus on which specific bacterial strains are causally correlated with NEC development. Several prospective studies have shown a marked dysbiosis with phylum Proteobacteria before NEC onset. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a product of Gram-negative Proteobacteria, activates TLR4 signaling pathway of mediating an exaggerated inflammatory response. In addition, an interaction between gut bacteria dysbiosis and an immature intestine has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of NEC. Thus some researchers hypothesized that inappropriate colonization of premature intestine may be a major predisposing factor for NEC. The administration of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium and Propionibacterium may mitigate the damage caused by gut bacteria dysbiosis through activating NOD2 signaling pathway or regulating lymphocyte balance. Thus it may help devise a new strategy for early protection of NEC. Key words: Neonate; Necrotizing enterocolitis; Gut bacteria dysbiosis

ObjectiveTo explore whether stachyose can effectively inhibit the colonization of Clostridium difficile in intestinal tract of mice and analyze the structural change of the intestinal flora using C. difficile infection mouse model. MethodsC57BL/6 female mice were randomly divided into three groups, one group did not receive any treatment (blank group), and the other two groups were daily administrated with stachyose (stachyose group) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (PBS group) respectively for 10 days after C. difficile infection. On day 10 after infection, the content of C. difficile in feces was measured with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the variation of intestinal flora in mice in different groups was analyzed with 16S rRNA sequencing technique. ResultsOn day 10 after infection, stachyose significantly decreased the colonization of C. difficile in intestinal tract the mice infected with C. difficile. The 16S rRNA sequencing result showed that the ACE index of stachyose group was significantly higher than that of PBS group, but it did not return to normal level. At the phylum level, stachyose treatment resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in C. difficile-infected mice. At the species level, stachyose treatment resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of Parabacteroides goldsteinii, Blautia hansenii, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Parasutterella excrementihominis, Parabacteroides distasonis. ConclusionStachyose treatment can effectively reduce the colonization of C. difficile, restore the richness of intestinal flora in intestinal tract of the mice in mice infected with C. difficile, especially the relative abundance of several bacteria, such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Parabacteroides goldsteinii.

Objective To explore the difference of gut microbiota between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-diabetic population in Beijing. Methods 83 T2DM patients were selected as T2DM group and 64 non-diabetic subjects were selected as control group. Fecal samples were collected from all the subjects. The intestinal flora was detected by metagenome sequencing technology. Results 11 bacterialphyla were detected in the two groups, there were significant differences in species diversity of Actinobacteria(P=0.013), Firmicutes(P=0.005), Fusobacteria(P=0.001), Proteobacteria(P<0.001) between the two groups.Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria were all enriched in the T2DM group, Firmicutes were enriched in the control group. 152 bacterial genera were detected in the two groups with 31 bacterial genera ofsignificant differences. In T2DM group, the levels of Roseburia, Eubacterium and Faecalibacterium decreased, while the levels of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Escherichia increased. Conclusion There are significant differ-ences in the composition of gut microbiota between T2DM patients and non-diabetic population. Regulation of gut microbiota in T2DM patients may be helpful to improve the condition of T2DM. Key words: Type 2 diabetes; Gut microbiota; Metagenome analysis

Objective To investigate the correlation between the diversity of biliary bacterial flora and the recurrence of common bile duct stones. Methods From September 2018 to March 2019, 48 patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were enrolled and divided into primary choledocholithiasis (primary group, 38 patients) and recurrent choledocholithiasis group (recurrent group, 10 patients). The bile of the patients of the two groups was collected and analyzed with high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA. The Chao1 estimator indicated the richness of the biliary bacterial flora, and Shannon index and Simpson index demonstrated the diversity of biliary bacterial flora. The bacterial flora distribution was explored from different levels of phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. Chi-square test and t test were performed for statistical analysis. Results The Chao1 estimator of the primary group was higher than that of the recurrent group (419.413±118.704 vs. 396.000±70.483), and the difference was statistically significant (t=3.130, P=0.003). At the level of the phylum, the highest abundance of bacteria in the primary group was Firmicute (56.48%), the highest abundance of bacteria in the recurrent group was Proteobacteria (57.79%). The dominant bacteria of the recurrent group was Proteobacteria, which was inconsistent with that of the primary group, and there were significant differences in the distribution of Proteobacteria and Firmicute between two groups (χ2=0.962 and -2.619, both P<0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Bacillus and Lactococcus of the recurrent group were both lower than those of the primary group (9.75% vs. 20.77%, 10.86% vs. 22.01%, respectively), and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=0.354 and 0.503, both P<0.05). The abundance of Morganella of the recurrent group was higher than that of the primary group (9.00% vs. 0.44%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=-2.025, P=0.049). At the species level, the abundance of Bacillus unclassified, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and Bacillus circulans of the primary group were all higher than those of the recurrent group (17.78% vs. 8.84%, 2.39% vs. 1.11%, 2.59% vs. 0.74%, respectively), and the differences were all statistically significant (χ2=2.540, 2.643 and 2.515, all P<0.05). The abundance of Aeromonas veronii of recurrent group was higher than that of the primary group (2.04% vs. 0.01%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=-2.397, P=0.021). The bacteria that had significant effects in the primary group included Lactococcus (P=0.012), Lactobacillus (P=0.033) and Geobacillus (P=0.021), while in the recurrent group, which included Enterobacter (P=0.007), Aeromonadaceae (P=0.001), Actinomycetes (P=0.009), and Aeromonas (P=0.001). Conclusions There are differences in abundance and composition of biliary bacterial flora between the recurrent group and the primary group. It remains to be further studied whether the changes of some bacterial flora correlated with the recurrence of common bile duct stones. Key words: Choledocholithiasis; Recurrence of choledocholithiasis; Biliary flora; 16S rRNA

Objective To investigate the effect of pelvic radiotherapy on intestinal flora, the correlation between radiation enteritis and intestinal flora, and the effect of probiotics intervention on intestinal flora and diarrhea. Methods From March to November 2018, a total of 22 patients who were admitted to the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were enrolled in the study, including 5 patients with colorectal cancer, 15 patients with cervical cancer and 2 patients with endometrial carcinoma. Five patients with cervical cancer received oral administration of probiotics combined with radiotherapy. Ten healthy physical examiners were selected as the control group. The stool samples were collected from each patient before and after radiotherapy, and 16S rDNA sequencing technology was used to detect the fecal flora and analyze the effect of radiotherapy on intestinal flora. Results The main composition of intestinal flora in the stool samples of healthy control group was Firmicutes (39.86%), Bacteroidetes (37.77%), unclassified bacteria (15.96%) and Proteobacteria (5.03%), which was similar to patients, but the abundance of bacteria was significantly different. There were differences in the intestinal flora of patients before and after radiotherapy. Microbial diversity and abundance were altered after radiotherapy, especially in patients who later developed severe diarrhea. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was altered after radiotherapy. The abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Fusobacterium increased after radiotherapy in patients who developed severe diarrhea. Oral administration of probiotics could alleviate the diarrhea and reduce the decline of microbial diversity and abundance. Conclusions In patients with pelvic tumors, the diversity and abundance of intestinal flora decrease after radiotherapy, especially in patients with severe diarrhea. Oral probiotics can alleviate the diarrhea. Key words: Pelvic neoplasms; Radiation enteritis; 16S rDNA; Intestinal flora; Probiotics

The ever increasing pile-up of electronic waste in dumping sites, especially in developing countries such as China, Pakistan, India and several African countries, might have caused a significant alteration in the microbial community of the contaminated sites. This change in the microbial population may have significant impact to the soil ecology function. The major pollutants of electronic waste are heavy metals like cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury, hexavalent chromium, arsenic and persistent organic pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. In general, the toxic pollutants reduce the normal soil microbial biota but give rise to increase in the heavy metal resistant and organic pollutants remediating microbes. With the development of culture- independent approach as a tool for studying microbial diversity, the microbial community structures in toxic waste contaminated sites have been revealed gradually. Studies on the microbial community structure of electronic waste contaminated sites show that there are significant differences between the contaminated and the non-contaminated sites. Soil pH in the e-waste contaminated sites of various regions has been reported in a wide range varying from pH 4 to pH 12. However, the predominant phyla so far identified in the electronic waste contaminated sites, based on studies through culture independent approach, are Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Crenarchaeota and Bacteroidetes accounting for more than 80% of the total sequence reads on an average. The genera like Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Clostridium, Rhodococcus, Achromobacter and many unclassified bacteria are the common types in the contaminated sites.

Objective To investigate the gut microbiota diversity between the elderly supported by institution-based care and home-based care. Methods Fresh stool samples were collected from 18 aged persons supported by institution-based care (G1 group), 20 aged persons with home-based care (G2 group) and 20 middle-aged and young adults (G3 group). The V3-V4 hypervariable region of 16S rDNA was amplified and sequenced by next generation sequencing technology. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were analyzed by QIIME analysis platform for species annotation, diversity analysis, and inter-group difference analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using RStudio software. Results The top 6 microbiological taxa in the three groups were Firmicute, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. The abundance of the Firmicute in the G1 and G2 groups showed significant differences [(61.47±5.58)% vs (76.55±3.64)%, P 0.05). Results of the NMDS analysis showed that the intra-group differences were greater than inter-group differences in G1 and G2 groups. Conclusions No significant difference in the diversity of gut microbiota was detected between the elderly supported by institution-based care and home-based care, but there were differences in the composition of the predominant gut microbiota. Key words: Institution-based care; Home-based care; Gut microbiota; 16S rRNA

In a cyclic alternating O/A operation mode, phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) can undertake phosphate removal and enrichment as the main process in wastewater treatment plants. The effects of the concentration of carbon sources during the aerobic stage on phosphate removal and enrichment performance of PAO biofilms, and the microbial population structure in the biofilms, were investigated. The results showed that the aerobic COD concentration decreased from 200 mg·L-1 to 0 mg·L-1, the phosphorus uptake rate improved by 1.29 times, the phosphorus concentration in effluent stabilized below 0.5 mg·L-1, the phosphorus release rate increased by 3.56 times, and the phosphate concentration in the circulating solution increased from 27.125 mg·L-1 to 55.91 mg·L-1. With respect to the change in microbial communities, the identification showed that the abundance of Proteobacteria increased by approximately two times, and the enrichment effects of Rhodocyclaceae and Anaerolineaceae increased by 2.28 and 5 times, respectively. Reducing the concentration of the carbon source in the aerobic section was beneficial to the screening and enrichment of PAOs, strengthening the removal of phosphate in the aerobic section and the release of phosphate in the anaerobic section. This resulted in an enriched phosphate solution. These observations provide a theoretical basis for future urban sewage treatment plants seeking to reduce their carbon demand.

Objective To investigate the community structure of intestinal bacteria from patients with cirrhosis and its influencing factors. Methods From 2016 to 2017, 24 patients with liver cirrhosis (the LC group) and 23 healthy family members of patients (the HC group) were enrolled at the First Hospital of Lanzhou University. A comparative analysis of the community structure of intestinal bacteria was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in LC and HC groups. Combined with LEfSe analysis and NMDS analysis, the differential markers were screened and the factors affecting the intestinal community structure of subjects were studied. Results The dominant six phylum of bacteria in intestines in LC and HC groups included Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Tenericumes. However, in the LC sample, Firmicutes was significantly reduced, while Bacteroides was significantly increased. The diversity of intestinal bacteria was significantly reduced, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio was significantly decreased, suggesting a variation of the community structure in intestinal bacteria of cirrhosis patients. The LEfSe result indicated that the abundance of Enterococcus, Lactobacillales, Bacilli, and Bacteroidetes showed a significant difference in the LC sample, which may be used as potential marked bacterial groups for cirrhosis. The NMDS analysis revealed a positive relationship between the concentration of Cd and Pb and the abundance of intestinal bacteria in the LC sample. Conclusion The community structure of intestinal bacteria from patients with cirrhosis has changed. Enterococcus, Lactobacillales, Bacilli, and Bacteroidetes are potential marked bacterial groups. The concentration of Cd and Pb in the intestinal tract of cirrhosis patients may interact with the abundance and structure of bacteria, and further affect the occurrence and development of cirrhosis. Key words: Cirrhosis; Intestinal bacteria; Bacterial community structure; Influencing factor

Objective To explore the structure and component changes of colonization bacterium in colorectal cancer (CRC) and analyze the relationship between the colonization bacteria and the development of CRC. Methods Clinical data of this retrospective study were obtained from Tongji Hospital of Tongji University (1/2016-10/2017). Forty matching tissues, including normal intestinal mucosa tissues (n=12) and CRC tissues (n=28), were collected in the present study. The V3-V4 region of bacteria 16S rRNA gene was detected using Illumina Miseq sequencing technologies. The colonized bacterium structure and composition were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results It was found that there is significant difference in structure of the colonized bacterium between the two groups. In the level of Phylum, the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were significant lower (Z=-1.964, P<0.05), and Proteobacteria was significant higher (Z=-1.997, P<0.001) in the tissues of CRC. In the level of genus, Bacteroides, Blautia, Prevotella, and Faecalibacterium were significant lower in the tissues of CRC (Z=-3.008, P<0.05). Buchnera, Prevotella, and Prevotellaceae only existed in normal intestinal mucosa tissues and the abundance was top three. Catonella, Kurthia, and Brachymonas only existed in CRC tissues and the abundance was top three. Conclusions The overall structure and component were significant difference between the two groups. Some bacterium disappeared or reduced, and others new emerged or increased. The change of colonized bacterium structure and component in intestinal mucosa may play an important role in the development of CRC. Therefore, it may be an, accurate and low cost of early diagnosis marker by identifing the structure and component change of intestinal mucosa colonized bacterium for CRC, which may find a new way for prevention and treatment of CRC. Key words: Colorectal neoplasms; Intestinal mucosa; Gastrointestinal microbiome; High-throughput nucleotide sequencing; Biomarkers,tumor

Microbial community and composition in stormwater runoff from mixed land use land cover (LULC) catchment with ongoing land development was diverse across the hydrological stage due different environmental parameters (hydrometeorological and physicochemical) and source of runoff. However, limited studies have been made for bacterial composition in this catchment. Therefore, this study aims to: (1) quantify the concentration of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), stormwater quality and bacterial composition and structure according to hydrological stage; and (2) determine their correlation to environmental parameters. The 454 pyrosequencing was used to determine the bacterial community and composition; while Pearson\'s correlation was used to determine the correlation among parameters—FIB, stormwater quality, bacterial composition and structure-to environmental parameters. Results demonstrated that the initial and peak runoff has the highest concentration of FIB, stormwater quality and bacterial composition and structure. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were dominant bacteria identified in this catchment. Furthermore, the 20 most abundant genera were correlated with runoff duration, average rainfall intensity, runoff volume, runoff flow, temperature, pH, organic matter, nutrients, TSS and turbidity. An increase of FIB and stormwater quality concentration, diversity and richness of bacterial composition and structure in this study was possibly due to leakage from septic tanks, cesspools and latrines; feces of domestic and wild animals; and runoff from forest, destroyed septic system in land development site and urban LULC. Overall, this study will provide an evidence of hydrological stage impacts on the runoff microbiome environment and public health perspective.

Lee, Ki-Eun, Kim, Ju-Young, Jang, Jun Hwee, Maeng, Soohyun, Srinivasan, Sathiyaraj, Subramani, Gayathri, Kang, Myung Kyum Kim and Myung-Suk (2019): A report of four unrecorded Proteobacteria species isolated from soil in Korea. Journal of Species Research 8 (2): 191-196, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2019.8.2.191

For clear membrane bioreactor (MBR)Microbial Community structure changes before and after the short-cut Nitrification with different sludge inoculation.MBRNitrifying sludge (R1.),Anaerobic nitrification sludge (R2.)And1.:1.Mixed inoculation of anaerobic and Denitrifying sludge (R3.)Sludge source for achieving rapid short-cut nitrification.The results show that the combination of Intermittent Aeration and reduced hydraulic retention time (HRT),R1.R2.WithR3.Reactor time-consuming46 d,8 dAnd30 dThe shortcut nitrification was successfully launched,R2.Shortest startup cycle of Reactor.During the stable operation period,R1.R2.AndR3.The average nitrite accumulation rate was92%,93%And94%,R3.The reactor showed more stable short-cut Nitrification performance..Ace,Chao,ShannonAndSimpsonIndex results show that after stable operation,R1.AndR2.The microbial abundance and diversity of the reactor were significantly lower than that of the inoculated sludge,R3.The abundance of reactor species decreased slightly while the diversity level changed little..After the shortcut nitrification was successfully started,3.The main bacteria in the reactor were Proteus phyla (Proteobacteria)And bacteriocin (Bacteroidetes)And the abundance of the Main Nitrogen Removal Function bacteria is higher than that of the inoculated sludge..Beta-Proteus3.The dominant bacteria in the short-cut Nitrification system of each reactor accounted59. 6%,63. 6%And69. 3%.R1.R2.AndR3.Reactor in the advantage bacteria of are nitrosation single (Nitrosomonas)Of proportion respectively up12. 8%,Natural 20. 2%And19. 7%.ComparedR1Reactor,R2AndR3Reactor inoculation sludge in there is a certain proportion of nitrification bacteria more conducive to system short-range nitrification of implementation.

Objective To investigate the effect of sulfonamide administration after kidney transplantation on the intestinal microflora structure of transplant patients. Methods According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 patients who underwent renal transplantation at the All Army Organ Transplantation Institute of the No. 309 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army from June to August 2016 were selected as study subjects. The stool sample of each patient was collected within 3 days before surgery and 30 days after surgery. A 30-day stool sample was prepared and a total of 20 stool samples were obtained. After the whole genome of the prokaryotic specimens was extracted, the 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing method was used to analyze the bacterial structure. Results The number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) after administration of sulfonamide was only half of the number of preoperative OTUs, and the difference was significant (P=0.003). Portal level: 10 bacteria were detected before surgery, and only detected after the use of sulfa drugs after surgery, and those of 8 bacteriophytas were detected after administration of sulfonamide postoperation. The bacterial abundances of 8 bacteriophytas also varied significantly before surgery and after administration of sulfonamide postoperation. The average relative abundances of the Phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes decreased from 73.2% and 10.64% before surgery to 50.17% and 3.13% respectively after administration of sulfonamide. The average relative abundance of proteobacteria increased from 13.79% before surgery to 42.87% after administration of sulfonamide postoperation. For genus, the 20 kinds of bacteria with the highest preoperative abundance in the intestinal tract were mostly reported in the literature, or normal human commensal bacteria shown by studies, and after administration of sulfonamide, 20 new strains with the highest bacterial abundance in the intestinal tract were mostly pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion The use of sulfonamide after transplantation can significantly destroy the structure of the gut microbiota. The types of some commensal bacteria and probiotics are significantly reduced, and the pathogens are actually increased. Even intestinal immune and intestinal mucosal barrier functions were damaged. The abvove-mentioned may increase the risk of secondary infection to varying degrees. Key words: Kidney transplantation; Sulfonamide; Gut microbiota; 16S rDNA

Objective To investigate the influence of high-fat diet on liver function and intestinal bacterial community through building rat models. Methods 20 rats of 21 days old were divided into two groups randomly as normal diet group fed with standard chow diet and high-fat group fed with high-fat diet. After 6 weeks, feces of rats in both groups were obtained for 16S rRNA high-through sequencing of the intestinal bacterial community. Results After 6 weeks high-fat diet, total protein (TP)(55.79±3.75, P=0.002), globin (GLB)( 34.9±2.53, P<0.001), albumin (ALB)/GLB (.60±0.02, P<0.001), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)(373.80±63.05, P<0.001), total cholesterol (TC)(1.94±0.23, P<0.001), low density lipoprotein (LDL)(0.76±0.93, P<0.001), LDL/high density lipoprotein (HDL)(1.43±0.22, P<0.001), and triglyceride (TG)(1.48±0.50, P=0.015) increased compared with the normal diet group. Additionally, intestinal bacterial diversity and evenness decreased significantly. The dominant bacteria were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, with averaged relative abundances as 56.36%, 35.31%, and 6.61%, respectively. The relative abundances of Bacteroidetes deceased (P=0.007), those of Firmicutes increased (P=0.020), and those of Proteobacteria were kept stable (P=0.928) after a 6-week high-fat diet. Furthermore, the intestinal bacterial community structure changed distinctly between the two groups by 16s rRNA high-through sequencing. Conclusion High-fat diet can lead to change of intestinal bacterial community structure and further result in liver function damnification as well as obesity. Key words: High-through sequencing; 16S rRNA; Rat; Intestinal bacterial community; Liver function

Shigella flexneri is a gram-negative intracellular pathogen that is a global health problem, causing severe bacillary dysentery. In the past 30 years, research has enabled us to have a better understanding of the molecular basis of Shigella pathogenesis. In this study, we further expand our knowledge of key determinants at molecular and cellular levels. This work is composed of four separate investigations; Firstly, we examined whether the elusive mechanism of protein targeting found in Shigella is conserved in three closely related gamma-proteobacterial families by using GFP fusions and microscopy. Our results indicate that the mechanism of protein localization to the bacterial pole was conserved in the species investigated. Secondly, we further characterized omptin proteins found in three pathogenic organisms: Shigella (IcsP), E. coli (OmpT), and Salmonella (PgtE). We addressed whether the LPS environment and/or the inherent amino acid differences in the surface loops and LPS binding motif affect the cleavage specificity of these proteases by introducing a known substrate into each of these strains and comparing cleavage patterns by western blot analysis. Our results indicate that the cleavage specificity of these omptins are likely due to the inherent amino acid differences in the surface loops and/or LPS binding region. Thirdly, we examined whether IcsP, an outer membrane protease in Shigella, promotes resistance to a cationic antimicrobial peptide, LL-37 by using minimum inhibitory concentration assays. Our results suggest that IcsP does not promote resistance to LL-37. Finally, we examined whether icsP was regulated by RyhB, a small regulatory RNA, by western blot analysis and beta-galactosidase assays. Our results suggest that RyhB does not down-regulate the expression of icsP in S. flexneri; Taken together, this study has improved our understanding of Shigella pathogenesis and omptin family proteases. Ultimately, the relevance of this study has potential use for the development of prevention and intervention strategies against specific bacterial infections and disease.