Source Of Protein Nutrients Research Articles

Spatial analysis of soybean yield in the western mesoregion of Paraná using agrometeorological variables

This paper aimed to analyze the spatial autocorrelation of soybean yield and its bivariate spatial correlation with theagrometeorological variables rainfall, mean temperature, and mean global solar radiation in 2014/2015, 2015/2016, and 2016/2017 crop years in the West of the State of Paraná – Brazil. To achieve this objective, techniques of spatial statistics of areas were used, which, through autocorrelation and spatial correlation indices, sought to identify patterns of association between soybean yield and agrometeorological variables. This research is justified because in addition to the soybean crop being the main source of food protein and vegetable oil in the world and the agrometeorological variables being the factors that most influence it, the western mesoregion of Paraná stands out with the highest production values in the state. Thus, it is important to monitor its development through spatial analysis to obtain information that will support decision making. The global and local Moran’s indices showed that soybean yield is self-correlated in the municipalities of Western Paraná, identifying clusters to the west and east of the mesoregion. The significance of the bivariate spatial correlation indices confirmed the influence of the variables rainfall, mean temperature, and average global solar radiation on soybean yield.

The First Genetic Linkage Map of Winged Bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.] and QTL Mapping for Flower-, Pod-, and Seed-Related Traits.

Winged bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.] (2n = 2× = 18) is a tropical legume crop with multipurpose usages. Recently, the winged bean has regained attention from scientists as a food protein source. Currently, there is no breeding program for winged bean cultivars. All winged bean cultivars are landraces or selections from landraces. Molecular markers and genetic linkage maps are pre-requisites for molecular plant breeding. The aim of this study was to develop a high-density linkage map and identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pod and seed-related traits of the winged bean. An F2 population of 86 plants was developed from a cross between winged bean accessions W054 and TPT9 showing contrasting pod length, and pod, flower and seed colors. A genetic linkage map of 1384 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated from restriction site-associated DNA sequencing was constructed. The map resolved nine haploid chromosomes of the winged bean and spanned the cumulative length of 4552.8 cM with the number of SNPs per linkage ranging from 36 to 218 with an average of 153.78. QTL analysis in the F2 population revealed 31 QTLs controlling pod length, pod color, pod anthocyanin content, flower color, and seed color. The number of QTLs per trait varied between 1 (seed length) to 7 (banner color). Interestingly, the major QTLs for pod color, anthocyanin content, and calyx color, and for seed color and flower wing color were located at the same position. The high-density linkage map QTLs reported in this study will be useful for molecular breeding of winged beans.

Animal and Plant Protein Food Sources in Indonesia Differ Across Socio-Demographic Groups: Socio-Cultural Research in Protein Transition in Indonesia and Malaysia.

BackgroundPlant-based diets in lower-income countries are often associated with inadequate protein nutrition and adverse health outcomes.ObjectiveTo examine the diversity of protein food sources, in both animal and plant, across diverse socio-demographic groups in Indonesia as compared to Malaysia.DesignThe SCRiPT (Socio Cultural Research in Protein Transition) study was based on population-based samples recruited in Indonesia (N = 1665) and in Malaysia (N = 1604). Data from 24-h in-person dietary recalls in each country were used to construct the frequency counts of protein sources by food group. Protein sources were defined as fish, poultry, red meat (beef, pork, and mutton), eggs, dairy, and plants (cereals, pulses, and tubers). The percent reported frequencies for animal and plant proteins were compared across socio-demographic strata and by country. Analyses were based on one-way Anovas and general linear model regressions adjusting for covariates.ResultsAnimal protein frequency counts were 34% of total in Indonesia, but 50% in Malaysia's. Higher reported consumption frequencies for poultry and red meat in both countries were associated with urban living, greater modernization, and higher socioeconomic status, with stronger social gradients observed in Indonesia. Reported fish consumption was higher in Indonesia than in Malaysia. Fish was more likely to be listed by rural island populations in Indonesia and was associated with lower education and incomes. Consumption frequencies for plant-based proteins were associated with lower socio-economic status in Indonesia and in Malaysia.ConclusionsMore affluent groups in both countries reported higher frequencies for meat, eggs, and dairy as opposed to fish. Greater economic development in Southeast (SE) Asia is associated with more animal protein, particularly from poultry, which may displace fish, the traditional source of high quality protein for the region.

Diversity of protein food sources, protein adequacy and amino acid profiles in Indonesia diets: Socio-Cultural Research in Protein Transition (SCRiPT).

The ongoing nutrition transition in lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC) in South East Asia may have a positive impact on protein nutrition. This study assessed the diversity of plant and animal protein food sources in relation to essential amino acid (EAA) adequacy in a population-based sample (N 1665) in Indonesia. Dietary intakes from in-person 24 h recalls provided data on energy and protein intakes (in g/d) from plants (grains, legumes), meat, poultry and fish, and eggs and dairy. Protein diversity scores were based on the number of protein food sources over 24 h. EAA scores were the ratio of amino acid intakes to recommended values. Protein diversity and EAA scores were then compared across multiple socio-demographic indices. Analysis of variance and χ 2 tests were used to test for differences among groups. Energy intakes were 1678 kcal/d for men and 1435 kcal/d for women. Average protein intakes (and prevalence of inadequacy) were 59⋅4 g/d (41⋅7%) for men and 51⋅5 g/d (51⋅1%) for women. In regression analyses, higher protein diversity scores were associated with higher protein intakes, more animal protein and less plant protein and with higher EAA scores. Lower protein diversity scores were associated with lower intakes of lysine, leucine and valine relative to requirements, as well as with lower EAA, rural settings, less wealth and less modernisation. Greater diversity of animal protein food sources, observed among groups of higher socio-economic status, was linked to better amino acid adequacy and protein nutrition.

Long-term dietary protein intake and subjective cognitive decline in US men and women

Diet is one of the modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline. However, studies on dietary protein intake and cognitive decline have remained limited and inconclusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate the associations between long-term dietary protein intake and subsequent subjective cognitive decline (SCD). We included 49,493 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) (1984-2006) and 27,842 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) (1986-2002). For the NHS, average dietary intake was calculated from 7 repeated semi-quantitative FFQs (SFFQs), and SCD was assessed in 2012 and 2014. For the HPFS, average dietary intake was calculated from 5 repeated SFFQs, and SCD was assessed in 2008 and 2012. Poisson regression was used to examine the associations between dietary protein, amino acids, and various protein food sources with subsequent SCD. Higher protein intake compared with total carbohydrates was associated with lower odds of SCD. When substituting 5% energy from protein for the equivalent percentage of energy from total carbohydrates, the pooled multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) were 0.89 (0.85, 0.94) for total protein, 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) for animal protein, and 0.74 (0.62, 0.88) for plant protein. When substituting 5% of energy from animal protein with plant protein, the OR was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.97). For protein food sources, higher intakes of beans/legumes, fish, and lean poultry were significantly associated with lower odds of SCD, but higher intake of hotdogs was associated with higher odds of SCD. Higher protein intake was associated with lower odds of SCD when compared isocalorically with carbohydrate. Plant protein sources were also associated with lower odds when compared with animal protein sources. Our findings suggest that adequate protein intake, and choices of protein sources could play a role in the maintenance of cognition and should be studied further.

FACTORS AFFECTING AGROINDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT ETTAWA (PE) BREEDING GOAT MILK IN DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

The demand for animal food product in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY), the Special Region in Java, over the last ten years has shown a significant increase. This is in line with the increase in the population of DIY and also the increase in the income per capita of the people in DIY in meeting the adequacy of food sources of higher quality protein. One of the requests for animal food products other than meat is milk. The milk that is currently starting to develop apart from cow’s milk is goat’s milk, especially the type of goat’s milk from Ettawa Crossbreed (PE). This paper is the result of a research that aimed at analyzing the factors that influence the development of PE goat milk business in DIY, viewed from the supply and demand side. The analytical method used is descriptive with a simultaneous equation modeling approach. The results showed that simultaneously the variables of the population of PE goats, the amount of milk production of PE goats, the amount of milk production of PE goats in the year prior had an effect on the supply side. Meanwhile, on the demand side, simultaneously, the factors that influence the demand for PE goat milk are the population of DIY, income per capita, the price of PE goat milk and consumption of PE goat milk in the year prior. The study on the development of PE goat’s milk business was carried out with a simple descriptive analysis showing that in the future the demand for PE goat’s milk will increase, it is necessary to make efforts to strengthen the potential of PE goat’s milk in DIY, especially in terms of milk products processing business and their derivative products. It is hoped that in the future PE goat’s milk can play more role as a substitute product for cow’s milk in DIY.

Diet Supplementation with Madagascar Cockroach Flour (Gromphadorhina portentosa) Improved Malnourished Mice Metabolism and Ameliorated Liver Inflammatory Markers.

Malnutrition and accessible high-quality protein food sources are two of the world's alimentary challenges. Edible insects are nowadays recognized as a possible functional food solution with lower environmental impacts and beneficial health effects. In this context, the aim of the present study is to evaluate Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) flour supplementation effects on a malnourished mice model, considering its effects on metabolism, adiposity, and inflammatory liver profiles. Male Swiss mice are divided into five groups and fed with experimental diets for eight weeks, including a standard diet (ST) ad libitum, AIN93 ad libitum (AIN), insect flour-enriched AIN93 (AIN+IM), AIN-40% feed restriction (AIN-FR), and insect flour-enriched AIN-40% of feed restriction (AIN-FR+IM). The metabolic profiles, adipose tissue, biochemical parameters, and liver IL-6 and IL-10 expression are evaluated. The main findings show a body weight and metabolism improvement followed by an increased recovery of the adipocyte area in the AIN-FR+IM group when compared to the AIN-FR malnourished group. Reduced hepatic IL-6 and increased IL-10 expression are also detected in the AIN-FR+IM group. The results show that insect flour supplementation enhances both body weight and adiposity gain/recovery. The results also show hepatic improvement of inflammatory markers.

Factors Affecting Agroindustry Development Etawa (PE) Breeding Goat Milk in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

The demand for animal food product in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY), the Special Region in Java, over the last ten years has shown a significant increase. This is in line with the increase in the population of DIY and also the increase in the income per capita of the people in DIY in meeting the adequacy of food sources of higher quality protein. One of the requests for animal food products other than meat is milk. The milk that is currently starting to develop apart from cow's milk is goat's milk, especially the type of goat's milk from Etawa Crossbreed (PE). This paper is the result of a research that aimed at analyzing the factors that influence the development of PE goat milk business in DIY, viewed from the supply and demand side. The analytical method used is descriptive with a simultaneous equation modeling approach. The results showed that simultaneously the variables of the population of PE goats, the amount of milk production of PE goats, the amount of milk production of PE goats in the year prior had an effect on the supply side. Meanwhile, on the demand side, simultaneously, the factors that influence the demand for PE goat milk are the population of DIY, income per capita, the price of PE goat milk and consumption of PE goat milk in the year prior. The study on the development of PE goat's milk business was carried out with a simple descriptive analysis showing that in the future the demand for PE goat's milk will increase, it is necessary to make efforts to strengthen the potential of PE goat's milk in DIY, especially in terms of milk products processing business and their derivative products. It is hoped that in the future PE goat's milk can play more role as a substitute product for cow's milk in DIY.

Evaluating the food consumption among Indonesian young adults lived in a different environment

Background: Indonesian young adults who live abroad usually buy meals from café or catering. These meals tend to be less nutritious, including high fat, low fiber, and high carbohydrate.Objective: This study aimed to investigate the pattern of food consumption among young Indonesian adults who lived in a different environment.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out with 497 participants (73 men and 420 women). Data were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of 78 food groups. In addition, the Mann-Whitney U test was conducted to compare consumption patterns among study participants who lived in a different environment (Malang city, East Java, Indonesia, and Taipei City, Taiwan). Furthermore, the Chi-Square test and Fisher’s exact test analyzed the consumption level by gender.Results: Our study indicated no significant differences between food consumption of Indonesian young adults in Malang city, Indonesia, and Taipei City, Taiwan (p=0.623). Meanwhile, beverage (tea) was significantly different between gender in the home country (p=0.005). In contrast, participants who lived abroad showed significantly different consumption levels of fast food (instant noodle) and plant protein source (tofu) across gender (p=0.01 and p=0.02).Conclusion: The present study showed that fruits were often changed into juices, especially more frequent in a home country than abroad. Meanwhile, several food items, including beverages (tea), fast food, and plant protein source (tofu), showed significant differences across gender.

Scallops as a new source of food protein: high‐intensity ultrasonication improved stability of oil‐in‐water emulsion stabilised by myofibrillar protein

SummaryIn this study, the effect of high‐intensity ultrasound (HIUS) (200 and 400 W for 0, 5, 10 and 15 min respectively) on conformational changes, physicochemical, rheological and emulsifying properties of scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) myofibrillar protein (SMP) was investigated. HIUS‐treated SMP had lower α‐helix content and higher β‐sheet content compared with the native SMP. HIUS treatment induced the unfolding of SMP and increased the surface hydrophobicity. The particle size of SMP decreased and the absolute zeta‐potential increased after ultrasonication, which in turn increased the solubility of SMP. The conformational changes and the improvement of physicochemical properties of SMP increased the ability for SMP to lower the interfacial tension at the oil–water interface and increased the percentage of adsorbed protein. As a result, the emulsifying properties, rheological properties of SMP and storage stability of emulsions were also improved. In conclusion, HIUS treatment has future potential for improving the emulsifying properties of SMP.

Prospective Association of the Portfolio Diet with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Risk in the Mr. OS and Ms. OS Study.

The Portfolio Diet has demonstrated its cardiovascular benefit from interventions, but the association between Portfolio Diet adherence and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality has not been examined in Chinese population. The present study has collected Portfolio Diet adherence (assessed by food frequency questionnaire), lifestyle factors and mortality status of 3991 participants in the Mr. Osteoporosis (OS) and Ms. OS Study. Cox regression models were used to examine the association between the Portfolio Diet adherence and mortality risk (all-cause, cardiovascular disease or cancer). The highest quartile of the Portfolio Diet score was associated with a 28% lower risk of all-cause (hazard ratio, HR: 0.72) and cancer (HR: 0.72) mortality, respectively. The association between Portfolio Diet adherence and cardiovascular disease mortality did not reach statistical significance (HR: 0.90, 95% CI = 0.64, 1.26). Among male participants, the highest adherence to the Portfolio Diet was also associated with a lower risk of all-cause (HR: 0.63) and cancer mortality (HR: 0.59), and there was an inverse association between food sources of plant protein and the risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR: 0.50). However, most associations between the Portfolio Diet and mortality were not significant among females. The protection for cancer mortality risk might reach the plateau at the highest adherence to the Portfolio Diet for females. To conclude, greater adherence to the Portfolio Diet was significantly associated with a lower risk of mortality in Hong Kong older adults, and the associations appeared stronger among males.

Heterotrophically Ultrahigh-Cell-Density Cultivation of a High Protein-Yielding Unicellular Alga Chlorella With a Novel Nitrogen-Supply Strategy.

The unicellular green alga Chlorella is an ideal protein source. However, the high production cost and low production capability of the current main photoautotrophic culture mode limit its application especially as an alternative protein source for food and feed, which might be overcome through high-cell-density cultivation in fermenters. In this study, a Chlorella sorokiniana strain CMBB276 with high protein content was selected from five Chlorella strains by comprehensive evaluation of their growth rates, protein contents, and yields. The optimal cultural temperature, pH, and mole ratio of carbon and nitrogen (C/N) for C. sorokiniana CMBB276 growth were found to be 30°C, 6.5, and 18, respectively. Ammonium chloride was proved to be the best nitrogen (N) source for C. sorokiniana CMBB276 growth, whereas growth inhibition caused by the accumulation of salts was observed under fed-batch cultivation when maintaining a constant C/N ratio of 18 by controlling pH with sodium hydroxide solution. By simultaneously reducing the concentration of ammonium chloride in the feeding medium and controlling pH with ammonium hydroxide, we finally achieved the ultrahigh-cell-density cultivation of C. sorokiniana CMBB276. The highest biomass concentration and protein yield reached 232 and 86.55 g l−1, respectively, showing the great potential of culturing C. sorokiniana CMBB276 in fermenters for economic and large-scale protein source production.

Education on Mercury Exposure from Fish and its Product in Elementary Students in Kenjeran Beach Area, Surabaya: A Study Protocol

Fish is one of the high protein food sources that could be found easily in Indonesia. recent trends in industrialization and human activity (e.g., agriculture) that started the degradation of environmental quality such as mercury contamination in fish. This problem has become a concern because the incident occurs more frequently and could affect the health condition both in the long and short term. A quasi-experimental study will be conducted at public school located in Kenjeran District, Surabaya. The framework of Health Behavior Model theory is used to educate the students on the danger of mercury contamination in fish and its products. This study aimed to increase the student’s knowledge on the danger of mercury contamination in fish and its products. This study targets elementary school children with total 135 students. The Universal Trial Number (UTN) of this study is U1111-1269-3728. This study also has been approved by the TCTR Committee with identification number TCTR20210913003.

The dynamics of household food consumption patterns in various agroecosystems in Indonesia

Household food consumption patterns are influenced by income, price, individual tastes and beliefs, and socioeconomic aspects. Agricultural development has an impact on changing consumption patterns. The changes vary according to different ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamics of household consumption patterns in various ecosystems and their implications for agricultural policies. This study used panel data from the National Farmers Panel period of 2007/2009-2016/2018 from the Indonesian Center for Agro Socio Economic and Policy Studies in four ecosystems, namely rice paddy fields, dry-land secondary crops, dry-land vegetable crops, and dry-land plantation crops. The discussion of consumption patterns is focused on energy and protein consumption, PPH score, and consumer participation rate. The results showed that during 2010-2018, energy and protein consumption increased, however, the pattern of change varies among households. The energy and protein consumption level are only about 77-86% from the level of recommendation ≥90%. Households’ consumption of protein in plantation ecosystem is lowest compared to other ecosystem. The level of household rice consumption was the highest, compared to other carbohydrate sources. PPH of agricultural households was lower than the national in the four agroecosystems. To increase the consumption of energy, protein and PPH scores of agricultural households in various agroecosystems in Indonesia, it is necessary to increase the availability and access of agricultural households to non-rice carbohydrate sources and protein source foods by optimizing the potential of local resources. Coordination and synchronization of food security improvement programs between central and local governments is important.

Capture Fishery Resources of Citanduy River, West Java

Citanduy river is one of the priority watersheds in West Java. Information on capture fisheries resources in Citanduy, however, river is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the information of capture fisheries resources in that river. The method used in this study was a survey method, by collecting data in the field, and then analyzed it in the laboratory. This research was conducted in 2018. Samples of fish were collected through the active participation of fishers with various types of fishing gear. The identification of fish and fishing gear used some references. Some fish caught were preserved in formalin solution and identified. The dominant catch in Citanduy River is Mystacoleucus marginatus and Cyprinus carpio. Other economic fishes catch in Citanduy river are Oreochromis niloticus, Osteochilus vittatus, O. mossambicus, Trichogaster trichopterus, Hemibragus nemurus, Hampala macrolepidota, Channa striata, Moolgarda seheli, and Glossogobius giurus. The fishing gears used by fishers are hooks and lines, cast nets, scope nets, traps, and gill nets. The inland capture fishery in Citanduy river is still a secondary sector for the interests of local government.The current condition of capture fisheries in Citanduy is not the main livelihood for fishers. The inland capture fisheries in Citanduy is still using a simple fishing gear and do not have more complex tools. Citanduy river has potential source of economic and protein food, particularly for local community. Regarding in these potential, management of environment could be the major domains in fisheries management. The policy of local government in handling non-selective fishing gear and restocking activity could be maintain the sustainable fish resources in Citanduy river.

Quality Of Duck Eggs At Different Soaking Times In Noni Leaf Extract Stored For 15 Days

Duck eggs are one type of protein source food that is much favored by the people of Indonesia. However, currently there are not many ways of preservation to maintain the quality of duck eggs in storage. With preservation by immersion with noni leaf extract, it can be an alternative in maintaining the quality of duck eggs in storage for 15 days. This is because noni leaves contain elements of chemical compounds such as amino acids, phenolic compounds, ursulic acid, alkaloids, phenols, and glycosides which are antimicrobial, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to determine the effect of soaking duck eggs in noni leaf extract on the interior quality of duck eggs. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a concentration of 45% noni leaf extract with immersion time of 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours with 3 replications. To determine whether there is a difference in treatment using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the level of = 0.05. The research variables are Albumen Insex, Yolk Index and Haugh Index. Data were analyzed by SPSS. The results of the study concluded that soaking duck eggs with noni leaf extract for 12-48 hours with an extract concentration of 45% had no significant effect on egg quality in this case the yolk index, albumen index and Haugh index.

Dietary Protein Intake Dynamics in Elderly Chinese from 1991 to 2018.

Unique rapid urbanization-related changes in China may affect the dietary protein intake of the aging population. We aimed to evaluate trends in dietary protein intake and major food sources of protein and estimate conformity to the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) in the elderly Chinese population. A sample of 10,854 elderly adults aged 60 years or older, drawn from 10 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) between 1991 and 2018, was included. Protein intake data were obtained on the basis of 3-day, 24 h dietary recalls. The dietary protein intake among elderly Chinese individuals declined from 63.3 g/day to 57.8 g/day over the 28-year period, with a −0.032 ± 0.0001 g/day change per year (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the proportion of subjects with a protein intake level below the estimated averaged requirement (EAR) and a reduction in the proportion of subjects consuming protein above the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) across all population subgroups. Cereals ranked as the major sources of dietary protein, although their contribution to dietary protein gradually decreased as time went on. The contribution from meat steadily rose from 18.2% in 1991 to 28.7% in 2018. The proportion of energy gained from fat increased notably, reaching 34.2% in 2018. The elderly Chinese population experienced a significant reduction in dietary protein intake. Although the transformation of dietary patterns had positive effects on improving protein quality due to increases in animal source food, some elderly Chinese individuals currently face the risk of inadequate dietary protein intake.

Enzymatic extraction improves intracellular protein recovery from the industrial carrageenan seaweed Eucheuma denticulatum revealed by quantitative, subcellular protein profiling: A high potential source of functional food ingredients

Seaweeds are regarded as a sustainable source of food protein, but protein extraction is severely impaired by the complex extracellular matrix. In this work, we investigated the protein-level effects of enzymatic extraction upstream of carrageenan extraction for the industrial red seaweed Eucheuma denticulatum. Combination of quantitative proteomics and bioinformatic prediction of subcellular localization was shown to have immense potential for process evaluation; even in the case of poorly annotated species such as E. denticulatum. Applying cell wall degrading enzymes markedly improved the relative recovery of intracellular proteins compared to treatment with proteolytic enzymes or no enzymatic treatment. Moreover, results suggest that proteomics data may prove useful for characterizing amino acid composition and that length-normalization is a viable approach for relative protein quantification in non-specific analysis. Importantly, the extracts were abundant in proteins, which contained both previously verified and novel, potential bioactive peptides, highlighting their potential for application as functional food ingredients.

A-posteriori protein-rich dietary patterns and their association with ten-year transition to metabolically unhealthy status: highlights from a population-based cohort study

Abstract Background/Introduction The role of dietary protein on cardiometabolic health remains complex influenced by concomitant changes in overall diet composition. The quality of protein sources is currently suggested as more detrimental than the level of consumption itself. Purpose The association between different protein-rich dietary patterns and 10-year transition to metabolically unhealthy status in a sample from Greece was evaluated. Methods A prospective study was conducted during 2001–2012 studying n=1,514 men and n=1,528 women (&amp;gt;18 years old) free of CVD. Healthy metabolic status was defined as absence of all NCEP ATP III (2005) metabolic syndrome components. Baseline dietary assessment was based on a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary protein was calculated through standardized food database. Follow-up cardiometabolic assessment (2011–2012) was achieved in n=2,020 participants. Protein-rich dietary patterns were derived through factor analysis in the subsample of participants with high daily protein intake (&amp;gt;15% of total energy intake corresponding to the median consumption level). Patterns were named according to food scores that correlated most with the factor (scores&amp;gt;0.5). Results Overall, six of ten participants lost their metabolically healthy status within a decade. Multiadjusted analysis revealed an inverse yet non-significant association between total energy-standardized protein intake and transition to metabolically unhealthy status [Odds ratio (OR) (high vs. low protein intake)=0.59, 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) (0.32, 1.10), p=0.09]. Factor analysis extracted three protein-rich dietary patterns, explained 55% of the total variation in intake. Factor A was characterized by increased consumption of processed meet, unprocessed red meat and eggs, factor B was characterized by increased consumption of nuts and seeds, legumes, whole grain products and fish while factor C was characterized by increased consumption of dairy products, poultry and vegetables. Multiadjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that factor B had the strongest protective effect against 10-year transition to metabolically unhealthy status [ORper 1 point increase in factor B score=0.74, 95% CI (0.60, 0.85), p=0.01] followed by a marginally protective effect of factor C [ORper 1 point increase in factor C score=0.89, 95% CI (0.73, 1.05), p=0.07]. Participants with higher adherence to factor A had an increased likelihood to lose their metabolically healthy status [ORper 1 point increase in factor A score=1.15, 95% CI (1.02, 1.30), p=0.04]. Conclusions The present work confirms that within an increased level of dietary protein intake, different cardiometabolic outcomes were observed according to the quality of protein food sources consumed. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

A modular environmental and economic assessment applied to the production of Hermetia illucens larvae as a protein source for food and feed

PurposeThe inclusion of insect protein into the food system has been proposed as a promising solution to ensure future food security and mitigate negative environmental impacts related to food production. However, the market volume for edible insects in Europe is still small; consequently, producers need a decision-support system to ensure the sustainable upscaling of the sector. The study analyzed environmental and economic impacts of insect production to identify the most eco-efficient production scenarios.MethodsA novel modular eco-efficiency assessment approach was developed to analyze the production of dried Hermetia illucens larvae. An exemplary, industrial-scale insect production system was disaggregated into a total of 29 module variants that can be combined into 4608 distinct production scenarios, which are characterized by different feeds, energy efficiencies, and processing technologies. Environmental life cycle and cost assessments were carried out for each module variant, and eco-efficiency assessment was used to jointly assess these two sustainability dimensions. Additionally, the influence of the insect feed on the production system performance and impact was investigated by employing feed-specific scaling factors. These were used to aggregate module results into production scenario results.Results and discussionThe most eco-efficient production scenarios include energy-efficient rearing facilities that rely on blanching and microwave drying for processing. The insect feed is the largest contributor to the environmental impacts and costs, but from an eco-efficiency standpoint, the choice of feed might not be crucial. Waste-type feeds (e.g., manure, fruit, and vegetable waste) have low environmental impacts and costs, but the production scenarios based on these feeds are less efficient. The low impacts of the feed are offset by higher impacts during the rearing and processing stages. Conversely, scenarios based on higher quality feeds (e.g., by-products like wheat middlings or distiller’s grains) require less resources, but the initial feed impacts and costs are higher. Moreover, of the feed types studied, only highly processed ones, such as compound chicken feed, should be avoided for insect rearing.ConclusionsThe developed modular assessment approach is efficient in assessing multiple potential insect production scenarios. It can be adapted to incorporate additional variations of the production system via additional modules. Limitations include the potential for redundant module combinations and the up-front time investment needed. Finally, the results are sensitive to methodological choices: thus, these should be carefully considered and communicated during the design of the modular assessment system.