Protein Energy Ratio Research Articles

Результаты выращивания молоди ленского осетра (Acipenser baerii Brandt) в УЗВ на различных рецептурах кормов

The effect of Aller Arrow S and Aller Trident S formula feeds on the growth, development and accumulation of fat in the muscles of Lena sturgeon juveniles raised in the conditions of ultrasonic testing for a repair herd was studied. The obtained results of cultivation indicate the effectiveness of the use of Aller Arrow feeds to reduce fat accumulation. It is shown that production feeds with a fat content of 14% and a higher (by 4%) energy-protein ratio contribute to an increase in the fatness coefficient and a decrease in the progonicity index, their use leads to an increase in liver weight by 48.5% (p≥0.05), and the gastrointestinal tract by 5.6%. The ratio of connective and adipose tissues, the density of muscle fibers indicates a more intensive accumulation of fat when using Aller Trident S, which indirectly indicates a higher energy (gastronomic) value of meat, due to an increase in its caloric content. According to the average final mass, mass accumulation coefficient, yield and growth of ichthyomass, relative growth rate, average daily growth, the best results were obtained in juveniles raised on production feed, the economic effect was 400 rubles/m3 of the pool.

Phenotypic and genotypic traits governing adaptive capacity of indigenous Salem Black goats subjected to protein energy alterations in the diet

A study was conducted to assess the different proportions of protein energy ratio on the adaptive capabilities of Salem Black goats based on changes in both phenotypic and selective genotypic traits. Forty adult Salem Black does (average body weight (BW) 16.0 kg) were divided into five groups, GI (n = 8; ICAR recommended; crude protein (CP) 80 g and total digestible nutrients (TDN) 358 g); GII (n = 8; 50 % Low Protein and Normal Energy; CP 40 g and TDN- 358 g); GIII (n = 8; Normal Protein and 50 % Low Energy; CP 80 g and TDN 179 g), GIV (n = 8; 50 % Low Protein and 50 % Low Energy; CP 40 g and TDN 179 g) and GV (n = 8; 70 % Low Protein and 70 % Low Energy; CP 24 g and TDN 107 g). The results indicated that the alteration in protein energy composition of the diet did not influence any of the physiological and endocrine variables. However, the alteration in the feed composition changed the molecular adaptation process by inducing changes (P < 0.05) in the expression pattern of selective (heat shock protein) HSPs genes. Further, it was observed that the gene expression patterns were sensitive to energy component of the diet rather than protein content. This was evident from the fact that when energy content was not compromised the Salem black goat was able to mount appropriate stress response. Thus, the study signified the importance of ensuring optimum nutrient requirement to cope with the existing environmental condition. In addition, the study also identified heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), heat shock factor binding protein 1 (HSBP1), HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 and HSP110 could serve as reliable biomarkers for nutritional stress in Salem Black goat.

Food Preferences of Patients with Citrin Deficiency.

Citrin deficiency is characterized by a wide range of symptoms from infancy through adulthood and presents a distinct preference for a diet composed of high protein, high fat, and low carbohydrate. The present study elucidates the important criteria by patients with citrin deficiency for food selection through detailed analysis of their food preferences. The survey was conducted in 70 citrin-deficient patients aged 2–63 years and 55 control subjects aged 2–74 years and inquired about their preference for 435 food items using a scale of 1–4 (the higher, the more favored). The results showed that the foods marked as “dislike” accounted for 36.5% in the patient group, significantly higher than the 16.0% in the controls. The results also showed that patients clearly disliked foods with 20–24 (% of energy) or less protein, 45–54% (of energy) or less fat, and 30–39% (of energy) or more carbohydrate. Multiple regression analysis showed carbohydrates had the strongest influence on patients’ food preference (β = −0.503). It also showed female patients had a stronger aversion to foods with high carbohydrates than males. The protein, fat, and carbohydrate energy ratio (PFC) of highly favored foods among patients was almost the same as the average PFC ratio of their daily diet (protein 20–22: fat 47–51: carbohydrates 28–32). The data strongly suggest that from early infancy, patients start aspiring to a nutritional balance that can compensate for the metabolism dissonance caused by citrin deficiency in every food.

Composition and nutritional value of traditional rural Iranian foods

There are a limited number of studies available on the composition and nutritional value of traditional rural foods in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this study, an attempt was made to collect information on these foods through a questionnaire by health workers in rural areas of northern, southern, eastern, western and central regions of the country. A total of 24 traditional rural foods and composite dishes were identified. Eshkeneh-daneh and ab-baneh contained high energy and protein contents among plant and mixed [plant and animal] foods, respectively. Their energy density and protein-energy ratio were very high. The calcium content was relatively high in ab-baneh, but the iron content rather low in both. Melon seed in eshkeneh-daneh and local nuts in ab-baneh were the main ingredients in these composite dishes

Применение солодовых ростков в комбикормах КР-1 при кормлении молодняка крупного рогатого скота

Aim. Development of KR-1 concentrate compound feed compositions with the inclusion of malt sprouts, determination of the optimal rates for the introduction of malt sprouts into the compound feed for calves aged 10-75 days. Materials and Methods. In the course of the study, zootechnical, biochemical and mathematical methods of analysis were used. The obtained digital material was processed by the method of variation statistics, taking into account the Student's t-test, using the Microsoft Excel software package. Results. On the basis of the control feedings carried out for the period of the experiment, the actual diet of calves was established, which consisted of 64-67% milk and 24-25% of the starter compound feed. The rest of the ration consisted of corn and oats, cereal-legume hay and forb haylage. In terms of nutritional value and metabolic energy content, the differences between the groups were minimal from 2.27 feed. Units and 21 mj in 1 control up to 2.3 feed. Units and 21.7 mj in 2 experimental. The results of groups 3 and 4 were within the ranges listed above. The difference in the consumption of dry matter is slightly greater, so in the control group – 1396 g, in the experimental group it is 5.6-6.9% more. The higher consumption of compound feed by the experimental animals also contributed to the higher level of protein in the diet of 322-324 g versus 306 g in the control. As a result of feeding various mixed fodders, it was found that the sugar-protein ratio was 1.04 in the control, in the experimental ones it was at the level of 0.98-1.0, the energy-protein ratio was 0.3, the gross energy of the diet was 28.4 mj in the control. Experienced 29.9-30.2 mj, the coefficient of energy use to maintain 0.8, the ratio of calcium to phosphorus in all diets was 1.24-1.27 Conclusion. The highest productivity was noted in calves of the 2nd experimental group containing 5% malt sprouts in the compound feed, which amounted to an average of 806 g per head per day for 65 days of the experiment. Increase in the concentration of malt sprouts in compound feed by 5 and 10 pp. reduced live weight gain by 1.4 and 7.5%, respectively. Given that the 5% level in compound feed allowed an increase in growth by 9.3%. This influence, both positive in the 2nd experimental group, and negative in the 3rd and 4th groups, was also reflected in the feed costs for obtaining an increase, decreasing them by 7.3% and increasing by 2.3 and 8.5%, respectively. As a result, the expenditures of metabolic energy per 1 kg of gain in the control group were lower than in 3 and 4 experimental groups, the same tendency persisted in the consumption of crude protein for gain. More detailed indicators of the energy efficiency of the fed rations showed that the energy gain was 8.05 MJ in the 2 experimental group, which was fed with compound feed with 5% malt sprouts, the second result was a control of 7.1 MJ, and the 3 and 4 experimental groups were 1.5 and 9 , 2% were lower, respectively. The expenditures of exchange energy per 1 MJ in the increase in live weight in the 2 experimental group were lower than the control indicator by 0.26 MJ, and in the 3 experimental group – by 0.39 and in the 4 – by 0.64 MJ higher.

Relationship between nutrients intake during pregnancy and the glycemic control effect in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective To explore the relationship between nutrients intake during pregnancy and the glycemic control effect in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods Pregnant women for 25-35 gestational weeks who underwent prenatal examination and completed GDM diagnostic test in two third-class hospitals in Beijing from October 2015 to October 2017 were recruited to participate in the cohort study, and were investigated at enrollment, 2 weeks after enrollment, and delivery. The cross-sectional survey data 2 weeks after enrollment was used for this study. Among them, dietary survey used the 24 h dietary records to collect the food intake of the subjects for the past day, and the intake of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients, was calculated according to the Chinese Food Composition Table. Using the data of fasting blood glucose (FBG) collected by clinical information system and referring to the Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pregnancy Diabetes (2014), the GDM patients with FBG ≤5.3 mmol/L were divided into the well-control group, those with FBG >5.3 mmol/L were divided into poorly-control group, and pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance were consi-dered as the normal group. Binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the nutrients intake and glycemic control effect in pregnant women with GDM. Results A total of 227 pregnant women were enrolled, including 104 GDM patients and 123 normal pregnancy women. Among them, 76 subjects in the well-control group (73.1%, 76/104) and 28 subjects in the poorly-control group (26.9%, 28/104). Compared with the well-control group and the normal group, the protein intake and its energy ratio of the poorly-control group were significantly higher, while carbohydrate energy ratio was significantly lower. In terms of micronutrients, there was no significant difference between the well-control group and the poorly-control group. After adjusting for age, gestational age and physical activity level, with the well-control group as the control group, binary Logistic regression model showed that higher protein energy ratio was positively correlated with poorly glycemic control effect in pregnant women with GDM (OR=6.12, 95%CI: 1.44-25.98), while higher carbohydrate energy ratio was negatively correlated with poorly glycemic control (OR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.32-0.91). Conclusion Reduced protein intake and increased carbohydrate intake were associated with better glycemic control in pregnant women with GDM. It is suggested that GDM patients should adjust their dietary pattern further to achieve good glycemic control effect.

Study on the association between macronutrients intake and abdominal obesity in Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17 years

Objective To explore the effect of macronutrient energy supply ratios on precentral obesity/central obesity in children and adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on children and adolescents aged 7-17 year. Dietary and waist circumference data were collected from the six rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) during 1997 to 2011. According to the research criteria of National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, precentral obesity/central obesity in children and adolescents was determined. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between macronutrient energy supply ratios and precentral obesity/central obesity. Results After adjusting confounders, the group with more than 30% fat supply increased the risk of precentral obesity/central obesity (OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.12-1.48) compared with the group with fat energy supply less than 25%. Compared with the protein energy ratio less than 10% group, the ratio greater than or equal to 15% group increased the risk of precentral obesity/central obesity (OR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.19-1.82). The risk ofprecentral obesity/central obesity were both decreased in the 55% to 65% group (OR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.64-0.87) and ratio greater than or equal to 65% group (OR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.58-0.80) compared with the group with a carbohydrate energy supply ratio of less than 55%. The increased risk of precentral obesity/central obesity was greater in boys with protein energy ratio greater than or equal to 15% than in girls (OR=1.78, 95% CI: 1.31-2.41, interaction P=0.011). Conclusion Dietary structure of children and adolescents with lower carbohydrate energy ratio and higher fat and protein energy ratio increase the risk of precentral obesity/central obesity.

Consumption of ultra-processed foods and relationship between nutrient intake and obesity among participants undergoing specific health checkups provided by National Health Insurance

Objective Obesity associated with an increased consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been reported by studies abroad using the NOVA food classification system, an international framework for classifying food according to the degree of processing. However, no such study has been conducted in Japan. In this study, we evaluated the association between UPF consumption, nutrient intake, and obesity using the NOVA system.Method In September 2017, we conducted a survey using a questionnaire of patients who had attended routine health checkups in Manazuru Town, Kanagawa Prefecture and collected their three-day dietary records as well as medical examination results. The final analysis included 169 patients (66 men, 103 women). Food consumed by the respondents were classified into four groups of NOVA systems. The dietary share of UPF (UPF energy ratio) was compared to total energy intake (except alcoholic beverages and eating out). Nutrient intake and obesity risk were compared across the UPF energy ratio tertile (low, middle, and high intake). Covariance and logistic regression analysis were conducted and adjusted based on age, sex, household structure, education, income, and total energy intake (except energy-providing nutrients, macronutrients, and protein intake per body weight) to analyze the association between UPF consumption and nutrient intake. Finally, for obesity, we adjusted for physical activity and smoking status using a similar analysis of the relationship between UPF consumption and energy providing nutrients and macronutrients.Result Approximately 75% of patients investigated were older than 65 years. The average (standard deviation) UPF energy ratio was 29.7% (15.0). There were no significant differences in socioeconomic status among groups according to the UPF energy ratio. The high-UPF group had a significantly greater total energy intake. However, the protein energy ratio, protein intake per body weight, dietary fiber, and vitamins A, E, K, B1, B6, C, niacin, folic acid, potassium, magnesium, and iron intake were significantly lower in the high-UPF group. Moreover, the high-UPF group had a significantly higher BMI. The odds ratio for obesity was higher (4.51[1.50-13.57]) in the high-UPF group than in the low-UPF group (1.00).Conclusion Those who consumed more UPF had lower protein intake and suffered from multiple vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Furthermore, their energy intake was greater, and the odds ratio for obesity was significantly higher. It has been suggested that excessive UPF consumption warrants further attention.

Relationship between the rate of a decreased oral function and the nutrient intake in community-dwelling older persons: An examination using oral function-related items in a questionnaire for latter-stage elderly people

To determine the rate of a decreased oral function using questions from the Kihon checklist corresponding to the Questionnaire for Latter-stage Elderly People and to clarify nutrient intake in older persons. This study targeted 511 older people (217 men, 294 women, average age 73.1±5.6 years old). Their oral function was evaluated using questions on the masticatory function and swallowing function from the Kihon checklist, corresponding to questions on the oral function in the Questionnaire for Latter-stage Elderly People. Participants who had at least one symptom measured were defined as the applicable group (AG). In addition, to evaluate the nutrient intake of the participants, interviews were conducted using the Food Frequency Questionnaire Based on Food Groups. The rate of inclusion in the AG was 32.9% for the total sample, 28.2% for early-stage elderly people, and 40.1% for latter-stage elderly people. The AG rates did not differ significantly between men and women. For latter-stage elderly people, the protein-energy ratio and intakes of total energy, protein, pantothenic acid, folic acid, vitamin B6, niacin, vitamin K, copper, zinc, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and total dietary fiber were significantly lower in the AG than in the non-AG. The evaluation of placement in the AG through questions on the oral function from the Kihon checklist corresponding to the Questionnaire for Latter-stage Elderly People demonstrated that the rate of a decreased oral function was higher in latter-stage elderly people than in early-stage elderly people. In addition, the latter-stage elderly people in the AG had a lower nutrient intake.

Digestible energy, protein, and energy–protein ratio requirements of Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum

AbstractThe use of novel aquaculture species depends on the determination of their nutritional requirements. This study aims at determining dietary protein, energy, and protein–energy ratio requirements of juvenile striped surubim, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum, an economically important carnivorous South American catfish for capture fisheries and highly regarded for fish farming purposes. Juvenile striped surubim (53.6 ± 1.30 g, n = 525) were randomly stocked (n = 7) in 75 test cages (210 L) and hand fed for 60 days, two daily meals, with 25 diets formulated to contain five levels of digestible protein (DP) (320, 360, 400, 440, and 480 g/kg) and five levels of digestible energy (DE) (15.1, 15.6, 16.1, 16.6, and 17.2 MJ/kg) in a completely randomized design, 5 × 5 factorial scheme (n = 3). Dietary energy and protein level affected performance, feed efficiency, and metabolism while the whole‐body composition was not affected by diets. Estimated dietary requirements for the best performance and best nutrient retention were 15.1 MJ/kg DE and 390 g/kg DP, therefore a 25.9 g/MJ of DP:DE ratio.

Prevalence of Chronic Constipation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and their Overlap, among Female Undergraduate Students in Japan

Chronic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are two of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders, both of which negatively affect the quality of life of the patients. Since people may have co-existing symptoms of multiple disorders, chronic constipation and IBS with predominant constipation cannot be clearly distinguished. In this cross-sectional study, data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires to assess the prevalence of chronic constipation and IBS, and their overlap, among female undergraduate students in Japan. We also assessed the participants’ mental status, physical activity, lifestyle, and dietary intake, each of which can influence chronic constipation and IBS. These parameters were assessed using a Japanese version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale, and an established semi-quantitative questionnaire available for clinical investigation (FFQg).Among the 131 participants, 9.2% had chronic constipation and 18.0% had IBS, while 2 (1.7%) participants had both constipation and IBS. Increased body mass index and higher dietary intake of protein (energy ratio), fat (energy ratio), cholesterol, animal protein (ratio), animal fat (ratio), and meat and eggs, and decreased carbohydrate energy ratio and vegetable fat ratio, were associated with chronic constipation. A state of anxiety tended to be associated with IBS, but in contrast to the results for chronic constipation, the dietary intake of the nutrients and types of food examined were not associated with IBS, except for the “snacks food group”. The results suggest that overlap between chronic constipation and IBS was not common, and that these two disorders had different clinical characteristics and backgrounds.

Age-related differences in height gain with dairy protein and micronutrient supplements in Indian primary school children.

The efficacy of nutrient interventions to prevent/reverse stunting is considered to be restricted to early life. Whether such interventions are equally effective in later childhood is not clear. The present study evaluated the effect of a food-based high-quality protein and micronutrient intervention on the linear growth of Indian primary school children. A secondary analysis of a one-year milkprotein and micronutrient fortified food product intervention (protein-energy ratio: 12.8%) on the height of 550 children aged 6-10 years, of poor-socioeconomic background, was carried out. Height and weight increments were compared between groups of each year of age using multiple linear regression. Comparisons in prevalence of stunting and underweight between these groups was also made. The overall mean height increment at the end of 1-year was 6.10±1.07 cm, the highest being for 6-year olds (6.38±0.84 cm). The mean height increments in 6, 7 and 8-year-olds were significantly higher (all p<0.05) than the expected median growth. Height-forage score increased across all age-groups (by 0.14±0.18) and was significantly higher in 6-year olds compared to the rest. Stunting reduced by 12% in 6- year olds in comparison to the older age-groups. No significant association was observed between height gain and gender. The increased BMI-for-age scores were significantly lower for the 6-year olds compared to older children. Food supplements containing high-quality protein (like milk) along with micronutrients, can continue to influence height of children even in primary school, although the most effect is seen in younger children.

Efficiency of energy feed supplement Cobiotic Energy in diets for cows

The influence of feeding high-performance cows of the energy feed additive Cobiotic Energy on the physiological state and productivity have been studied. Experiments have been carried out on with groups of dairy cows with 10 animals each during 55 days. The diet of cows of the first control group consisted of haylage of cereal and leguminous plants, corn silage, molasses, cereal hay, and feed of own production. 0.3 kg of feed additive has been introduced into the diet of animals of the experimental group II 15 days before calving, in the first 10 days after calving, as compensation for energy losses, 0.75 kg 3 times a day. In the next 30 days of the milking season with the ration of animals of the experimental group II, 0.25 kg of Cobiotic Energy has been fed, sprinkling it on top of the feed mixture. It has been established that the use of feed additives in the diets of cows has a positive effect on feed intake, physiological condition and animal productivity. It was determined that concentration of metabolizable energy in 1 kg of dry matter of the diet made 9–16– 9.2 MJ. The diet contained 12.8–13.0 % of crude protein per 1 kg of dry matter, the concentration of fiber in dry matter made 22.3– 22.0 %. The sugar-protein ratio made 1.04:1; 1.0. In terms of energy nutrition, the diet of the experimental group due to the inclusion of the feed supplement was 6 MJ higher, however, it slightly affected concentration of metabolizable energy of the diet. The energy-protein ratio corresponded to 0.2– 0.21. The nitrogen balance in the rumen was positive in all the animals and was at the level of 0.13–0.4 g. Feeding animals with supplement in the diet in the last 15 days of the dry period, during the first 10 days after calving and the next 30 days of the milking period promoted activation of protein biosynthesis and energy metabolism, as evidenced by an increase in serum total protein and its albumin fraction and ultimately increased animal productivity. The studied supplement use in the diets for cows makes it possible to increase performance of cows by 8.0 %, fat content by 0.1 %, protein by 0.24 %, lactose by 0.11 %, reduce the cost of feed for obtaining natural milk by 6.1%. Key words: feed supplement Cobiotic Energy, cows, diets, blood, milk yield, feed costs, milk quality.

Enhanced Protein Diet for Preterm Infants: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial.

To evaluate dietary protein's effect on fat accretion and weight gain in hospitalized preterm infants. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of 36 infants born at <32 weeks, hospitalized in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. After achieving full enteral volume, infants were randomized to either an enhanced protein diet (EPD) (protein-energy ratio [PER] 4 g/100 calories) or a standard protein diet (SPD) (PER 3 g/100 calories). Macronutrients were calculated using published values for formula, donor milk bank analysis, or weekly analysis of a 24-hour pooled maternal milk sample. Human milk fortifier and/or liquid protein were used to achieve the target PER until discharge or a maximum of 4 weeks. Body composition was measured weekly using air displacement plethysmography. The principal outcomes, rates of weight gain and fat accretion, were compared between groups in linear mixed models. Thirty-three infants received approximately 17 days of the study diet. Relative weight gain was 21.6 g · kg · day (95% confidence interval [CI] 19.5-23.8) for the EPD group (n = 16) versus 19.1 g · kg · day (95% CI 17.0-21.2) for the SPD group (n = 17), P = 0.095. Baseline percent fat mass (FM) in the EPD group was 5.15% (95% CI 3.58%-6.72%) compared with 7.29% (95% CI 5.73%-8.84%) in the SPD group, P = 0.0517. Percent FM increased 0.398%/day (95% CI 0.308-0.488) for the EPD group versus 0.284%/day (95% CI 0.190-0.379) for the SPD group (P = 0.0878). Preterm infants with a lower baseline FM percentage who received an EPD demonstrated a more pronounced catch-up percentage of fat accretion.

2275-PUB: Relationship between the Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors and Dietary Intake in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Previous reports on animal studies suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) affect appetite and food intake. However, in humans, the relationship between SGLT2i and changes in the intake of foods and nutrients is not clear. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors and dietary intake in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes using a self-administered dietary history questionnaire (DHQ). Methods: We performed a non-controlled, open-label study, wherein 51 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled from Niigata University and 3 related hospitals between December 2017 and August 2018 (registered at UMIN-CTR as UMIN000023902). They were newly administered empagliflozin, and their dietary habits were examined using the DHQ at the beginning and after six months. We evaluated the relationship between HbA1c and body mass index (BMI) with changes in the intake of foods and nutrients. Results: Forty-nine subjects completed the study (30 males, 62.6 ± 11.0 years old). After 6 months from the start, HbA1c showed a significant improvement from 7.6 ± 1.2 to 7.1 ± 1.0% (p &amp;lt; 0.001), and the BMI decreased from 27.9 ± 5.1 to 26.9 ± 5.2 kg/m2 (p &amp;lt; 0.001). The carbohydrate energy ratio increased from 58.1 ± 8.3% to 60.4 ± 8.3% (p = 0.04) and the protein energy ratio decreased from 14.7 ± 2.4% to 13.5 ± 2.3% (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Regarding intake by food group, the consumption of fruits increased from 87.5 ± 69.1 g to 146.7 ± 204.7 g (p = 0.04), the intake of confectionaries increased from 53.0 ± 43.4 g to 69.3 ± 59.4 g (p = 0.02), and that of fish and shellfish decreased from 83.2 ± 54.7 g to 68.0 ± 36.8 g (p = 0.02). In addition, the reduction in HbA1c was associated with the reduction in BMI, and reduction in BMI was associated with the reduction in the sugar intake. Conclusions: The results suggested that intake of foods and nutrients was changed before and after the initiation of SGLT2i, and that this change could affect the blood glucose levels and BMI. Disclosure H. Kabasawa: Research Support; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., Biotec Japan Corporation, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Forica Foods CO.,LTD., KAMEDA SEIKA CO., LTD., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, MSD K.K, Novo Nordisc Pharma Ltd, Sato Foods Industries CO.,LTD., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical.CO.,LTD., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. M. Hosojima: Research Support; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., Biotech Japan Corporation, Daiichi Sankyo Co.,Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Forica Foods Co.,Ltd., Kameda Seika Co.,Ltd., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, MSD K.K., Novo Nordisc Pharma Ltd., Sato Foods Industries Co.,Ltd., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical.Co.,Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd. T. murayama: None. T. Tanaka: None. S. Kuwahara: None. R. Kaseda: None. Y. Suzuki: None. I. Narita: None. A. Saito: None. Funding Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development

Nilem Carp Fish (Osteochilus hasselti) Performance in Various Feed Energy-Protein Ratios

This study aimed to understand the effects of various energy-protein ratios of feed on nilem carp fish (Osteochilus hasselti) growth. This study was conducted from September to October 2017 at the Laboratory of Building 4, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Padjajaran. The average size of the test fish was ± 7 cm with an average weight of 3 grams. This was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experimental study consisting of 5 treatments and 3 repetition. The treatments given were 5 feed formulas based on different feed protein energy ratios, i.e. treatment A (31% protein, ratio 10), treatment B (31% protein, ratio 8), treatment C (28% protein, ratio 10), D (28% protein, ratio 8), and E (30% protein commercial feed/control). Feed, 5% of the test fish total weight, was provided 3 times a day. Parameters observed were daily growth rate, feed conversion, and survival. Data gained were analyzed using F-test, followed by Duncan Test if differences were found between treatments. Results showed that growth rate and feed conversion of all treatments were not different compared to control. The highest result was found in treatment A (31% protein, ratio 10) with a daily growth rate of 3.99% and feed conversion of 1.95%.

Забезпечення фізіологічних потреб населення України в енергї та білку

The general level of nutrition of the population of Ukraine was studied. The degree of satisfaction of physiological nutritional needs was studied through the main indicators of food quality — energy and protein. As the starting point for this, the Standards for the physiological needs of the population of Ukraine in the main nutrients and energy and the annual statistics were taken. The analysis of the results showed that during the years 2010-2016 the index of physiological norm of consumption of food energy should be in the range of 2457-2380 kcal, in average 2400 kcal. Indicators for protein should be 75,7-75,9 g and 75,4 g respectively. The actual indices for providing physiological nutritional needs for energy and protein were 2983-2742, 2905 kcal, 87,5-84,1, 87,5 g. respectively. The energy-protein ratio during the years 2010-2016 normally should be in the amount of 31,5-31,7 and an average of 31,8 kcal/g. The actual values were at the level of 34,1-32,6 and 33,2 respectively. The indicator of protein-energy ratio, for the years 2010-2016, should normally be in the range of 30,8-31,5 and in average 31,4 g/1000 kcal. Actual values were at the level of 29,3-32,6 and 30,1 g /1000 kcal respectively. The actual average energy-protein ratio was higher for 4,4 percent, while the protein-energy ratio was 4,1 percent lower. The values of the energy-protein and protein-energy ratio indicate the level of physiological fullness of the diet. The obtained results can be used as one of the possible approaches for analyzing the overall quality of the population's nutrition. Key Words: nutrition, energy, protein, physiological norms, energy-protein ratio, protein-energy ratio.

Effect of different dietary protein-energy ratio on growth, feed utilization, body composition and haematological indices of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax fingerlings

This study was conducted to investigate the effect three dietary protein energy ratio on growth performance, feed utilization and haematological indices of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax fingerlings culture in net enclosures (hapa, 30 m-3 each) for 60 days. The experimental treatments were assigned in triplicate. Three test diets were formulated to contain three different protein levels (450, 500, and 550 g kg-1 diet) and three lipid levels (174, 160 and 150 g kg-1 diet) to provided three different dietary protein: energy ratio (P: E ratio: 20 , 23 and 25 mg CP kJ-1 GE g-1, P:E21, P:E23 and P:E25, respectively). A total of 180 European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax with an average initial body weight of 13.0 ± 0.5 g fish-1 were randomly distributed into nine net enclosures measuring (3 × 8 ×1.25m each) at a stocking density of 20 fish per net enclosure. Over the 60-days feeding period, growth, feed utilization efficiency and survival (%) of D. labrax fingerlings was improved significantly (P>0.05) with increasing dietary protein energy ratio up to P:E23compared to P:E25 diets. The same trend was observed for the best feed conversion ratio (FCR). No statistical difference (P ≥ 0.05) was observed for the influence of dietary protein energy ratio on whole body proximate analysis of fish except for protein which recorded the highest values for fish fed P:E23 diet. Mean red blood cell counts (RBCs), mean white blood cell counts (WBCs), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), total plasma protein, total plasma globulin, plasma sodium chloride and glucose of D. labrax fingerlings significantly (P ≥ 0.05) increased for fish fed the diets P:E25 compared to other experimental treatments. An opposite trend was observed for plasma cortisol, albumin, plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values. The obtained findings revealed that, the diet containing 500 g kg-1 protein and 160 g kg-1 lipid with dietary P: E ratio of 23 mg CP kJ GE g-1 is recommended to stimulate growth performance, nutrients utilization efficiency and haematological indices of D. labrax fingerlings

Changes in qualities of potato and potato-soy snacks during high temperature short time (HTST) air puffing

Two different potato based ready-to-eat (RTE) snacks were prepared using high temperature short time (HTST) air puffing followed by oven toasting and evaluated for its nutritional changes that took place during high temperature short time air puffing and oven toasting process. The nutritional composition of initial samples before puffing and oven toasting and final products were measured in terms of moisture content (% db), protein (%), fat (%), ash (%), crude fiber (%), carbohydrates (%, by difference), ascorbic acid content (mg/100g), nitrogen solubility index (%), protein digestibility (%), trypsin inhibitor activity (%), calorific value (Kcal/100g) and protein energy ratio. Significant increase in protein (56.67%), ash (70.49%), crude fiber (27.2%) and protein energy ratio (63.20%) were recorded in RTE potato-soy snack as compared to RTE potato snack due to addition of soy flour (10.26%) in the product.

Interaction of dietary protein and energy-protein ratio on growth performance of snakehead Channa striata

ABSTRACTThe study proposed to discover the optimum protein content and energy-protein ratio in practical diet for snakehead, Channa striata. The experiment applied complete randomized design, consisted of six treatments with four replications on each treatment. The treatments were: A (32.5%; 11.82 kcal GE/g), B (32.5%; 13.32 kcal GE/g), C (37.17%; 10.64 kcal GE/g), D (37.33%; 12.07 kcal GE/g), E (43.08%; 10.02 kcal GE/g), and F (42.88%; 10.66 kcal GE/g). Snakehead with average weight of 6.21 ± 0.03 g were reared for 8 weeks. The treatments showed significant results. Increased protein dietary level had increased the growth rate and treatment with high energy-protein ratio at the same protein dietary level provided better growth performance. However, increased energy-protein ratio at E and F treatments caused a decline in growth performance. The improvement of energy-protein dietary ratio had positive correlation with the level of lipid and protein content in fish body. Similar finding was found in liver and muscle glycogen. The results also showed that the increament of energy-protein dietary ratio was significantly and positively correlated with cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, glucose, and albumin, yet it had no significant effect on LDL. It can be concluded that excellent growth performance was achieved by protein dietary level of 37.33% and energy-protein ratio of 12.07 kcal GE/g.Keywords: energy-protein ratio, growth, snakehead ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh kadar protein dan rasio energi-protein pakan buatan yang optimum bagi performa pertumbuhan ikan gabus. Penelitian ini mengaplikasikan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 6 perlakuan, yaitu: A (32,78%;11,82 kkal GE/g), B (32,56%;13,32 kkal GE/g), C (37,17%:10,64 kkal GE/g), D (37,33%:12,07 kkal GE/g), E (43,08%:10,02 kkal GE/g), dan F (42,88%:10,66 kkal GE/g) dan masing-masing terdiri 4 ulangan. Bobot rata-rata ikan gabus yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 6,21 ± 0,03 g dan dipelihara selama 8 minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kadar protein pakan meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan, dan perlakuan dengan rasio energi-protein tinggi pada level protein pakan yang sama memberikan kinerja pertumbuhan yang lebih baik. Namun demikian, pada perlakuan E dan F, peningkatan rasio energi-protein menyebabkan penurunan kinerja pertumbuhan. Peningkatan rasio energi-protein pakan berkorelasi positif terhadap kadar lemak dan protein tubuh ikan. Hal yang sama juga terjadi pada glikogen hati dan otot. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan rasio energi-protein pakan berpengaruh nyata (P&lt;0,05) dan berkorelasi positif terhadap kolesterol, trigliserida, HDL, dan albumin, tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap LDL (P&gt;0.05). Kesimpulan yang didapat adalah kinerja pertumbuhan optimal dihasilkan oleh kadar protein pakan 37,33% dan rasio energi protein pakan 12,07 kkal GE/g.Kata kunci: albumin, energi, ikan gabus, pertumbuhan, protein