Protein Denaturation Method Research Articles

IN VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-ARTHRITIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF PYRENACANTHA VOLUBILIS (EEPV)

Objectives: The study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Pyrenacantha volubilis (EEPV) using human red blood cells (HRBCs) membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods.
 Methods: In the present study, the in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of EEPV was carried out using HRBC membrane stabilization by hypotonicity-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation using egg albumin methods at various concentrations (100, 200, 400, 800, and 1000) of EEPV. Diclofenac sodium was used as reference standard.
 Results: P. volubilis was effective in inhibiting HRBC membrane stabilization and protein denaturation in a dose-dependent manner and was comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium.
 Conclusion: The study suggests that P. volubilis has potential anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity.

In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the hydroalcoholic extract and its fractions from Leuzea conifera L. roots

ContextThis is the first study on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Leuzea conifera (Asteraceae). ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to evaluate in vitro the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and to determine total phenols, total flavonoids content of different organic extracts of Leuzea conifera roots. Material and methodsThe in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts were examined by three different methods, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), b-carotene and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). The in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Leuzea conifera was determined by protein denaturation method. ResultsIn three methods tested to evaluate the antioxidant activity, ethyl acetate fraction displayed the highest antioxidant capacity (IC50 value: 23.26 ± 0.36 µg/mL in DPPH assay, IC50 value: 7.24 ± 0.25 µg/mL in β-Carotene-linoleic acid assay, and A0.50 value: 11.25 ± 0.27 µg/mL in CUPRAC). In this extract, the amount of total phenolics and total flavonoids were very high (344.98 ± 0.28 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, 186.94 ± 0.33 mg quercetin equivalent/g respectively). As for anti-inflammatory essay, ethyl acetate fraction has good activity (97.48 ± 0.68). ConclusionOrganic extracts of Leuzea conifera roots showed better anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, essentially for the ethyl acetate fraction.

Synthesis, characterization, pharmacological evaluation and molecular docking studies of benzothiazole azo derivatives

A series of novel benzothiazole based azo dyes were synthesized and fully characterized by using different analytical techniques. The antioxidant activity of synthesized azo dyes was studied with the DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, metal chelating and nitric oxide radical methods and compared with the known antioxidant ascorbic acid. Further, the anticancer properties of synthesized azo dyes were carried out against breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines by MTT assay and results revealed that the synthesized compounds exhibited good anticancer property in micro-molar range. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activities of target compounds were also investigated by protein denaturation method and were found to have effective anti-inflammatory property. In order to predict the binding modes and binding affinity of synthesized compounds, they were docked into the active sites of protein B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-xL) to predict their anticancer property. The synthesized compounds were found to have good affinity for B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-xL). A good correlation was found between in-silico docking analysis and in biological screening of all synthesized azo dyes with less binding energies and higher inhibition constants value against the target protein.

In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity and anti-arthritic activity of ethyl acetate extracts of Skimmia anquetilia leaves

Current investigations were carried out for the validation of in-vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic property of leaves of Skimmia anquetilia using red blood cells membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods respectively. Defatted ethylacetate extracts at different concentration levels (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/ml) were used in these studies. Dose dependent inhibition of protein denaturation was found 92.41% at 400 mg/ml of extracts and 96.21 % at 100 mg/ml of acetyl salicylic acid as standard in antiarthritic study. Similarly, in membrane stabilization methods, maximum effect found 90.70 % at 400 mg/ml of extracts and 94.88 % at 100 mg/ml of diclofenac sodium as standard for anti-inflammatory evaluation. The results concluded that, ethyl acetate extract of S. anquetilia leaves has shown significant (*aP<0.05) anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects.

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of New Schiff Base Ligand derived from 3-hydroxy-benzaldehyde and p-toluidine and its Divalent Metal Ions

A new Schiff base ligand (L) and its transition divalent metal complexes were prepared by the condensation reaction; Reaction was carried out at 70-80 oC by refluxing equimolar ratio of toluidine and aldehyde by continuous stirring for 5-6 hours. Synthesized ligand and Ni(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Mn(II) and Zn(II) bimetallic complexes were characterized by using FT-IR, UV-visible spectroscopy, AAS, Single crystal X-ray analysis, 1H-NMR, molar conductance. Compounds were screened against two fungus Candida glabrata and Candida albicans by agar tube dilution protocol. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity via induced paw edema method and in vitro results by heat induced protein denaturation method were checked. Synthesized compounds were also showed antioxidant activity by using DPPH (diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) and Trolox was used as standard. These studies show that ligand and almost all metal complexes are reactive towards biological assays against reported standard drugs. Zn-L indicates more activeness for antioxidant activity and free ligand while Co-L recognized as more effective anti-inflammatory drug.

Synthesis, characterization, in silico studies and in vitro biological evaluation of isoniazid-hydrazone complexes

Isoniazid-hydrazone complexes (IHCs) were synthesized and thoroughly characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques. The anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities were tested for the IHCs using protein denaturation methods and the α-amylase inhibitory method. The molecular modeling studies for IHCs were investigated and their molecular parameters were calculated using Density Functional Theory methods. The IHCs showed lower band gap and higher electrophilicity index values. Further, molecular docking studies were investigated against the α-amylase enzyme to compare the experimental results. The isoniazid hydrazone-salicylic acid complex (3c) showed five hydrogen bonding interactions with amino acid residues of the α-amylase enzyme (1HNY).

Pharmacological evidence of Vitex thyrsiflora, Entandrophragma cylindricum, and Anonidium mannii used for the management of inflammation in Cameroon.

Background Inflammation is the most common health problem faced in life relating to a vast number of diseases. The present study evaluated the pharmacological effect of three plants (Vitex thyrsiflora, Entandrophragma cylindricum, and Anonidium mannii) commonly used in the Cameroon pharmacopeia for the management of inflammatory response. Methods The pharmacological effect was characterized by the antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties of the ethanol extracts of the three plants. Antioxidant capacity was determined using total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, hydrogen peroxide, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vitro by protein denaturation and hypotonic-induced hemolysis methods and in vivo by carrageenan paw edema method. Analgesic and antipyretic activities were studied in vivo using acetic acid-induced writhing and brewer's yeast-induced hyperpyrexia models. Results All selected extracts showed high phenolic (15.93-64.45 mgCAE/g) and flavonoid (336.03-1053.48 mgCAE/g) contents and high ferric reducing power (288.75-364.91 mgCAE/g). These extracts exhibited good DPPH (IC50 = 0.30-1.65 μg/mL), ABTS (IC50 = 0.52-1.90 μg/mL), and H2O2 (IC50 = 1.40-3.55 μg/mL) radical scavenging activities. All extracts inhibited protein denaturation (6.79-82.27%) and protected the erythrocyte membrane from lysis induced by hypotonic solution (18.90-88.00%). The extracts significantly reduced dose-dependent paw edema (p < 0.05), fever, and abdominal writhing (p < 0.001) especially at 400 mg/kg. Conclusions All extracts exhibited interesting antioxidant properties, as well as significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects.

Anti-oxidant and anti-arthritic potential of Ayurvedic formulations: Maharasnadi quath extract and Stifain tablet

Traditional system of medicines has been in use since ages throughout the world. Ayurvedic granthokt extracts have been in use to treat many disorders which are either non-communicable or lifestyle oriented or due to stress. Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the autoimmune disorder which might arise due to faulty metabolism of body or stress. It is a chronic inflammatory disorder which results in severe pain, discomfort and sometimes disability in the patients. Modern medicines aims to reduce pain but the root cause remains unattended. Hence the main objective was to assess the in vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory activity of the Ayurvedic formulation Maharasnadi kwath extract and Stifain tablet. The Antioxidant properties of the Maharasnadi kwath and Stifain tablet were evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was estimated by inhibition of protein denaturation method. The aqueous extract of Maharasnadi and Stifain tablet showed good anti-inflammatory activities and potent antioxidant capacity. Keywords: Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory activity, Albumin denaturation, Maharasnadi kwath, Stifain tablet, Nervous system.

Evaluation of the In Vitro Wound-Healing Activity and Phytochemical Characterization of Propolis and Honey

Honey and propolis are natural substances produced by Apis mellifera that contain flavonoids, phenolic acids, and several other phytochemicals. The aim of this study was to phytochemically characterize three different types of honey and propolis, both separately and mixed, and to evaluate their wound-healing activity. Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu’s and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by both the DPPH free radical scavenging assay and β-carotene bleaching test, and the anti-inflammatory activity was determined by a protein denaturation method. To evaluate the wound-healing activity of the samples, NHDF cells were subjected to a wound scratch assay. The obtained results showed that dark-brown honey presents a higher concentration of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as well as higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Propolis samples had the highest concentrations in bioactive compounds. Examining the microscopic images, it was possible to verify that the samples promote cell migration, demonstrating the wound-healing potential of honey and propolis.

Pharamacognostic Profile and Comparative in vitro Anti- Inflammatory Activity Study of Ethanomedicinal Plants of North East India

Background: In ethno-medicinal practices, the leaves of Alocasia macrrorhizos, Canavalia ensiformis, Amaranthus cruentus, Averrhoea carambola, Bauhina tenifloara and Capsicum Chinese have different pharmacological activities. The problem encountered with the proper utilization of herbal drugs is lack of documentation and standard parameter, which create problem in acceptance and importance of these plants. Objective: The objectives of our study are to establish scientifically evaluated pharmacognostic profile and in vitro antiinflammatory screening of six plants. Methods: Leaf sample from each plant was evaluated by macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical parameters (As per WHO recommended methods of standardization). The anti-inflammatory activity screening of methanolic extracts was carried out against inhibition of protein denaturation method taking diclofenac sodium as a benchmark. Results: The macroscopic characteristic and microscopical evaluation reveals the type of stomata within the leaves and presence of parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, upper epidemis, lower epidermis, vascular bundle, palisade cells and trichomes in the transverse section of leaves. Physicochemical parameter reveals the total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble, methanol soluble extractives and moisture content. The IC50 value of MEAM, MECE, MEAC, MEAC1, MECC and MEBT against inhibiton of protein denaturation was found to be 72.88, 841.78, 735.12, 303.75, 188, and 354.1855 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The present study contributes useful information that will help in the exact identification as well as assessment of purity of crude drugs. Methanolic extract of Alocasia macrorrhizos could be a potential anti-inflammatory agent from the natural sources.

Fibrinolytic, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Potentialities of Extracts and Chemical Constituents of Manglicolous Lichen, Graphis ajarekarii Patw. &amp; C. R. Kulk

Background: Lichens which are betide to mangroves are termed as Manglicolous Lichens (ML). As these ML are habituated under stress conditions, they are screened for unique metabolites and biological activities. Objective: The study aimed to establish the chemical and biological profile of ML, Graphis ajarekarii. Methods: The Ethyl Acetate Extract of G. ajarekarii (EAE) was subjected to chromatographic techniques and the obtained isolates were characterized by spectroscopic analysis. The hydroalcoholic extract of G. ajarekarii (AE), EAE, isolates and Hydroalcoholic Extract of host (HE) were evaluated for fibrinolytic (fibrin clot method), in vitro (protein denaturation method) and in vivo (formalin-induced rat paw oedema assay), anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity (MTT assay) activities. Results: Chemical investigation of the EAE led to the isolation of two known compounds namely atranorin (1) and ribenone (2), which were confirmed by spectral data. The AE and EAE gradually lysed the fibrin clot with 94.54 and 65.07%, respectively, at 24 h. The AE inhibited protein denaturation of about 88.06%, while the standard (Indomethacin) with 93.62%. Similarly, the in vivo antiinflammatory analysis of AE (200 mg/mL) showed potent reduction of rat paw oedema than the standard, whereas EAE and 1 depicted moderate depletion. In addition, the AE revealed prominence inhibition on MCF-7, DU145 and K-562 with IC50 values of 69.5, 42.5 and 38 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the HE exhibited mild inhibitory profile against fibrin clot, inflammation and cancer. Conclusion: From the results, it can be concluded that the G. ajarekarii has an aptitude to act against coagulation, inflammation and cancer cells.

Preliminary Phyto-pharmacological Investigation of Duabanga Grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walpers

The methanolic extract of Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walpers leaves was investigated to explore in-vitro anti-arthritic, thrombolytic and antioxidant potential and subsequent detection of preliminary phytochemicals. It is used for treating various diseases by folk practitioners and rural people. Initially, BSA protein denaturation method was employed to evaluate in-vitro anti-arthritic potency, where the extract exhibited potent anti-arthritic activity with 73.52±1.01% inhibition of BSA denaturation at a dose of 1000 μg/ml compared to the standard dichlofenac sodium (83.66±1.03% inhibition at 1000 μg/ml dose). In-vitro thrombolytic efficacy was determined using streptokinase (positive control) and water (negative control), and the average lysis of blood clot was found to be 31.12±1.09%, which is indicative towards the thrombolytic effect of the extract. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH radical scavenging method followed by the total phenolic and flavonoid content determination. The crude methanolic extract revealed the IC50 value of 129.31μg/ml and 204.89μg/ml against DPPH and standard ascorbic acid, respectively. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the plant leaves were observed to be 52.81±1.74μg/ml and 25.77±1.01μg/ml, respectively. The results indicate that the leaves of D. grandiflora possess favorable anti-arthritic activity, moderate thrombolytic and excellent antioxidant activity, which is demonstrating the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids and many other biologically important phyto-constituents that needs further exploration. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 23(1): 54-60, 2020

In vitro anti-arthritic activity of cnidoscolus aconitifolius latex extract by protein denaturation method

In vitro anti-arthritic activity of cnidoscolus aconitifolius latex extract by protein denaturation method

In vitro anti arthritic activity of Opuntia stricta

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory and systemic auto immune disease affecting people predominantly between the ages of 20-50 years with unpredictable course. About 1% of the world&#39;s population is afflicted by rheumatoid arthritis and is two to three times more common in women than men. Allopathic medications have been prescribed to alleviate symptoms of this disease which results into associated side effects like heart attack, stroke, stomach ulcers, bleeding from the digestive tract, and kidney damage etc. Hence the use of herbal medicine is becoming popular due to toxicity and side effects of allopathic medicines. The present study reveals that plant Opuntia stricta possess in vitro anti arthritic activity. In vitro anti arthritic activity done by protein denaturation method. The activity may be due to presence of secondary metabolites. The plant extracts showed anti arthritic activity in a concentration dependent manner and the activity was increased on increasing the concentration of extracts.

Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-arthritic Activity of Ficus carica Leaves

Arthritis is one of the foremost health troubles worldwide, leading causes of disability in western and developing countries. Therapies developed along the principles of western medicine are often limited in efficacy, carry the risk of adverse effects, and are often too costly, especially for the developing world. Therefore, treating arthritis with plant derived compounds which are accessible and do not require laborious pharmaceutical synthesis seems highly attractive. Ficus carica (Common Figs) is the one of the important medicinal plant in Moraceae family. Ficus carica root and leaves are used in the native system of medicine in different disorders such as gastrointestinal, respiratory, inflammatory and cardiovascular disorders and as antispasmodic. Since there is no scientific evidence for antiinflammatory and antiarthritic activity of Ficus carica, therefore current research is aimed to evaluate the antiinflammatory and antiarthritic activity of Ficus carica. Anti-arthritic activity of aqueous extract of Ficus carica was studied significantly by using in vitro inhibition of protein denaturation method (BSA, egg albumin). Extract of Ficus carica at 3 different concentration provided significant protection against denaturation of proteins. The plant contains secondary metabolites eg: steroids, Triterpenoids, alkaloids and flavanoids. These constituents are responsible for this activity. Mechanism of denaturation probably involves alteration in electrostatic, hydrogen, hydrophobic and disulphide bonding. Hence proper isolation of active principles might help in the findings of new lead compounds in the fields of anti-arthritic drug research obtained data stated that Ficus carica extract could be used as potent anti-arthritic agent.

Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Titanium(IV) Doped Hydroxyapatite and its Antibacterial Activities

A rapid, efficient and cost-effective method for the synthesis of titanium(IV) doped hydroxyapatite using microwave assisted wet chemical method is reported. The synthesized hydroxyapatite and titanium(IV) doped hydroxyapatite (THA) samples were characterized by using XRD, FTIR and HR-TEM with EDAX. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was investigated by using the disc diffusion method showed good results. The anti-inflammatory activity by using the protein denaturation method proves to be less inflammable for in vivo applications. The hemolytic test showed that the samples are less hemolytic.

Brachychiton populneus as a novel source of bioactive ingredients with therapeutic effects: antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, anti-inflammatory properties and LC-ESI-MS profile.

Brachychiton populneus is one of the unexploited Tunisian plants, traditionally eaten as food and used for medicinal purposes. The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical components of the seeds, leaves and flowers from B. populneus using three different solvents and to explore their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Further, this study was focused on the identification of phenolic compounds from the most active extract. In vitro, all extracts showed strong antioxidant property by DPPH, ferrous ion chelating and lipid peroxidation-inhibiting assays, noticeable anti-inflammatory activity by protein denaturation and membrane stabilization methods and important neuroprotective effects by acetylcholinesterase inhibitory test. In vivo, B. populneus (50, 100 and 200mg/kg, i.p.) showed significant dose-response anti-inflammatory effects against carrageenan-induced paw edema. With respect to the phenolic profile, the leaf methanol extract presented eight phenolic acids, one flavone and four flavonoids, with salvianolic acid B (820.3mg/kg), caffeic acid (224.03mg/kg), syringic acid (100.2mg/kg) and trans-ferulic acid (60.02mg/kg) as the major compounds. The results of the current study suggested that B. populneus could be a precious source of health-benefitting biomolecules and may be developed as new antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and AChE inhibitors.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 3-Formyl, 7-Flavonols Derivatives by Microwave Enhanced Chemistry Assisted - Vilsmeier Haack Synthesis

In the modern medicines the novel and active molecules are essential to act against various diseases and increase the needs day by day due to population increase. In view of that, we attempt to make a variety of synthetic molecules against inflammation by a new and popular greener microwave assisted and faster method such as Microwave Enhanced Chemistry assisted Vilsmeier Haack Synthesis (MEC-VHS). In this paper, we report the synthesis of nitro- dinitro- and acetyl- derivatives of 3- formyl, 7-flavonols using MEC-VHS techniques against inflammation as anti-inflammatory agent. These derivatives were synthesized via pinkish formylation complex of dimethyl formamide and phosphorous oxychloride by microwave irradiation resulted as suspension by base. The re-crystallized products were characterized through Co-TLC, λmax, IR, HPTLC, 1HNMR, CHN analysis and mass spectral studies. The HPTLC finger print profiles obtained were of with a prominent single peak and with a matching Rf values compared to that obtained by an ordinary Co-TLC technique. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their anti-inflammatory activity by in vitro protein denaturation method and in vivo carrageenan induced paw oedema method and it was found that all the compounds excepting the un-substituted 3-formyl, 7-flavonols gave an equi- or more potent activity as compared to that of the standard.

IN VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT AND DIFFERENT FRACTIONS OF CENTELLA ASIATICA LEAVES BY PROTEIN DENATURATION

Inflammation might be a complex organic reaction to a hazardous stimulant such as pathogens, or injured tissues and mainly causes itching, swelling, skin redness, warm and slight pain. Herbal drugs are widespread in India for their effectiveness, easy availability at low cost and provide low toxicity as compared to modern drugs. Centella asiatica is one of the oldest Ayurvedic medicinal plants, used in treatment of various skin diseases. The aim of our present research was to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract and different fractions of C. asiatica leaves. In protein denaturation method, the percentage inhibition for methanolic extract was observed to be 40.22%. The petroleum ether and n-butanol fraction of methanolic extract of C. asiatica were observed to exhibits 54.12 and 44.42% inhibition, respectively. Diclofenac sodium was used as a standard drug. In comparison with other fractions petroleum ether and n-butanol fractions showed best activity. The preliminary phytochemical studies of n-butanol fractions and n-butanol fractions showed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids etc., which are used in the treatment of inflammation. Thus, we can call the latter as intense anti-inflammatory agent.

Anti-inflammatory and Anti-helminthic potential of Methanolic and Aqueous extract of Polygonum alpinum rhizomes

Aim: The present research work was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anthelminthic activity of the extracts of Polygonum alpinum rhizomes. Methods: Fresh rhizomes of the P. alpinum were collected, washed and shade dried. The methanolic and aqueous extracts were first tested for phytochemical screening. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activities of crude extracts were evaluated by HRBC (Human Red Blood Cell) membrane stabilization method and percentage inhibition of protein denaturation method. Similarly anti-helminthic activity was evaluated using earthworms of 6-8 cm in length and 0.3-0.4 cm in width and the results were compared with standard drug Albendazole. Results: Phytochemical analysis of the extract reveals the of presence of Carbohydrates, Cardiac glycosides, Coumarins, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, tannins and phenolics. The methanolic extract showed potent membrane stabilizing and significantly inhibit protein denaturation as compared to standard indomethacin. Methanolic extract at the concentration of 125μg/mL showed 81.29% membrane stabilizing activity as compared to aqueous extract 64.72%. Standard indomethacin showed 95.56 % activity at the same concentration. Similarly, methanolic extract at 500μg/mL showed 72.70% inhibition of protein denaturation as compared to aqueous extract 64.72%. Standard indomethacin showed 88.26% inhibition of protein denaturation at the same concentration. Both the methanolic and aqueous extracts showed dose dependent anthelminthic activity as compared to standard Albendazole. Conclusion: These results suggest that both the extracts from P. alpinum have promising anti-inflammatory and anthelmintic activity and that more broadly; plant extracts are a potential rich source of anti-inflammatory and anthelmintics to combat these diseases.