Protein Denaturation Assay Research Articles

Potentiating the solubility of BCS class II drug zaltoprofen using nanodispersion technology

The aim of this work was to formulate zaltoprofen (ZLT) loaded polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) nanodispersions to improve the solubility of ZLT. By varying the concentrations of PVP K30 and poloxamer 407 (1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2) different trials of ZLT nanodispersions were developed by solvent evaporation technique. The effects of formulation variables on the particle size, zeta potential, drug content, and encapsulation efficiency of ZLT loaded nanodispersions (ZLTNDs) were investigated. The average particle size, zeta potential, drug content and entrapment efficiency of ZLT nanodispersions (ZLTNDs-4) were 285.40 ± 16.41 nm, −19.06 ± 1.50 mV, 73.11 ± 0.16 mg, and 91.37 ± 0.22%, respectively. The spherical shape of the nanodispersion was verified by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analysis. Further the developed formulation was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The in vitro release studies revealed maximum ZLT release 95.78 ± 0.85% compared to pure ZLT 36.47 ± 0.84%. The in vitro anti-inflammatory effect of pure ZLT, ZLTNDs-4 and standard drug (diclofenac sodium) was tested by protein denaturation assay, and the results exhibited superior anti-inflammatory activity of ZLTNDs-4 was 33.33 ± 1.00%). The anti- angiogenesis assay (CAM assay) results indicated that absence of vascular inhibition compared to pure ZLT. The results of the present work can be used to enhance the poorly aqueous soluble of ZLT and may be extended for other hydrophobic compounds, benefiting the pharmaceutical industries, etc.

A search for anti-inflammatory potential of successive extracts from fruits of Solanum pubescens willd.

Introduction and Aim: Solanum pubescens (S. pubescens) is well known for its therapeutic proprieties. The current study aimed to conduct phytochemical analyses of various S. pubescens fruit extracts and search for anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Materials and Methods: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses, In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Solanum pubescens fruit FHE, FAE1, FAE2, FEE, and FWE extracts at different concentrations (100-500µg/ml) was carried out using standard assays. Results: Phytochemical studies revealed diverse types of phytoconstituents in different extracts. The FEE extract observed to be rich in phenolics, whereas the FAE2 and FAE1extract possessed a significant amount of total flavonoids, while the total tannin was found to be high in FEE. Total alkaloids are found in high amounts in FWE, whereas, FEE extract is rich in saponin and carbohydrates (Table-1). In vitro anti-inflammatory activities at various concentrations of 100-500µg/ml against heat induced hemolysis exhibiting 63.82±0.33%, while inhibition of protein denaturation assay revealed 69.63±0.91% activity. Cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory assays showed significant activity of 65.59±1.46% and 74.32±1.68% respectively. Furthermore, in vitro antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging, nitric oxide radicles (NOR), hydroxyl radicles (OH) and superoxide anion (SOR) radicle scavenging activities revealed 84.19±0.83%, 60.73±0.79%, 68.6±0.97% and 53.87±1.38% of inhibition respectively. Conclusion: S. pubescens extracts are found to be rich in bioactive compounds, confirming their potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and hence S. pubescens fruit extracts may serve as novel lead for anti-inflammatory compounds.

Studies on spray dried topical ophthalmic emulsions containing cyclosporin A (0.05% w/w): systematic optimization, in vitro preclinical toxicity and in vivo assessments.

Cyclosporin A (CsA, 0.05% w/w)-loaded positively charged emulsions were prepared based on castor oil, chitosan, poloxamer 188, glycerin and double-distilled water. To augment the shelf/storage-stability of original emulsions, the solid-dry powder for reconstitution was made by spray drying technique. The screening (Taguchi OA) and optimization (face-centered central composite) designs produced the optimized conditions for spray drying: 40 Nm3/h aspirator flow rate, 15ml/min feed rate, 115°C inlet temperature, 10% mannitol and 1.25% trehalose. The % drug entrapment efficiency values of original and reconstituted emulsions ranged from 73.20 ± 0.13 to 71.55 ± 1.25%. At 20min post-dissolution, two times higher CsA release was seen from reconstituted emulsions than the original emulsions (85.78 ± 1.14 vs. 42.25 ± 1.84%) in simulated tear fluid. Using MTT assay, the reconstituted emulsions with or without CsA produced 94.512 ± 2.12 to 99.941 ± 1.89% cell viability values in HCE-2 cells. No appreciable change in capillary integrity was visualized in HET CAM following reconstituted emulsions treatment. At equivalent 15µg drug, the in vitro protein denaturation assay showed augmented inhibition value (~ 85%) for tested CsA emulsions compared to diclofenac reference (68.30 ± 2.05) indicating enhanced anti-inflammatory activity. The CsA concentrations in multiple ocular matrices of rabbit eyes determined by the UPLC-MS/MS method attained the therapeutic drug level of 50-300ng/ml even at 90min post-topical instillation of both emulsions. Overall, the CsA emulsion eyedrops can be supplied as a spray dried storable intermediate product for reconstitution.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY PROFILING, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EVALUATION, AND MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES OF ESSENTIAL OIL AND SCENTED EXTRACT FROM THE Porana volubilis Burm. f. FLOWER

Volatile components of Porana volubilis Burm. f. flowers from Bangkok were extracted by using steam distillation and solvent extraction prior to analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their antiinflammatory activity was assessed in vitro and in silico. Forty-two compounds were identified with essential oil. The key volatile components were detected in the hexane-scented extract. Twenty-one compounds were detected with major volatile components of octacosanaol, dodecanoic acid, nonacosane, n-hexadecanoic acid, and tetratriacontane for ethanolic scented extract. The essential oil and extract were evaluated for their in vitro anti-inflammatory effect by protein denaturation assay. The essential oil showed the most potent anti-denaturation activity with IC50 values of 537.6 g/mL. The primary components of essential oil were submitted ta molecular docking research based on their anti-inflammatory effect. The obtained results revealed that the main components were found as the crucial interactions for binding in the bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding site. The results obtained demonstrated the essential oil of P. volubilis is the potential source for the anti-inflammatory agent.

Bioactivity Profiling of Infusion, Decoction, and Hydroalcoholic Fraction Obtained from Wild Golden Chanterelle Mushroom, Cantharellus cibarius (Agaricomycetes).

Cantharellus cibarius Fr. is one of the most desirable, popularly known wild edible mushrooms of the genus Cantharellus. Besides having nutritional benefits, this mushroom is reported to harbor significant medicinal potential. In present study, we describe for the first-time bioactive metabolites content and medicinal activities of three different types of extracts including infusion, decoction, and hydroalcoholic fraction from wild Cantharellus cibarius of West Bengal. Bioactive metabolites quantification revealed the phenol and flavonoids present in the range between 0.56-1.46 mg of GAE/g of dried fruit bodies and 0.12-0.29 mg of QE/g of dried fruit bodies, respectively, whereas ascorbic acid contents were also found. Antioxidant activity was assessed using six in vitro systems; decoction displayed better results in all investigated assays with EC50 values ranging between 0.05 and 0.34 mg/ml whereas hydroalcoholic extract showed highest total antioxidant capacity (18 ± 1.61 μg AAE per mg of extract) than other extracts. Moreover, infusion and decoction were found to scavenge highly reactive free radicals like hydroxyl and nitric oxide with their EC50 values ranging between 0.26 and 0.91 mg/ml. Additionally, anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts was evaluated using protein denaturation assay. Hydroalcoholic extract at a concentration range of 0.005-0.1 mg/ml showed comparatively better activity than decoction and infusion, although all the extracts presented dose dependent inhibition of heat induced protein denaturation. Altogether, the present investigation is expected to extend the existing knowledge of this species and recommended its use in pharmaceutical industries as an effective mycomedicine.

Phytochemical Content, Antibacterial Activity, and Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytotoxic Effects of Traditional Medicinal Plants against Respiratory Tract Bacterial Pathogens.

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are frequent ailments among humans and are a high burden on public health. This study aimed to determine the in vitro antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects of indigenous medicinal plants used in the treatment of RTIs, namely, Senna petersiana, Gardenia volkensii, Acacia senegal, and Clerodendrum glabrum. Dried leaves were extracted using various organic solvents. Antibacterial activity was quantified using the microbroth dilution assay. Protein denaturation assays were used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. The cytotoxicity of the extracts towards THP-1 macrophages was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Antioxidant activity was determined using free radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing power. Total polyphenolics were quantified. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the acetone plant extracts. Nonpolar extracts had noteworthy antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium smegmatis where MIC values ranged between 0.16 and 0.63 mg/mL. At 100 μg/mL, A. senegal, G. volkensii, and S. petersiana had a nonsignificant effect on the viability of the THP-1 macrophages. The LC-MS analysis of the leaf extracts of S. petersiana detected Columnidin, Hercynine, L-Lysine citrate, and Gamma-Linolenate. A pentacyclic triterpenoid, cochalate, was detected in G. volkensii. Two flavonoids 7-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-chroman-5-olate and (3R)-3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-4-oxo-chroman-5-olate were detected in the C. glabrum extract. The findings from this study indicated that the leaves of the selected plant extracts possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity. Therefore, they may serve as good candidates for further pharmaceutical investigations.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Antimicrobial Activity Against Common Oral Pathogens of Cyanthillium Cinereum - An Invitro Study

Background: Cyanthillium cinereum known as Poovamkurunilla in Tamil is one among the traditional medicinal plants which has proven properties. Aim: Hence, this study is aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Cyanthillium cinereum in two groups. Methodology: The oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and C. albicans were used to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of Cyanthillium cinereum in two groups(Group 1 - Aqueous extract of C.Cinereum leaves; Group 2 – C.Cinereum whole plant using agar well diffusion method at various concentrations that ranges from 25 µL, 50 µL and 100 µL. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using protein denaturation assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23. Independent t test and One-way ANOVA were used for measure between group analysis and Repeated measures ANOVA were used for measure within group analysis. Results: Increasing the concentration increases the response too against oral microbes. Group 1 shows better antimicrobial properties than group 2. Statistically significant differences were found on all concentrations taken into consideration. Whereas both the groups show equal anti-inflammatory activity when compared with diclofenac. Statistically significant difference was found on all comparisons except Group 1 versus Group 2 in all the concentrations (p=0.358). Conclusion: The study revealed that C.Cinereum leaves exhibit strong antimicrobial activity against oral microbes except Candida albicans. Both Group 1 and Group 2 exhibit better anti-inflammatory activity than standard values. Further it has to be tested for its cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity for future usage of Cyanthillium cinereum in applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

In-vitro ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF NOVEL 1-SUBSTITUTED-3-SUBSTITUTED PROPANE-1,3-DIONES (β-DIKETONES) DERIVED FROM VANILLIN

In synthetic chemistry,propane-1,3-diones or β-diketones act as significant intermediates for the synthesis of core heterocycles due to their specific chemoselectivity properties as well as provide convenient building blocks to biologically active substituents. In the present work, a new series of β-diketones namely 1-(5’-Formyl-2’-hydroxy3’-methoxyphenyl)-3-(substitutedphenyl) propane-1,3-diones 4(a-e) have been synthesized from versatile 4- hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde viz. vanillin and studied their invitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential by performing inhibition of protein denaturation assay and reducing power assay method respectively. All the newly synthesized compounds exhibit notable and satisfactory anti-inflammatory potential as well as potent antioxidant activity due to the presence of vanillin moiety in their molecular structure

Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antidiabetic Studies of the Amines Isolated from the Philippine Marine Sponge Desmacella sp

Aims: The study aimed to isolate and elucidate the structure of pure compounds from the polar extract of the marine sponge Desmacella sp. and explore their therapeutic potential. Background: Only a few marine organisms and their associated microorganisms collected from various parts of the Philippines have been documented and investigated in terms of their potential as sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. The sponge Desmacella sp. was collected off the coast of Agusan del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines, for the purpose of isolating compounds with medicinal prospects. Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic potentials of the pure isolates from the polar extract of the marine sponge Desmacella sp. Methods: The polar extract of the marine sponge Desmacella sp. from Agusan del Norte, Philippines, was subjected to purification using gravity column and medium pressure liquid chromatographic methods with TLC profiling as a guide. Pure isolates were obtained and subjected to NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry for structure elucidation, and the structures were confirmed by comparing the data with the literature. The pure compounds were explored for their antibacterial potential against B. subtilis BIOTECH 1679 and P. aeruginosa BIOTECH 1335 using a microplatebased antibacterial assay with resazurin indicator for the cell growth and ciprofloxacin as a positive control. Their anti-inflammatory potentials were determined using membrane stabilization and protein denaturation assays and were compared with the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac and their antidiabetic potential by measuring their ability of inhibiting starch-hydrolyzing enzyme α-amylase. Results: The polar extract of the marine sponge Desmacella sp. from Agusan del Norte, Philippines, afforded three known compounds, namely, aaptamine, isopentylamine, and tyramine. This is the first report on the isolation of aaptamine, isopentylamine, and tyramine from the marine sponge genus Desmacella. The compounds aaptamine and isopentylamine exhibited antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, while tyramine and isopentylamine exhibited antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. These compounds showed the ability to inhibit heat-induced protein denaturation and effectively inhibited the erythrocytes' heat-induced hemolysis, which described in vitro antiinflammatory activity. These compounds were also evaluated for in vitro antidiabetic properties and showed their ability to inhibit the alpha-amylase enzyme activity of starch. Conclusion: Three known amines, namely, aaptamine, isopentylamine, and tyramine were isolated from the polar extract of the marine sponge Desmacella sp. collected off Mindanao coasts. Aaptamine and isopentylamine exhibited antibacterial properties against B. subtilis, while isopentylamine and tyramine exhibited antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. The anti-inflammatory potentials of aaptamine, isopentylamine, and tyramine were exhibited clearly in the membrane stabilization and protein denaturation assays and were compared with the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Aaptamine, isopentylamine, and tyramine exhibited hypoglycemic properties and were compared with the antidiabetic drug acarbose in the inhibition of starch-hydrolyzing enzyme α-amylase assay.

Synthesis, structural characterization and in vitro pharmacological properties of betanin-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles

Betanin, a natural food color and the only betalain, is approved for use in pharmaceutical and food industries as natural antioxidative and preservative agent, respectively. However, the antioxidant power and health-promoting properties of betanin have been disregarded due to its low stability in physiological conditions. Therefore, this study is designed to synthesize and evaluate in vitro pharmacological characteristics of betanin-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles (ChBetNPs). ChBetNPs were synthesized by ionic gelation method and characterized by DLS, UV, FTIR, SEM and zeta potential analysis. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and in vitro release kinetics were analyzed using spectrophotometric technique for quantifying the encapsulated amount of betanin in ChBetNPs as a function of time. The antioxidant activity of ChBetNPs was analyzed by DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging assays, anti-inflammatory activity by protein denaturation and human RBCs stabilization assays, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity using standard protocol with minor modifications. Unloaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were found to be sized at 161.4 ± 5.75 nm while an increase in the size to 270.3 ± 8.50 nm was noticed upon encapsulating betanin. EE of ChBetNPs was measured to be ∼87.5%. The IC50 of ChBetNPs depicted significant free radical scavenging activities as compared to CSNPs. Similarly, a strong anti-inflammatory activity of ChBetNPs was noted. Significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity by ChBetNPs was measured (IC50 0.5255 μg/mL vs. control 26.09 μg/mL). The vegetables coated with 3% ChBetNPs showed decreased weight loss as compared to uncoated control. ChBetNPs was shown to exhibit strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities thus making it a significant therapeutic agent for the management of Alzheimer's disease.

Elemicin-rich Cymbopogon khasianus (Hack) Stapf (ex Bor) Essential Oil: Pharmacological Effects, Toxicological Investigation, and Compositional Analysis

Background: Cymbopogon khasianus is a widely used industrial and pharmacologically important aromatic grass species. Objective: The present investigation was designed to study and compare the elemicin rich Cymbopogon khasianus essential oil (EREO) and its pharmacological effects, genotoxicity with pure compound elemicin Materials and Methods: Chemical composition, identification was performed using GC/MS and NMR techniques. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), reducing power assay for antioxidant; albumin denaturation, protease inhibitor for anti-inflammatory; acetylcholinesterase (AChE) for anti-cholinesterase; amylase inhibitory for anti-diabetic; tyrosine inhibitory for skin whitening; disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assay for antimicrobial, and Allium cepa assay for genotoxicity were used. Results: GC/MS analysis identified 38 compounds; among them elemicin 72.34%, D-limonene 3.81%; methyl eugenol 3.34% were the major compounds. A significant amount of antioxidant activity IC50 31.38 µg/mL; anti-inflammatory activity (protein denaturation assay) IC50 16.77 µg/mL; protease inihibitor assay IC50 51.08 µg/mL; anticholinesterase IC50 12.095 µg/mL; antidiabetic activity IC50 17.36 µg/mL; and anti-tyrosinase activity IC50 17.69 µg/mL were reported. Antimicrobial activity analysis against 13 microbial strains revealed negative effect. Genotoxicity study using Allium cepa assay revealed negative toxicity of EREO with aberration percentage of 04.30% and pure elemicin 05.30% which was very low in comparison to ethyl-methanesulfonate (EMS) 13.90%. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge this is the first scientific evaluation of novel elemicin rich EREO pharmacological properties and to compare with pure compound elemicin. Together, it can be stated that EREO possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase activities way better than pure compound elemicin as well as standard drugs used.

Phytochemical analysis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity of Calotropis gigantea and its therapeutic applications

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHerbal remedies can be used to treat a variety of chronic inflammatory illnesses, like rheumatoid arthritis and leprosy. The plant Calotropis gigantea (C. gigantea) belongs to the family Apocynaceae. To treat numerous contagious diseases, C. gigantea is utilized alone or combine with certain medicinal herbs. Traditional Asian and African practitioners employed C. gigantea to treat a variety of inflammatory conditions like boils, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, leprosy and other disorders. Aim of the studyThe goal of this study is to examine the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of C. gigantea leaf extracts extracted using methanol, petroleum ether, and water. Materials and methodsThe leaf extracts of C. gigantea were obtained using the Soxhlet extraction technique. The phytoconstituents present in all three C. gigantea leaf extracts were confirmed by qualitative analysis, and the amounts of the alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenols found in the extracts were quantified. C. gigantea crude extracts were subjected to a nitric oxide scavenging experiment to assess their free radical scavenging activities. Protein denaturation and proteinase inhibition assays were used to investigate the effectiveness of extracts to restrict denaturation of protein and to inhibit key enzymes responsible for tissue damage. Further, the membrane stabilization efficacy of plant extracts were examined by the heat-induced hemolysis method. The DPPH and FRAP experiments were performed to determine the antioxidant effectiveness of phytoconstituents extracted using different solvents. The GC-MS study of plant C. gigantea methanolic, aqueous and petroleum ether extracts displayed a broad range of compounds that possess beneficial therapeutic effects. ResultsThis study reveals that the methanolic extract of C. gigantea provides significantly more anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity than other extracts. ConclusionCompared to the aqueous and petroleum ether extracts, the methanolic leaf extract of C. gigantea demonstrated greater in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Garcinia indica, a wild edible fruit by inhibiting secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA enzyme from human pleural fluid

Introduction and Aim: Garcinia indica is a wild edible fruit plant distributed in tropical regions of India. Fruits of G. indica were traditionally used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, etc., But the basis of anti-inflammatory function of the fruit is not understood. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory function of G. indica. Initially phytochemical screening of G. indica was carried out, tested antioxidant potency of G. indica fruit and evaluated its anti-inflammatory function by inhibition of secretory phospholipase A2 IIA (sPLA2IIA) enzyme. Methodology: The Soxhlet extraction method was used for the preparation of extracts of G. indica fruit. DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays were carried out to estimate the antioxidant activities of G. indica fruit. The inhibition of sPLA2IIA, modulating indirect hemolytic and edema inducing activity and protein denaturation assays were done to evaluate the anti-inflammatory function. Results: Aqueous and solvent extracts of G. indica fruit showed a wide variety of phytochemicals. The ethanol extract of G. indica fruit showed greater antioxidant activity (79.12 % ±1.2) and reduction power (68.14% ± 4.4). The extract showed sPLA2IIA inhibition to a greater extent (50%), neutralized sPLA2IIA induced indirect hemolysis (IC50 45.518 µg/mL) and mouse paw edema (119.35% ± 2.74) with the IC50 value of 45.12 ±1.36µg. Conclusion: The extracts of G. indica contain a wide variety of phytochemicals. The ethanol extract of G. indica fruit exhibited a greater antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, the results defended the traditional usage of the G. indica fruit in the indigenous system of medicine.

DFT Investigation, Chemical Reactivity Identification and Molecular Docking of 2(E)˗1˗(3˗Bromothiophene˗2˗yl)˗3˗(Furan˗2˗yl)Prop˗2˗en˗1˗one

The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectra of 2(E)˗1˗(3˗bromothiophene˗2˗yl)˗3˗(furan˗2˗yl)prop˗2˗en˗1˗one (BTF) molecule have been recorded and analyzed. The equilibrium geometry, bonding features and harmonic vibrational frequencies have been investigated with the help of density functional theory (DFT) method under the B3LYP level of theory. The detailed assignments of the vibrational spectra have been carried out with the help of potential energy distribution (PED). The electronic properties were analyzed such as EHOMO energy (6.367 eV), ELUMO energy (2.705 eV), the energy difference (3.662 eV), softness (0.546 eV), and electrophilicity index (5.618 eV) were determined using UV˗Vis absorption spectrum by time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach, which helps to understand the reactivity, stability, and biological potency of the molecule. In addition, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) was accounted in the identification of reactive sites. The intra-molecular interactions, charge delocalization and stability have been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Non-linear optical features were demonstrated from the first-order hyperpolarizability. Based on the electronic property the BTF compound was investigated for further biological investigation. The BTF compound was screened for their in vitro antifungal activity in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar Medium (SDA) and which shows moderate antifungal activity. In vitro anti˗inflammatory activity was evaluated using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) protein denaturation assay at different concentrations. Molecular docking was performed to investigate the interactions between BTF, co-crystal compound and the Mcl-1 protein, and their docking scores were 7.8, and 6.5, respectively, which confirms the molecule’s chemo-resistance properties.

GC-MS based Phytochemical Profiling and investigation of in vitro pharmacological activity of Croton sparsiflorus

Phytochemicals are major group of compounds responsible for potential pharmacological activity of plant Croton sparsiflorus. It is a herbal plant that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and is reported with diverse therapeutic properties. In the current study, different solvent extracts (Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and Distilled water) of Croton sparsiflorus were examined for phytochemical screening based on GC-MS analysis. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts was examined by DPPH, FRAP, H2O2 assay and anti-inflammatory was performed by in vitro protein denaturation assay. Phytochemical screening reported presence of phenols, terpenoids and fats in aqueous leaf extract and saponins were present in chloroform extract. GC-MS analysis reported presence of six compounds namely methyl palmitate, 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-, methyl ester, methyl stearate, methyl lignocerate pentacosane and tetratetracontane. These compounds were reported to have several biological and industrial applications. Overall antioxidant assays showed that aqueous leaf extract has shown significant comparable activity near to the standard drug ascorbic acid. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity results revealed that as compared to the standard aspirin drug, aqueous leaf extract showed less but appreciable activity. In future, Croton sparsiflorus plant can be used for treating oxidative stress and inflammation related disorders as it possesses potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Emulgel Loaded with Extract of Cedrus deodara for its In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Ayurveda is the base of Indian Systems of Medicine. The researchers are greatly interested in discovering the potential of natural bioactive components. Remedial effects are produced by different plant extracts. Cedrus deodara is found in North India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tibet and Nepal. It contains deodarin, cedodarin, taxifolin, myrcene, iso-pimpillin, α-pinene, β-pinene, cedrin, deodarone, sesquiterpene, cedrinoside, dihydromyricetin, matairesinol, atlantone. It is used in treatment of inflammation, ulcer, pain, hyperglycemia, infection, insomnia, skin disorder, blood disorder, apoptosis, fever. Recently in-vivo and in-vitro studies have indicated its anti-inflammatory and analgesic property. The objectives of proposed research work are to formulate and evaluate the herbal emulgel loaded with extract ofCedrus deodara and evaluate for its In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Cedrus deodara heartwood was extracted using hydro-alcoholic solvent. Phytochemical evaluation of extract was done. Six batches of herbal emulgel were formulated. The prepared herbal emulgel was evaluated for pH, spreadability, viscosity, consistency, appearance, color, washability and appearance. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of extract and formulation were done using HRBC Membrane stabilization assay and protein denaturation assay. The proposed research work concludes that the newly formulated herbal emulgel loaded with extract of Cedrus deodara can be used in future for anti-inflammatory effect.

Spectral Characteristics, DFT Exploration, Electronic Properties, Molecular Docking and Biological Activity of 2E-1-(3-Bromothiophene-2-yl)-3-(1, 3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)Prop-2-en-1-One Molecule

The FT–IR, FT–Raman and UV–Vis spectra of 2E-1-(3-bromothiophene-2-yl)-3-(1, 3-benzodioxol-5-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (BTBD) have been performed experimentally and simulated theoretically. The present investigation focuses mainly on quantum chemical calculations and the spectral characteristics of the molecule. The observed and theoretical wavenumbers have been assigned to respective vibrational modes through potential energy distribution (PED). The non-linear optical (NLO) properties have been explored through the calculation of the first hyperpolarizability of the BTBD compound. In the MEP map, it is evident that the negative site located the carbonyl group and the positive site over the CH2 group of 1, 3-benzodioxol, and all hydrogen atoms. From the HOMO–LUMO orbital investigation, the HOMO is caped on the C = O and C–C excluding the thiophene ring. The UV-Visible spectrum, the electronic properties which include wavelength, excitation energies, and oscillator strength were simulated via the DFT method. The antifungal ability of the molecule is predicted through in vitro evaluation toward four fungal strains. The NBO analysis confirms the hyper conjugative interaction and stabilization energy E (2). The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was done via the protein denaturation assay method at various concentrations. Molecular docking studies were carried out to predict the active binding residues of the target.

In vitro Anti-cancer, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic activity of Ethanolic extract of Ochna obtusata leaves

Objective: The objective behind this study was to expose the prospective of ethanolic extract of Ochna obtusata (EEOO) for its in vitro anti-cancer anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities. Methods: The fresh leaves were used to prepare the extracts using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, methanol and water in increasing order of the polarity of solvents. The EEOO was reported to have the presence of a few major phytoconstituents such as, Flavonoids, Phenolics, Glycosides, and Reducing Sugars which was confirmed by preliminary phytochemical screening. The in vitro MTT assay method has been performed with EEOO to evaluate the anti-cancer activity. Similarly, the HRBC Membrane Stabilization assay, Protein denaturation assay, and Protease inhibition assay methods were performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of EEOO. Results and Discussion: From the study, it was confirmed that the various phytoconstituents such as Flavonoids, Phenolics, and Terpenoids were responsible for the anti-cancer activity. Similarly, the prevention of RBC Membrane from its lysis, decrease in albumin denaturation, and protease inhibition was observed which significantly confirmed the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of EEOO. Conclusion: It was finally concluded that the phytoconstituents present in the extract were responsible for its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic activities.

Investigation of the Anti-inflammatory potential of Mono-carbonyl Analogues of Curcumin

In the present investigation, we report the synthesis, anti-inflammatory activity and molecular docking of monocarbonyl analogues of curcumin. The anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized compounds was gauzed using the protein denaturation assay using Diclofenac sodium as reference standard. Among the tested compounds, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3j, 3k, 3l and 3m displayed excellent anti-inflammatory activity by exhibiting good range of percentage inhibition as compared to the standard DFS. In silico binding affinity study against Cyclooxygenase (COX-2) enzyme could provide valuable insight into their plausible mechanism of action. Also, in silico ADME prediction of synthesized monocarbonyl curcumin analogues showed excellent pharmacokinetic parameters by not violating Lipinski’s rule of five.

Comparative Antioxidant and Anti-gout Activities of Citrullus colocynthis loaded Fruit Silver nanoparticles with its Ethanolic extract

The biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant materials is a rapidly developing method with several alternative medical applications. This comparative study of ethanolic fruit extract of Citrullus colocynthis (C. colocynthis) (EFECC) and synthesized silver nanoparticles (CC-AgNPs) were carried out for antioxidants and anti-gout arthritic activities. The AgNPs were synthesized using C. colocynthis fruit and its characterization was done by UV-visible spectroscopy, TEM, XRD and FT-IR. The 90% ethanol was used for extract preparation. Antioxidant activity was analyzed by DPPH and the Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) method. In vitro anti-arthritic activity was tested by xanthine oxidase inhibition, protein denaturation and HRBC membrane stabilization assay. The synthesized CC-AgNPs were confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy and TEM images displayed spherical shapes with 10-45 nm size range. Furthermore, the functional groups and crystalline structure of CC-AgNPs were determined by FT-IR and XRD analysis. The biosynthesized CC-AgNPs exhibited an excellent free radical scavenging ability than EFECC. In anti-arthritic activity, the CC-AgNPs showed effective inhibition of xanthine oxidase production, protein denaturation, and damaged RBC membranes compared to EFECC. The antioxidant activities and in vitro anti-arthritic assays revealed that CC-AgNPs are better anti-gout agents than EFECC. This research suggested that biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from C. colocynthis fruit are an important target in the field of anti-gout drug discovery.